小体质量婴幼儿体外循环管理策略及合理使用超滤的重要性

目的:总结392例8kg以下患儿体外循环(CPB)管理经验,探讨小体质量婴幼儿CPB中超滤和围体外循环期液体管理的重要性。方法:2006年7月至2008年8月392例8kg以下患儿在CPB下行心脏手术。患儿分成2组:A组(2006年7月至2007年7月)共208例,B组(2007年8月至2008年8月)共184例,比较2组术前、围体外循环期的临床情况及术后的结果,总结小体质量婴幼儿CPB管理经验。结果:2组患儿一般临床资料,CPB时间和阻断时间以及术后结果没有统计学意义;CPB过程中2组悬浮红细胞和血浆的用量没有明显差别;B组白蛋白(7.1±3.4)g的应用明显低于A组(8.1±2.9)g;B组晶体用量明显多于A组;B组总超滤量明显高于A组。结论:改良超滤技术+白蛋白的应用可以改善小体质量患儿围体外循环期管理质量,但需要科学管理和有效的监测。     

Recombinant hirudin for cardiopulmonary bypass anticoagulation: a randomized, prospective, and heparin-controlled pilot study

BACKGROUND: Lepirudin, a recombinant hirudin, is a direct acting thrombin inhibitor that has been used as a heparin alternative in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia requiring on-pump cardiac surgery. To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and clinical utility of lepirudin as a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) anticoagulant, we compared lepirudin with heparin in a routine CPB setting. METHODS: Twenty patients were randomly assigned to receive lepirudin (0.25 mg/kg b. w. bolus and 0.2 mg/kg b. w. added to the CPB priming) or heparin (400 U/kg b. w. bolus) with protamine reversal. Lepirudin and heparin anticoagulation during CPB was monitored using the ecarin clotting time or ACT, respectively and additional lepirudin (5 mg) or heparin (5000 U) boluses were administered. RESULTS: The CPB circuit was performed in both groups without thromboembolic complications. Median blood loss during the first 36 hours was statistically higher ( P = 0.007) in the lepirudin group (1.226 +/- 316 ml) compared to the heparin group (869 +/- 189 ml). One patient of the lepirudin group developed pulmonary embolism 24 hours after surgery. This patient was tested homozygous for the FV-Leiden mutation. CONCLUSION: Lepirudin provides effective CPB anticoagulation but induces a higher postoperative blood loss than heparin. Lepirudin should be restricted to patients undergoing CPB who cannot be exposed to heparin.     

Pulmonary edema during volume infusion.

The relationship between left ventricular filling pressure and plasma colloid osmotic pressure to pulmonary edema was examined in a group of 37 patients, the majority of whom were hypovolemic. Sixteen patients developed pulmonary edema during fluid infusion. In the 21 patients who did not develop pulmonary edema, the left ventricular filling pressure was slightly elevated but the colloid osmotic pressure was not reduced. The majority of these patients were treated with colloid solutions (group I). In five of the 16 patients who developed pulmonary edema, the left ventricular filling pressure was elevated and there was no reduction in the plasma colloid osmotic pressure. These patients received only colloids (group II). In the other 11 patients who developed pulmonary edema, the left ventricular filling pressure was normal but the plasma colloid osmotic pressure was reduced to 16 +/- 2 torr (group III). The colloid osmotic pressure in this group was significantly less than in the other two groups (P less than 0.01). Most of these patients received large volumes of crystalloid solutions. After administration of furosemide, clearing of pulmonary edema in this group was associated with normalization of the plasma colloid osmotic pressure. Infusion of large volumes of crystalloids in hypovolemic patients can be hazardous, for reduction of the plasma colloid osmotic pressure may predispose to the development of pulmonary edema even when the left ventricular filling pressure remains normal.     

