Singapore Paediatric Resuscitation Guidelines 2021

We present the 2021 Singapore Paediatric Resuscitation Guidelines. The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation’s Pediatric Taskforce Consensus Statements on Science and Treatment Recommendations, which was published in October 2020, and the updated resuscitation guidelines from the American Heart Association and European Resuscitation Council, were reviewed and discussed by the committee. These recommendations were derived after deliberation of peer-reviewed evidence updates on paediatric resuscitation and took into consideration the local setting and clinical practice.     

Newborn and paediatric resuscitation 2011 guidelines

We present the revised guidelines for newborn and paediatric resuscitation for Singapore. The 2010 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation consensus on science as well as the main recommendations from the European Resuscitation Council and American Heart Association were debated and discussed. The final recommendations for the Singapore National Resuscitation Council were derived after carefully reviewing the current available evidence in the literature and balancing the local clinical climate of practice. In addition, much effort was spent on aligning the paediatric and neonatal recommendations with the adult (especially Basic Cardiac Life Support) recommendations.     

Recent advances and controversies in adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Since its introduction more than four and half decades ago, the science of cardiopulmonary resuscitation has been enriched with a significant amount of scientific evidence. This in turn has led to the birth of new evidence based guidelines for resuscitation published by the European Resuscitation Council and the American Heart Association in late 2005. This article aims to review the recent advances and controversies in the science of resuscitation.     

Interim Singapore guidelines for basic and advanced life support for paediatric patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant challenges for the resuscitation of paediatric patients, especially for infants and children who are suspected or confirmed to be infected. Thus, the paediatric subcommittee of the Singapore Resuscitation and First Aid Council developed interim modifications to the current Singapore paediatric guidelines using extrapolated data from the available literature, local multidisciplinary expert consensus and institutional best practices. It is hoped that this it will provide a framework during the pandemic for improved outcomes in paediatric cardiac arrest patients in the local context, while taking into consideration the safety of all community first responders, medical frontline providers and healthcare workers.     

Impact of a nationwide training program for neonatal resuscitation in China

Background Seventeen million births occur in China each year. Neonatal mortality is the leading cause of under 5-year-old child deaths, and intrapartum-related injury accounts for much of mental retardation in young children. The Chinese Ministry of Health sought to improve infant and child survival through a nationwide initiative to have at least one person trained in neonatal resuscitation at every birth. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of China Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) on policy and infrastructure changes and its effectiveness in decreasing the incidence of mortality among newborn infants.

Methods  The Chinese NRP incorporated policy change, professional education, and creation of a sustainable health system infrastructure for resuscitation. Multidisciplinary teams from all 31 provinces and municipal states disseminated NRP in a train-the-trainer cascade. The intervention targeted 20 provinces with high neonatal mortality and programs to reduce maternal mortality. Program evaluation data came from 322 representative hospitals in those provinces.

Results  Changes in policy permitted midwives to initiate resuscitation and required resuscitation training for licensure.  From 2004 through 2009 more than 110 659 professionals received NRP training in the 20 target provinces, with 94% of delivery facilities and 99% of counties reached. Intrapartum-related deaths in the delivery room decreased from 7.5 to 3.4 per 10 000 from 2003 to 2008, and the incidence of Apgar ≤7 at 1 minute decreased from 6.3% to 2.9%. 

Conclusions  The Chinese NRP achieved policy changes promoting resuscitation, trained large numbers of professionals, and contributed to reduction in delivery room mortality. Improved adherence to the resuscitation algorithm, extension of training to the township level, and coverage of births now occurring outside health facilities can further increase the number of lives saved.

     

胸阻抗信号及PETCO_2监测在心肺复苏质量监控中的应用研究

心肺复苏(cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR)包括人工通气、胸外按压、体外电除颤等,是对心脏骤停患者抢救的重要手段。在2010年心肺复苏指南中欧洲复苏委员会和美国心脏协会均强调了在其实施高质量的胸外按压能有效提高CPR的成功几率。呼气末二氧化碳(pressure of end tidal carbon dioxide,PETCO_2)与CPR期间心肌血流量和心排血量有密切的关系,能预测心肺复苏后自主循环恢复的可能性。本文通过对胸阻抗(transthoracic impedance,TTI)信号及PETCO_2监测在心肺复苏质量监控中的应用情况进行分析、综述,以期为临床实施高质量CPR提供依据。     

38例新生儿窒息复苏及复苏后护理体会

目的:通过探讨新生儿窒息复苏及复苏后护理从而降低新生儿死亡率、伤残率。方法:对38例新生儿窒息患儿按复苏指南进行复苏与复苏后护理。结果:经及时抢救与细心护理,痊愈出院27例,好转出院7例,转院2例,死亡2例。结论:新生儿窒息抢救是否成功取决于快速且正确的评估、恰当的护理、娴熟的复苏技术及复苏后的护理,分秒必争的抢救和医护紧密配合是提高新生儿窒息抢救成功率、降低病死率的有效保证。     

Singapore First Aid Guidelines 2021

The Singapore Resuscitation and First Aid Council is updating the guidelines for first aid based on the latest evidence-based review from the International First Aid Taskforce Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations published in 2020. This is part of the regular updating of standards of care and training for first aid. This article presents some of the updated evidence-based approaches to first aid treatments in common emergencies such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, anaphylaxis, shock, unresponsiveness, seizure, heat disorders, ingested poisons, bleeding, head and spinal injury, bites and dental injuries. These updated treatments will be incorporated into the Standard and Child First Aid course syllabus in Singapore.     

