Lower extremity compensations following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSES: Several studies have demonstrated that patients with knee injury scored within a normal range during one-legged hop tests, yet showed quadriceps femoris muscle weakness with non-weight-bearing isokinetic testing. This study evaluated lower-extremity kinetics while subjects performed a single-leg vertical jump (VJ) and a lateral step-up (LSU) in an attempt to explain this phenomenon. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Using a motion analysis and force platform system, hip, knee, and ankle extension moments of 20 subjects with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions and 20 matched subjects were measured while they performed an LSU and a VJ. RESULTS: An analysis of variance revealed that the knee extension moment of the ACL-reconstructed extremity was lower than that of the uninjured and matched extremities during the LSU, VJ take-off, and VJ landing. However, there was no difference in summated extension moment (hip + knee + ankle) among extremities during the LSU and VJ take-off. The summated extension moment of the ACL-reconstructed extremity during VJ landing was less than that of the uninvolved and matched extremities. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: These results suggest that the hip or ankle extensors may compensate for the knee extension moment deficit. The decrease in summated extension moment in the ACL-reconstructed extremity during VJ landing represents inadequate attenuation of landing forces, which may expose the skeleton and joint structures to injury.     

前交叉韧带重建后的感染

背景：前交叉韧带重建后感染的发生率比较低,但这种感染会导致灾难性的结果,目前对这种感染的诊断和治疗还没有取得一致的意见。目的：探讨导致前交叉韧带重建术后感染的原因、如何早期诊断,并探讨合适的治疗方案,以尽量保护膝关节的功能。方法：以＂anterior cruciate ligament,reconstruction,infection＂为检索词,检索Pubmed数据库（2007至2012年）;以＂前交叉韧带,重建,感染＂为检索词,检索万方数据库（2007至2012年）。以与前交叉韧带重建后感染的相关文献为评价指标,纳入与前交叉韧带重建后感染相关的内容,排除重复研究。结果与结论：细菌污染手术工具或者韧带移植物是导致前交叉韧带重建后感染的最常见原因,移植物固定的方式和重建后感染之间可能有一定的关系。典型的前交叉韧带重建术后感染的症状和普通的化脓性关节炎的症状类似,但有的前交叉韧带重建后感染的病例并没有感染的典型表现。前交叉韧带重建后感染的诊断需要依靠临床症状、实验室检查（C-反应蛋白和血沉）、膝关节穿刺等方法。大多数外科医师选择静脉使用敏感的抗生素、膝关节灌洗并保留移植物作为自体移植物重建前交叉韧带后感染的首选治疗方法。当感染难以控制或者移植物看起来确实有感染迹象时应该考虑取出移植物。     

本体感觉训练在膝前交叉韧带重建术后康复中的应用

目的探讨本体感觉训练在前交叉韧带重建术后康复中的作用。方法将前交叉韧带重建术后患者42例按病区分为本体感觉促进组(26例)和对照组(16例),对照组应用一般康复训练方法,本体感觉促进组应用一般康复训练方法和本体感觉强化训练。术后6个月进行患者位置觉测定、膝关节功能评分及关节稳定性检查。结果在被动角度重现测试中,本体感觉促进组患侧膝的总平均偏差为(4.10±1.38)°,健侧膝的总平均偏差为(3.76±1.93)°,两侧膝比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对照组患侧膝的总平均偏差为(4.85±1.55)°,健侧膝的总平均偏差为(3.56±1.72)°,患侧膝的总平均偏差显著大于健侧(P<0.01)。本体感觉促进组的Lysholm评分显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。2组患侧膝Lanchman和Pivotshift检查均为阴性。结论前交叉韧带重建术后应用强化本体感觉训练能促进下肢功能的恢复。     

Gait retraining after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of 2 gait retraining protocols on the gait patterns of patients with bone-patellar tendon-bone anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. DESIGN: Randomized control, repeated-measures design. SETTING: Private orthopedic center and research facility. PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen patients with bone-patellar tendon-bone ACL reconstruction, randomly subdivided into 2 groups (group 1, n=8; group 2, n=8), and a healthy control group of 8 subjects. INTERVENTION: The 16 subjects with ACL reconstruction were randomly assigned to 2 different gait retraining protocols over a 6-week training interval: (1). a protocol using a predicted stride frequency calculated from the resonant frequency of a force-driven harmonic oscillator (FDHO) model or (2). a protocol using the preferred stride frequency (PSF). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Gait analyses examining the lower-extremity kinematic, kinetic, and energetic gait patterns of each group. RESULTS: Gait retraining with the FDHO model showed improvements in lower-extremity positions, hip and knee extensor angular impulse, and work parameters. Gait retraining with the PSF demonstrated no statistical improvements. The FDHO training protocol facilitated a greater midstance knee range of motion (ROM) and greater rates of improvement for midstance ROM, hip extensor angular impulse, and concentric hip extensor work. CONCLUSIONS: Gait retraining with the resonant frequency of an FDHO model facilitated a greater recovery of gait function compared with training with the PSF.     