婴儿法洛四联症体外循环管理探讨

目的 探讨婴儿法洛四联症体外循环(CPB)管理方法。方法 回顾我院自1997年7月开展婴儿法洛四联症心脏手术至2001年9月共28例的CPB情况,包括血液稀释、灌注方式、心脑肺保护等。结果 CPB时间50～406min,平均(112±66)min,主动脉阻断时间31～94min,平均(55±16)min。主动脉开放后28例心脏均自动复跳,自动复跳率100％。26例在多巴胺、肾上腺素支持下撤离CPB,2例经长时间辅助不能脱离CPB。12例采用深低温低流量CPB。CPB中尿量0～450mL,平均(69±25)mL。7例采用超滤的患儿超出液体120～500mL,平均(247±105)mL。停机及术毕HCT分别为0.27和0.33。术后主要并发症为低心排综合征(9)、神经系统损伤(5)、呼衰(3)。结论 婴儿TOF手术的CPB管理是手术成功的一个重要的方面,我们认为:应采用适中的血液稀释和胶体液预充、选择与外科手术相配合的灌注方式、注重术中心脑肺保护。     

Acute plasmapheresis during cardiac surgery: Volume replacement by crystalloids versus colloids

Acute plasmapheresis (APP) is an additional tool for blood conservation during cardiac surgery. In a randomized study of 60 aortocoronary bypass patients undergoing APP, the influence of replacement of the withdrawn autologous plasma (10 mL/kg) by either colloids (low molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch solution [6% HES 200/0.5]) or crystalloids (Ringer's solution) was investigated. APP was performed by means of a centrifugation technique producing platelet-poor plasma. During and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), either a cell saver (CS) or a hemofiltration (HF) device was also used for blood concentration. Almost three times as much crystalloid as HES solution was necessary for replacement of autologous plasma. Fluid balance during CPB was significantly more positive in the crystalloid patients, particularly when a CS was used. Blood loss was highest in the crystalloid patients in whom a CS was used in addition to APP, and these were the only patients who needed packed red cells. The platelet count, AT-III and fibrinogen plasma concentrations, colloid osmotic pressure, albumin, and total protein were significantly less compromised in the patients with colloid volume replacement. These parameters were closest to control values in patients receiving colloid replacement and HF. It is concluded that colloid is preferred for replacement of autologous plasma withdrawn by APP, and HIP is superior to the CS when the combined technique for blood conservation is used.     

成人心脏瓣膜替换术前后血清胰岛素水平的变化

作者观察了２８例心脏瓣膜替换术围术期血清胰岛素的变化，结果发现：体外循环（ＣＰＢ）过程中（ＣＰＢ３０分钟、ＣＰＢ６０分钟）至手术次日晨，血清胰岛素含量较术前均有显著升高，而全身麻醉诱导及肝素化对胰岛素水平无明显影响。     

体外循环自体血预充技术对全身炎性反应的影响

目的 研究体外循环采用自体血预充技术对全身炎性反应相关指标的影响.方法 32例非急诊手术首次接受体外循环下心脏冠脉搭桥的患者,依性别（男女比例）、年龄、体重、身高、体表面积（BSA）和射血分数（EF）进行配对后分为两组：自体血预充组（16例）和经典预充组（16例）.自体血预充组：用1250 ml晶体液和8000 IU肝素预充,体外循环开始前先采用自体血预充技术置换出大部分最初预充液,置换过程中严密监视血流动力学变化,维持平均动脉压（MAP）在50 mm Hg以上.整个过程依患者血流动力学耐受程度决定.经典预充组：1250 ml晶体液和8000 IU肝素预充.两组患者心肌保护均采用Calafiore温血停跳液灌注,体外循环中保持温度35.0 ℃～35.5 ℃,流量 2.5～2.8 L·min-1·m-2.所有患者按标准手术步骤进行手术,先完成全部远端吻合口后,开放升主动脉再逐一完成近端吻合.平均体外循环时间64 min,阻断升主动脉时间37 min,平均每例搭桥3.0支.手术结束前将体外循环系统中余血全部回输给患者.结果 自体血预充组平均置换出（885±161）ml的最初预充液,患者体外循环中、手术结束时、术后6 h、术后1 d的HCT水平均明显高于经典预充组（P＜0.05）.90%自体血预充组患者围术期免于输血,而经典预充组患者未输血比例为68%.患者体外循环结束和体外循环后6 h动脉血IL-6水平低于经典体外循环组（P＜0.05）.经典预充组患者体外循环开始和结束时IL-8、TNF-α水平高于自体血预充组（P＜0.05）.结论 体外循环应用自体血预充技术能减少血液稀释,减少围术期输血量,一定程度地抑制IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α炎症介质的升高.     