Implementation of National Resuscitation Guidelines 2006

The implementation of guidelines released by the National Resuscitation Council in 2006 involved all the main areas of resuscitation, especially basic life support and defibrillation. The emphasis was on community training, creation of simplified programmes, combining cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation, and using simpler training devices. As a result, public access defibrillation programmes have been increasingly implemented together with the CPR + automated external defibrillator programmes. A large number of instructors have also been trained.     

26例新生儿窒息的临床观察及护理分析

目的:探讨和观察新生儿窒息的急救复苏方法和综合护理措施,总结其临床价值。方法:回顾性分析具有完整临床资料的2007年10月至2011年10月来我院就诊新生儿窒息患者26例,对其进行积极的抢救治疗和护理,观察临床的治疗效果。结果:通过积极的抢救和综合护理,26例新生儿窒息患者中成功复苏患儿24例,死亡2例,复苏的成功率达92.31%。结论:正确合理的对新生儿窒息患者进行积极的抢救和治疗,可提高新生儿窒息患者复苏的成功率,提高临床治疗效果,值得临床借鉴和推广。     

Management of women with minor abnormalities of the cervix detected on screening: a qualitative study

OBJECTIVE: To examine the consistency of decisions by pathology staff and general practitioners in managing women in whom minor cervical abnormalities are detected by screening, with current National Health and Medical Research (NHMRC) Council guidelines, and to look at reasons for inconsistencies. DESIGN: Qualitative interview study. PARTICIPANTS: 14 pathology staff (12 pathologists and two cytoscientists) from 10 of the 17 laboratories providing cervical cytology services in Victoria, and a sample of 22 GPs from metropolitan and rural locations in Victoria. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparison of management practice with NHMRC guidelines; reasons for current decision-making practice. RESULTS: Most pathologists provided more cautious recommendations for minor abnormalities of the cervix than the NHMRC recommendations in all reporting categories except human papillomavirus. Pathologists had concerns about the appropriateness of the NHMRC recommendations, particularly for glandular atypia, lack of an endocervical component and inflammatory smears, where they believed that the NHMRC recommendations were not well supported by evidence. GPs generally followed the recommendations of their laboratories. Medicolegal concerns were a major influence on clinical decisions for both pathologists and GPs, and have contributed to the development of cautious management practice. Reporting and management practice of pathologists and GPs reflects the ambiguity of minor cervical abnormalities that the NHMRC guidelines fail to highlight. CONCLUSION: Many pathologists and GPs are reluctant to follow NHMRC guidelines because they believe they are inadequate for some minor cervical abnormalities. The cervical screening guidelines should be reviewed according to the NHMRC guidelines for developing clinical practice guidelines, to promote consistent practice based on an up-to-date, accurate evidence base.     

Singapore Armed Forces Medical Corps-Ministry of Health clinical practice guidelines: management of heat injury

The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) Medical Corps and the Ministry of Health (MOH) have published clinical practice guidelines on Management of Heat Injury to provide doctors and patients in Singapore with evidence-based guidance on the prevention and clinical management of exertional heat injuries. This article reproduces the introduction and executive summary (with recommendations from the guidelines) from the SAF Medical Corps-MOH clinical practice guidelines on Management of Heat Injury, for the information of readers of the Singapore Medical Journal. Chapters and page numbers mentioned in the reproduced extract refer to the full text of the guidelines, which are available from the Ministry of Health website: http://www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/publications.aspx?id=25178. The recommendations should be used with reference to the full text of the guidelines. Following this article are multiple choice questions based on the full text of the guidelines.     

Ministry of Health clinical practice guidelines: depression

The Ministry of Health (MOH) have updated the clinical practice guidelines on Depression to provide doctors and patients in Singapore with evidence-based treatment for depression. This article reproduces the introduction and executive summary (with recommendations from the guidelines) from the MOH clinical practice guidelines on Depression, for the information of readers of the Singapore Medical Journal. Chapters and page numbers mentioned in the reproduced extract refer to the full text of the guidelines, which are available from the Ministry of Health website: http://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home/Publications/guidelines/cpg/2012/depression.html. The recommendations should be used with reference to the full text of the guidelines. Following this article are multiple choice questions based on the full text of the guidelines.     