Lower extremity prism adaptation in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

BackgroundEmerging research has proposed a growing reliance on visual processing during motor performance in individuals following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Reconstructed individuals display increased activation of visual processing areas during task execution and exhibit dramatic performance decrements when vision is completely removed, however the effect of visual information manipulation on performance remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine how manipulation of visual information changes performance in persons with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.MethodsTwenty-one persons with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and 21 matched healthy adults reached to a target with the toe of the involved limb 50 times while wearing prism goggles that vertically shifted their visual field. Toe kinematics were collected to quantify endpoint error and reaching behavior.FindingsStatistical analyses failed to detect significant differences, evidencing both groups performed similarly with respect to endpoint error, movement duration, peak and maximum endpoint velocities, and initial direction error.InterpretationWhen provided inaccurate information via a visual field perturbation, both groups demonstrated comparable adaptation and post-adaptation behavior. These results suggest this sample of persons with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction are able to effectively integrate information across sensory systems as well as non-injured individuals.     

Pediatric anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

An increasing number of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are seen in children now than in the past due to increased sports participation. The natural history of ACL deficient knees in active individuals, particularly in children is poor. Surgical management of ACL deficiency in children is complex due to the potential risk of injury to the physis and growth disturbance. Delaying ACL reconstruction until maturity is possible but risks instability episodes and intra-articular damage. Surgical options include physeal-sparing, partial transphyseal and complete transphyseal procedures. This article reviews the management of ACL injured skeletally immature patients including the functional outcome and complications of contemporary surgical techniques.     

Effect of lower limb dominance on knee joint kinematics after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Background

Normal ambulatory kinematics of the knee joint is often not fully restored after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, which may increase the risk for cartilage degeneration and premature osteoarthritis in the involved knees. Lower limb dominance may have impacts on knee joint kinematics after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, which may lead to a different prevalence of cartilage degeneration. This study aimed to evaluate the knee joint kinematics among patients with reconstruction on the dominant and non-dominant side.

Methods

Forty-one subjects with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (19 dominant, 22 non-dominant) were recruited after being discharged from rehabilitation programs. Twenty healthy subjects were recruited as the control group. Six degrees-of-freedom tibiofemoral motion during level walking was determined using a redundant point cluster-based marker set. Tibiofemoral joint motion and its bilateral differences were compared within each group and between groups.

Findings

The non-dominant reconstructed knees had less extension compared to their contralateral knees at heel strike and during middle stance phase (P = 0.02); whereas, the dominant reconstructed knees exhibited significantly reduced varus rotation (− 2.1° on mean, P = 0.027) and internal tibial rotation (P = 0.034) compared to their contralateral knees during both stance and swing phases.

Interpretation

The results show that different kinematics has been developed between the involved dominant and non-dominant knees after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, especially the secondary rotations. The differences are consistent with the unequal prevalence of cartilage degeneration in the knee joint. The findings demonstrated that the lower limb dominance had a significant effect on post-surgery knee kinematics.     

前交叉韧带重建失败后的首次翻修

背景：前交叉韧带重建失败可由多种因素引起,需要进行翻修手术治疗。国内关于前交叉韧带翻修的报道较少。目的：分析前交叉韧带重建失败后行翻修治疗的主要原因、适应证、方法及效果。方法：前交叉韧带重建后失稳需要接受翻修患者30例,均在关节镜下行探查与翻修治疗。翻修后应用KT-2000、国际膝关节评分委员会评分标准（IKDC）、Lysholm及Tegner评分系统进行评价。结果与结论：30例患者中,初次手术选用自体骨-髌腱-骨移植物9例,自体半腱股薄肌腱14例,同种异体腘绳肌腱7例,翻修原因上、下两端骨道均偏前8例,上骨道偏前12例,下骨道偏前8例,其中1例合并关节强直;自体骨-髌腱-骨重建固定上骨道内骨块的挤压螺钉位置异常1例;内侧副韧带股骨止点撕脱骨折未予修复1例。翻修术中重建的前交叉韧带完全断裂和吸收12例,韧带有部分连接但已明显松弛失张力18例。无骨道骨质严重缺损,均一期行前交叉韧带翻修手术,重建移植物采用同侧腘绳肌腱（STG）10例,对侧腘绳肌腱14例,人工韧带6例。前交叉韧带翻修后KT-2000检查膝关节屈曲90°和30°平均差值,以及IKDC、Tegner和Lysholm评分均较翻修前有明显改善。前交叉韧带重建手术失败的原因较多,但主要与手术骨道位置异常、固定失效、复合韧带损伤处理不当、关节强直等有关。前交叉韧带翻修后膝关节的主观功能和客观稳定性可获得明显改善。     