Bleeding complications associated with cardiopulmonary bypass

Bleeding after CPB has been difficult to characterize and its treatment equally difficult to standardize. The complexity of this problem is related to the hemostatic process, the technical variations in the operative procedures, and the many uncontrolled variables associated with CPB, including the effects of anesthetic or pharmacologic agents, the nature of the priming solution, hemodilution, hypothermia, the type of oxygenator, and the use of transfused blood products. Although there are multiple and generally predictable complex changes in the hemostatic mechanism during CPB, the temporary loss of platelet function is the most common and clinically relevant. This transient platelet dysfunction occurs in all patients undergoing CPB; however, it only causes excessive bleeding in a small percentage of patients. Unfortunately, it has not yet been possible to predict which patients will develop hemorrhagic complications, although prolonged pump times are a contributing risk factor. Over the past decade there has been extensive investigation into the management of bleeding associated with CPB, provoked primarily by the increased awareness of transfusion-transmitted viral diseases and the inappropriately excessive use of homologous blood products. Several approaches to autotransfusion of shed blood and autologus blood donation have been developed to minimize perioperative homologous blood transfusion. Pharmacologic agents such as desmopressin, aprotinin, and topical fibrin glues have also been introduced to improve hemostasis during CPB. The protease inhibitor aprotinin is particularly promising in the reduction of bleeding associated with CPB when given prophylactically. Aprotinin may provide new insights into the mechanism of CPB-induced platelet dysfunction. Desmopressin is indicated only for the treatment of bleeding after CPB. The management of bleeding associated with CPB will undoubtedly     

Use of intraoperative hetastarch priming during coronary bypass

BACKGROUND: The use of hetastarch during coronary bypass surgery has been limited due to its unresolved potential risk for hemorrhage. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of using 6% hetastarch in priming cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuitry on the need for blood product transfusions and outcome after coronary bypass. Materials and methods: This nonrandomized retrospective study involved 887 patients who underwent isolated primary coronary artery bypass grafting. Based on the type of solution used in priming the CPB circuitry, patients were stratified into the following four different groups: group 1, crystalloid (500 mL; n = 211); group 2, 25% human albumin (50 mL; n = 217); group 3, 6% hetastarch (500 mL; n = 298); and group 4, 25% human albumin (50 mL) and 6% hetastarch (500 mL; n = 161). Patient characteristics and clinical variables were compared among the groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Patient survival estimates were compared using log-rank test. RESULTS: Demographic patient characteristics for all groups were similar (p > 0.05). Intraoperative and perioperative variables among groups were comparable (p > 0.05). The use of hetastarch as a part of prime solution in CPB circuitry did not alter the need for banked blood, platelets, or fresh frozen plasma transfusions (p > 0.05). The length of stay in the ICU or in the hospital was unaffected in all groups. The early (ie, 30-day) mortality rate was 1.4% in group 1, 1.8% in group 2, 1.0% in group 3, and 3.1% in group 4. Long-term survival among the groups was unaffected by the type of priming solution. CONCLUSIONS: The use of hetastarch in priming CPB circuitry is devoid of any added hemorrhagic risk after coronary bypass, and the type of prime solution for CPB has no influence on the early or late survival rates of patients undergoing primary coronary bypass.     

婴幼儿体外循环心脏手术中奥美拉唑对胃肠道保护作用的临床观察

目的探讨奥美拉唑对婴幼儿体外循环（CPB）心脏手术中胃肠道的保护作用。方法45例在CPB下行先心病手术患儿,（年龄≤3岁）随机分为3组:实验A组在CPB预充液中即给予奥美拉唑10 mg,实验B组于CPB结束时给予奥美拉唑10 mg,对照组注入等量生理盐水。3组均于术前、CPB 30 m in、CPB结束后、术后4 h、24 h进行胃液常规检查,并采集血液标本,ELISA法测定血清促胃液素。结果与CPB前比较:A组胃液pH于CPB结束后有明显升高,B组胃液pH于术后4 h有明显升高,C组胃液pH变化不明显。A、B、C 3组胃液红细胞计数及血清促胃液素与本组CPB前相比均有明显上升。与对照组（C组）相比:A组胃液pH于CPB结束后各时间点较对照组明显上升,而胃液红细胞计数则有明显下降,血清促胃液素于CPB 3 m in后较对照组有明显降低。B组胃液pH于术后4、24 h较对照组有明显升高,同时间点胃液红细胞计数与促胃液素则有明显降低。结论在CPB心脏手术中预充液中即加入奥美拉唑对胃肠道有明显的保护作用。     

婴幼儿心脏直视手术的体外循环管理体会

体外循环是影响婴幼儿心脏直视手术近期效果的主要因素之一。报告近３年行婴幼儿心脏直视手术１０２例,死亡６例,另９６例中虽部分并发低心排出量综合征（ＬＣＯＳ）、急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ＡＲＤＳ）、急性肾功能衰竭（ＡＲＦ）及脑损害等并发症,但经救治均恢复正常。表明膜式氧合器的应用、合理的预充和血液稀释、科学的体外循环管理、适当的温度控制及有效的心肌保护措施,对减少婴幼儿体外循环术后并发症、降低死亡率具有重要     

Influence of hemodilution of plasma proteins on erythrocyte aggregability: an in vivo study in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass

Erythrocyte aggregation is known to be affected by a number of factors including the concentration of various plasma proteins. This study was performed to examine the in vivo effect of hemodilution of plasma proteins on erythrocyte aggregation in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery. Blood samples were taken before, during, and after operation from 40 coronary artery bypass grafting patients who were operated with CPB and concomitant hemodilution (CPB, n=20) and who without (nonCPB, n=20). Erythrocyte aggregation was determined with a LORCA aggregometer, during which all samples were standardized to a hematocrit level of 40%. Results showed that in the CPB patients the aggregation index (AI) dropped to 44% of its preoperative baseline level 5 minutes after the start of hemodilution (from 47.7+/-10.1 to 26.6+/-11.4, p<0.01). Meanwhile, plasma concentration of fibrinogen (Fb) dropped to 55%, haptoglobin to 85%, ceruloplasmin to 55%, and albumin to 67%. In the nonCPB patients, however, there was only a slight drop in AI and the concentrations of plasma proteins during the similar period of time. On postoperative day 1, AI was rebounded to 37.1+/-12.4 in CPB patients compared with 44.3+/-11.7 in nonCPB patients. At baseline, AI was correlated only with Fb. During CPB and hemodilution, AI was correlated not only with Fb but also with haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin. Postoperatively, significant correlationship was found between AI and Fb, CRP, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, as well as albumin. These results indicate that hemodilution of plasma proteins significantly reduces the aggregability of erythrocytes in patients undergoing CPB. Besides Fb, other plasma proteins also contribute to AI during the early postoperative period when patients are recovering from CPB surgery.     

Combination of autologous Transfusion and Retrograde Autologous Priming Decreases Blood Requirements

In a prospective study, 60 patients posted for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were assigned to 2 groups of 30 each. (group A =combination of acute normovolaemic haemodilution (ANH) and retrograde autologous priming (RAP), group B=control). The aim was to investigate whether retrograde autologous priming reduces haemoditution as compared to control cases. Patients who had a history of previous cardiac surgery and patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction, were excluded. Group A patients were subjected to pre-CPB intraoperative autologous blood collection prior to heparin administration. Heparin was given (300IU/Kg) and the aorta was cannulated. In addition, prior to bypass, if the patients had a systolic BP>100 mm Hg, 300cc of their blood was withdrawn in a retrograde manner via aortic cannula into the CPB circuit up to the arterial filter, while the 'displaced' asanguinous prime was diverted into a transfer bag. The total bank blood (whole blood) used intra-op was 26 units in the study group [mean 0.86 unit per patient] versus 52 units in the control group (mean 1.73 units per patient) (P<0.001). Blood components and products were not used in this study. The average fall in haematocrit (Hct) on CPB was 27.03% in the study group versus 39.5% in the control group (P < 0.001). Thus retrograde autologous griming in combination with autologus transfusion significantly reduces the need for bank blood.     