自体材料重建前交叉韧带术后康复训练

目的：分析近年来关于自体材料重建前交叉韧带术后康复训练的文献资料，了解该领域的发展趋势。 资料来源：通过计算机检索Medline1990-01／2005-03的文章，检索词为“anterior cruciate ligament，reconstruction，rehabilitation”，限定文章语言种类为English；另外检索中文期刊全文数据库2000-04／2005-04的文章，检索词为“前交叉韧带、重建术、康复”，文章语言为中文。 资料选择：选取有关膝关节前交叉韧带重建术后康复训练的文章，纳入标准：①随机或自身前后对照的临床研究。②观点明确。③采用自体材料重建。排除标准：①综述。②重复性研究。③异体或异种材料重建。 资料提炼：共检索到49篇关于膝关节前交叉韧带重建术后康复训练的文章，选择其中符合标准的25篇进行综述。 资料综合：观察并比较保守、激进两种不同性质的康复训练方法对术后膝关节功能恢复的影响。一般来说，用骨-髌腱-骨重建后的康复训练应早于用膪绳肌重建，股四头肌肌力训练对术后膝关节功能恢复相当重要，闭链训练适用于康复早期，开链训练适用于康复晚期。由于前交叉韧带中存在着本体感受器，而重建材料中不舍有本体感受器，故术后本体感觉促进训练对膝关节功能的完善至关重要。 结论：前交叉韧带重建术后的康复训练变得越来越激进。康复训练方案应该按照重建材料的不同及个体差异分别制定。     

自体材料重建前交叉韧带术后康复训练

目的:分析近年来关于自体材料重建前交叉韧带术后康复训练的文献资料,了解该领域的发展趋势。资料来源:通过计算机检索Medline1990-01/2005-03的文章,检索词为“anteriorcruciateligament,reconstruction,rehabilitation”,限定文章语言种类为English;另外检索中文期刊全文数据库2000-04/2005-04的文章,检索词为“前交叉韧带、重建术、康复”,文章语言为中文。资料选择:选取有关膝关节前交叉韧带重建术后康复训练的文章,纳入标准:①随机或自身前后对照的临床研究。②观点明确。③采用自体材料重建。排除标准:①综述。②重复性研究。③异体或异种材料重建。资料提炼:共检索到49篇关于膝关节前交叉韧带重建术后康复训练的文章,选择其中符合标准的25篇进行综述。资料综合:观察并比较保守、激进两种不同性质的康复训练方法对术后膝关节功能恢复的影响。一般来说,用骨-髌腱-骨重建后的康复训练应早于用腘绳肌重建,股四头肌肌力训练对术后膝关节功能恢复相当重要,闭链训练适用于康复早期,开链训练适用于康复晚期。由于前交叉韧带中存在着本体感受器,而重建材料中不含有本体感受器,故术后本体感觉促进训练对膝关节功能的完善至关重要。结论:前交叉韧带重建术后的康复训练变得越来越激进。康复训练方案应该按照重建材料的不同及个体差异分别制定。     

Pediatric anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction outcomes

Treatment of pediatric anterior cruciate injuries have become an area of controversy sparking much debate about best management strategies. Delaying surgery until skeletal maturity has often been shown to result in unfavorable outcomes due to concomitant meniscal and chondral injuries in this population. There have been numerous techniques used to reconstruct the ACL in the skeletally immature patient; however, most studies are limited by small patient numbers and other methodological concerns. With recent publications reporting failure rates as high as 15–25 % and growth disturbances being uncommon but now reported within almost every technical category, patient and caregiver education become of paramount importance. Key principles will be outlined that may help to avoid some of the pitfalls that occur when dealing with this unique population.     