新型无血预充体外循环深低温停循环模型

目的：体外循环（cardiopulmonary bypass, CPB）及深低温停循环（deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, DHCA）在临床中得到广泛应用。然而,DHCA仍伴随着一定的并发症及死亡率。由于缺少高生存率的DHCA动物模型,探究DHCA的病理生理机制及保护策略仍受到一定限制。我们的目的是通过对临床使用材料进行改进,建立一种新型的安全的无血预充的小动物DHCA模型,以满足DHCA并发症病理生理的研究。 方法：取20只成年SD大鼠（14-16周,200-300克）。CPB管道由改良储血器、定制的小动物膜肺、滚压泵、硅胶管道以及自制热交换管道,管道预充量不足10ml。右颈静脉、右颈动脉及左股动脉插管,右心房血液通过右颈静脉插管引流,通过左股动脉进行灌注。体外循环流量为全流量,大鼠体温降至18℃并进行45分钟全身停循环,随后进行60分钟复温。管道内血液离心并回输浓缩红细胞。血流动力学及体外循环指标在术中实时记录。 结果：所有CPB及DHCA过程均成功完成。实验中无大鼠死亡。各时间点血气分析均正常。术后心功能及血压均稳定。所有大鼠生命指征平稳。 结论：新型无血预充深低温停循环大鼠模型可以安全建立。     

Reduction of homologous blood requirement in cardiac surgery by intraoperative aprotinin application--clinical experience in 152 cardiac surgical patients

The protease inhibitor aprotinin interacts with plasmin and kallikrein, which are generated in cardiac surgery during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The influence of high-dose aprotinin application (2 million kallikrein inactivator units given i.v. at the beginning of anaesthesia followed by a 500,000 KIU/h infusion throughout the operation and additional 2 millions KIU added to the priming of the oxygenator) on perioperative blood loss and donor blood requirement was studied in 152 adult cardiac surgical patients. This group was compared to 317 patients having cardiac surgery without the application of aprotinin. Aprotinin reduced the homologous blood requirement by 43% (1783 +/- 100 vs 1015 +/- 131 ml, p less than 0.05), while the reduction of postoperative blood loss was 29% (1070 +/- 43 vs 761 +/- 51 ml, p less than 0.05). Fortytwo percent of the aprotinin treated patients completed their hospital stay without having any donor blood transfusion compared to 18% in the group without aprotinin. The blood saving effect was even more pronounced in operations with prolonged perfusion times. Intra- and postoperative complications were equally distributed in both groups. The blood-saving effect of aprotinin may be due to a platelet-preserving effect and/or kallikrein inhibition during CPB. There were no clinically relevant side effects related to aprotinin observed. It is concluded that high dose aprotinin therapy reduces both postoperative blood loss and homologous blood requirement, and therefore the routine application of aprotinin during cardiac surgical procedures is to be recommended.     

Effects of autologous fresh platelet concentrate on haemostasis in cardiac reoperations

The aim of this study was to determine whether autologous fresh platelet concentrate (PC) significantly improves haemostasis in cardiac reoperations compared with autologous fresh whole blood (WB). Forty-eight patients who had elective cardiac reoperations with a low-dose aprotinin priming regimen were divided into two groups. The amount of allogeneic blood transfusion was less in patients who were harvested 15 units of PC (Group PC; n = 24) before cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) than patients who were harvested 400 ml of WB (Group WB; n = 24). The amount of mediastinal drainage for 12 h in intensive care units were significantly reduced in Group PC compared with Group WB (435 - 273 ml in Group PC versus 909 - 209 ml in Group WB; P < 0.001). Platelet count and collagen-induced whole blood platelet aggregation increased significantly higher in Group PC than Group WB after reinfusion. In conclusion, autologous fresh PC improved haemostasis compared with autologous fresh whole blood in cardiac reoperations with a low-dose aprotinin priming regimen.     