Factors informing fear of reinjury after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Objective: Fear of reinjury is associated with cessation of sport after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction despite normal postoperative knee function. The objective of this study is to describe factors informing athletes’ experience of fear of reinjury post ACL reconstruction, in athletes who cited fear as the sole reason for not returning to their pre-injury level of sport. Design: Mixed-methods study design of qualitative and a preliminary quantitative component. Setting: A conveniently selected private hospital. Participants: Ten male and two female athletes, aged between 19 and 45 years, were eligible for the interview from 68 male and 32 female potential participants (age range 17–50) who underwent an ACL reconstruction using any graft type, excluding revision or multi-ligament surgery. Main outcome measures: To explore factors informing fear of reinjury in participants citing fear of reinjury as the sole reason for not returning to sport, albeit normal knee function. Results: From the participant interview, four themes emerged: undergoing the surgery and recovery again, nature of the pre-injury sport imposing risk of reinjury, personality traits, and social priorities. Conclusions: Clinicians should be aware of factors informing fear of reinjury post ACL reconstruction. Modifiable fears including pain, mode and length of rehabilitation and psychological factors should be considered during rehabilitation to potentially improve the return to sport rate.     

膝关节前交叉韧带重建术后患者功能康复的相关因素分析

目的探讨影响膝关节前交叉韧带重建术后患者功能康复的相关因素。方法采用一般自我效能感量表和社会支持评定量表,对480例膝关节前交叉韧带重建术后患者进行调查。结果膝关节前交叉韧带重建术后患者功能康复处于中等水平。康复完成与年龄呈负相关(P0.01),与文化程度、一般自我效能、社会支持水平呈正相关(P0.01)。结论针对膝关节前交叉韧带重建术后患者开展延续性护理,增强自我效能和建立完善的社会支持系统,针对患者的年龄和文化程度,实施个性化护理干预,有利于促进患者康复。     

关节镜下前交叉韧带重建材料及其重建的理论研究与临床应用

背景:前交叉韧带是膝关节内的核心结构,近年来前交叉韧带损伤的发生率逐渐增高.目的:就前交叉韧带的损伤机制、手术方法、移植物选择、等长重建、重建韧带翻修等问题进行综述,为临床治疗前交叉韧带损伤提供一定的参考.方法:应用计算机检索Medline数据库(1996-01/2009-03),以Anterior cruciate ligament.implant、reconstruction、repair为检索词;应用计算机检索重庆维普数据库(1996-01/2009-03)、清华同方数据库(1996-01/2009-03),以前交叉韧带、移植物、重建、修补为检索词.结果与结论:共收集200篇关于关节镜下前交叉韧带重建的文献,排除发表时间较早、重复及类似研究,纳入18篇符合标准的文献.前交叉韧带是稳定膝关节的重要结构,运动及日常生活中多种因素可导致其损伤,治疗不当将严重影响运动能力或丧失运动能力.为恢复膝关节结构和功能,对损伤的前交叉韧带需要进行重建已成为共识.随着技术的不断进步和手术器械的研制创新,关节镜下重建术已成为当今治疗前交叉韧带损伤的主流方法.尽管治疗前交叉韧带损伤的手术方法很多,但还没有哪一种能完全复制前交叉韧带的解剖关系,手术是否能减少前交叉韧带伤后的继发损害目前还没有定论.对手术方式、移植物的选择、术后康复以及其他辅助治疗等方面仍有大量工作需要完善.     

Early rehabilitation after arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament

Background. The purpose of our research was to evaluate the results of early rehabilitation after arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament, based on identical rehabilitation methods applied two weeks later. Material and methods. The research involved 30 persons, randomly divided into two groups. Each group received an identical, 12-week program of rehabilitation, differing only in the time of commencement after surgery. We analyzed the range of movement of the knee joint, the circumferences of the knee and hip, and the strength of the flexor and extensor muscle groups in the knee. Results and Conclusions. The outcome for rehabilitation of the knee is not dependent on the time when the rehabilitation process is commenced. However, in view of the occurrence of a greater number of complications when early rehabilitation is applied, individual adjustment of the timing for commencement of rehabilitation procedures would seem to be the optimal solution.     

膝关节前交叉韧带的MRI三维成像研究

目的 探讨MRI三维成像技术(M3D/cube T2WI)在膝关节前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)正常显示和损伤诊断的价值.方法 选取30例正常自愿者(对照组)及11例ACL损伤病例(损伤组),在GE 1.5 T磁共振分别行MRI常规膝关节矢状面T1WI、FSE压脂T2WI(f...     

前交叉韧带损伤的功能重建

目的:前交叉韧带损伤是一种常见的膝关节运动创伤。前交叉韧带形态学特点、损伤机制、手术重建、损伤康复的运动疗法以及运动疗法的基本程序等方面对损伤修复和功能重建有直接的关系。资料来源:应用计算机检索NCBIEntrezPubmed和CNKI1974-022004-07间关于前交叉韧带相关文献,检索词:前交叉韧带损伤(injureofanteriorcruciateligament)。资料选择:对资料进行初审,纳入标准:①有关前交叉韧带的手术重建的时机、材料和方法等。②有关前交叉韧带损伤康复的运动疗法。排除标准:文献中有重复研究、综述、Meta分析类文章。未排除文章中资料是否应用了随机、对照和盲法。资料提炼:共收集57篇相关文献,36篇符合纳入标准,排除21篇文献,其中10篇系重复研究,5篇为综述,6篇为前交叉韧带损伤的检查方法。资料综合:28篇文献中,7篇文献讨论前交叉韧带的形态特点,6篇实验性文章分析前交叉韧带的损伤机制,9篇通过临床或动物实验,研究不同手术重建的时机、材料和方法等治疗前交叉韧带损伤,6篇文献报道前交叉韧带损伤后的运动治疗方法。结论:为实现前交叉韧带的功能重建,不同方法各有优缺点,关键是掌握好不同的适应症,提高治疗和康复效果,恢复患者膝关节功能。     

前交叉韧带损伤的功能重建

目的：前交叉韧带损伤是一种常见的膝关节运动创伤。前交叉韧带形态学特点、损伤机制、手术重建、损伤康复的运动疗法以及运动疗法的基本程序等方面对损伤修复和功能重建有直接的关系。资料来源：应用计算机检索NCBI Entrez Pubmed和CNKI 1974-02／2004-07间关于前交叉韧带相关文献，检索词：前交叉韧带损伤（injures of anterior crueiate ligament）。资料选择：对资料进行初审，纳入标准：①有关前交叉韧带的手术重建的时机、材料和方法等。②有关前交叉韧带损伤康复的运动疗法。排除标准：文献中有重复研究、综述、Meta分析类文章。未排除文章中资料是否应用了随机、对照和盲法。资料提炼：共收集57篇相关文献，36篇符合纳入标准，排除21篇文献，其中10篇系重复研究，5篇为综述，6篇为前交叉韧带损伤的检查方法。资料综合：28篇文献中，7篇文献讨论前交叉韧带的形态特点，6篇实验性文章分析前交叉韧带的损伤机制，9篇通过临床或动物实验，研究不同手术重建的时机、材料和方法等治疗前交叉韧带损伤，6篇文献报道前交叉韧带损伤后的运动治疗方法。结论：为实现前交叉韧带的功能重建，不同方法各有优缺点，关键是掌握好不同的适应症，提高治疗和康复效果，恢复患者膝关节功能。     

关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术后的康复护理

目的:探讨关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术后康复训练的相应护理措施。方法:对关节镜下前交叉韧带重建手术的康复护理进行总结分析,即术后对病人进行仔细的观察,结合国内外成功案例,根据重建材料、手术方法的不同和病人个体差异,分别制定系统的康复计划,并结合病人的恢复情况适当调整,出院后进行指导和随访。结果:23例病人手术顺利,均可以独立进行正确步态的行走,恢复至正常生活。结论:运用科学的方法,对不同病人、不同训练时期的康复训练做针对性的指导,并加强与医师、病人及家属的沟通,才能保证关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术的成功。     

前交叉韧带重建术后患者家庭康复现状调查

目的调查前交叉韧带重建术后患者家庭康复情况。方法对行关节镜下交叉韧带单束重建的102例患者采用一般情况调查表、前交叉韧带重建术后康复现状调查表及社会支持量表进行问卷调查,并评定膝关节Lysholm评分。结果仅53.92%的患者按家庭康复锻炼计划进行功能锻炼;理解康复锻炼目的和掌握正常康复锻炼方法的患者数均不足50.00%;得到医务人员康复督促指导者仅占5.88%;患者客观支持和对支持的利用度得分均高于常模(P0.01);不同文化程度和家庭康复锻炼患者的膝关节Lysholm评分差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论前交叉韧带重建术后患者家庭康复现状不满意,应定期门诊或电话随访,对患者进行个性化康复指导。