Postcardiotomy right ventricular failure: experience with pulmonary arterial balloon counterpulsation and pulmonary arterial venting

From 1981 through 1985, 3,057 patients underwent cardiac operations using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) at our institution. When we reviewed these cases, we found that in ten cases (0.32%) right ventricular or biventricular failure had prevented weaning from CPB. All ten patients were also refractory to pharmacologic intervention and to systemic intraaortic balloon pumping. Two patients had isolated right ventricular failure, and the other eight had biventricular failure. Four patients had had previous pulmonary hypertension. Of the ten patients who could not be weaned, three were treated with pulmonary arterial balloon counterpulsation (PABC), and seven underwent pulmonary arterial venting (PAV). Procedures performed concomitantly with PABC included left heart bypass in one case and creation of an atrial septal defect in another case. All of the PAV group underwent concomitant intraaortic balloon pumping. One PABC patient and four PAV patients could be weaned from CPB. All who were treated with PABC eventually died, but there are three long-term survivors in the PAV group. In light of this study, biventricular unloading with PAV appears to be a valid method of treating right ventricular or biventricular failure.     

Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on thyroid function

Alterations in serum concentration of thyroid hormones occur even in euthyroid patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. The purpose of our prospective study was to define the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on thyroid hormones. Twenty euthyroid patients for mitral valve replacement were included in this study. Heparinised arterial sample for thyroid function tests were obtained before cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), 30 and 60 minutes after initiation of CPB, immediate post-CPB and 24 hours after termination of CPB. T3, T4 and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were estimated using radioimmunoassay method. There was more than 50% decrease in T3 levels after initiation of CPB and it remained persistently below the physiological range until 24 hours after termination of CPB. T4 and TSH remained within normal limits throughout the study period. These results indicate that CPB simulates the euthyroid sick syndrome as seen in critically ill and burn patients. Whether routine administration of intravenous tri-iodo thyronine is beneficial in the prevention of low cardiac output syndrome seen after CPB remains to be elucidated in future.     

A Novel Design Concept of Cemented Paste Backfill (CPB) Materials: Biobjective Optimization Approach by Applying an Evolved Random Forest Model

For cemented paste backfill (CPB), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) is the key to ensuring the safety of stope construction, and its cost is an important part of the mining cost. However, there are a lack of design methods based on UCS and cost optimization. To address such issues, this study proposes a biobjective optimization approach by applying a novel evolved random forest (RF) model. First, the evolved RF model, based on the beetle search algorithm (BAS), was constructed to predict the UCS of CPB. The consistency between the predicted value and the actual value is high, which proves that the hybrid machine learning model has a good effect on the prediction of the UCS of CPB. Then, considering the linear relationship between the costs and the components of CPB, a mathematical model of the cost is constructed. Finally, based on the weighted sum method, the biobjective optimization process of the UCS and cost of CPB is conducted; the Pareto front optimal solutions of UCS and the cost of CPB can be obtained by the sort of solution set. When the UCS or the cost of CPB is constant, the Pareto front optimal solutions can always have a lower cost or a higher UCS compared with the actual dataset, which proves that the biobjective optimization approach has a good effect.     

Endoscopic ultrasonography guided celiac plexus neurolysis and celiac plexus block in the management of pain due to pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis

Pain is a common symptom of pancreatic disease and is frequently difficult to manage. Pain relief provided by narcotics is often suboptimal and is associated with significant side effects. An alternative approach to pain management in pancreatic disease is the use of celiac plexus block （CPB） or neurolysis （CPN）. Originally performed by anesthesiologists and radiologists via a posterior approach, recent advances in endoscopic ultrasonography （EUS） have made this technique an attractive alternative. EUS guided celiac plexus block/ neurolysis is simple to perform and avoids serious complications such as paraplegia or pneumothorax that are associated with the posterior approach. EUS guided CPN should be considered first line therapy in patients with pain due to pancreatic cancer. It provides superior pain control compared to traditional management with narcotics. A trend for improved survival in pancreatic cancer patients treated with CPN has been reported, but larger studies are needed to confirm this finding. At this time, the use of EUS guided CPB cannot be recommended as routine therapy for pain in chronic pancreatitis since only one-half of the patients experience pain reduction and the beneficial effect tends to be short lived. EUS guided CPB and CPN should be used as part of a multidisciplinary team approach for pain management.