Ministry of Health clinical practice guidelines: Chronic Hepatitis B Infection

The Ministry of Health (MOH) publishes clinical practice guidelines on Chronic Hepatitis B Infection to provide doctors and patients in Singapore with evidence-based guidance on managing important medical conditions. This article reproduces the introduction and executive summary (with recommendations from the guidelines) from the MOH clinical practice guidelines on Chronic Hepatitis B Infection, for the information of readers of the Singapore Medical Journal. Chapters and page numbers mentioned in the reproduced extract refer to the full text of the guidelines, which are available from the Ministry of Health website (http://www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/publications.aspx?id=26108). The recommendations should be used with reference to the full text of the guidelines. Following this article are multiple choice questions based on the full text of the guidelines.     

2018年心肺复苏和心血管急救科学与治疗建议的国际共识——关于心搏骤停期间或之后使用抗心律失常药物的更新解读

2018年,美国心脏病协会（AHA）和国际复苏联络委员会（ILCOR）均对心肺复苏及心血管急救指南进行了年度更新,主要是针对心搏骤停期间或之后使用抗心律失常药物治疗电除颤难复律性心室颤动（VF）或无脉性室性心动过速（pVT）方面的变更。本次指南的更新是基于回答心肺复苏期间或自主循环恢复（ROSC）后早期（在第1个小时内）施用任何其他抗心律失常药物或安慰剂或不施用药物的情况是否会影响预后这个问题。AHA和ILCOR对已发表的文献进行了系统的回顾和总结,对高级生命支持（ACLS）的流程与管理进行了更新,并在AHA官网及Circulation杂志刊登了相关文件。本文旨在对关于心搏骤停期间或之后使用抗心律失常药物更新作出解读。     

Ministry of health clinical practice guidelines: screening of cardiovascular disease and risk factors

The Ministry of Health (MOH) publishes clinical practice guidelines on Screening of Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors to provide doctors and patients in Singapore with evidence-based guidance on the screening of cardiovascular disease and risk factors. This article reproduces the introduction and executive summary (with recommendations from the guidelines) from the MOH clinical practice guidelines on Screening of Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors, for the information of readers of the Singapore Medical Journal. Page numbers mentioned in the reproduced extract refer to the full text of the guidelines, which are available from the Ministry of Health website (http://www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/publications.aspx?id=25776). The recommendations should be used with reference to the full text of the guidelines. Following this article are multiple choice questions based on the full text of the guidelines.     

Ministry of Health clinical practice guidelines: management of gambling disorders

The Ministry of Health (MOH) has published clinical practice guidelines on Management of Gambling Disorders to provide doctors and patients in Singapore with evidence-based guidance on the management of gambling disorders. This article reproduces the introduction and executive summary (with recommendations from the guidelines) from the MOH clinical practice guidelines on Management of Gambling Disorders for the information of readers of the Singapore Medical Journal. Chapters and page numbers mentioned in the reproduced extract refer to the full text of the guidelines, which are available from the Ministry of Health website (http://www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/publications.aspx?id=26136). The recommendations should be used with reference to the full text of the guidelines. Following this article are multiple choice questions based on the full text of the guidelines.     

Ministry of Health clinical practice guidelines: bipolar disorder

The Ministry of Health (MOH) has published clinical practice guidelines on Bipolar Disorder to provide doctors and patients in Singapore with evidence-based guidance on the management of bipolar disorders. This article reproduces the introduction and executive summary (with recommendations from the guidelines) from the MOH clinical practice guidelines on Bipolar Disorder, for the information of readers of the Singapore Medical Journal. Chapters and page numbers mentioned in the reproduced extract refer to the full text of the guidelines, which are available from the Ministry of Health website: http: //www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home/Publications/guidelines/clinical_practiceguidelines/2011/bipolar_disorder.html. The recommendations should be used with reference to the full text of the guidelines. Following this article are multiple choice questions based on the full text of the guidelines.     

Ministry of Health clinical practice guidelines: schizophrenia

The Ministry of Health (MOH) has updated the clinical practice guidelines on Schizophrenia to provide doctors and patients in Singapore with evidence-based treatment for schizophrenia. This article reproduces the introduction and executive summary (with recommendations from the guidelines) from the MOH clinical practice guidelines on Schizophrenia, for the information of readers of the Singapore Medical Journal. Chapters and page numbers mentioned in the reproduced extract refer to the full text of the guidelines, which are available from the Ministry of Health website: http://www.moh.gov. sg/mohcorp/publications.aspx?id=26138. The recommendations should be used with reference to the full text of the guidelines. Following this article are multiple choice questions based on the full text of the guidelines.     

Ministry of health clinical practice guidelines: clinical blood transfusion

The Health Sciences Authority (HSA) and the Ministry of Health (MOH) publish clinical practice guidelines on Clinical Blood Transfusion to provide doctors and patients in Singapore with evidence-based guidance for blood transfusion. This article reproduces the introduction and executive summary (with recommendations from the guidelines) from the HSA-MOH clinical practice guidelines on Clinical Blood Transfusion, for the information of readers of the Singapore Medical Journal. Chapters and page numbers mentioned in the reproduced extract refer to the full text of the guidelines, which are available from the Ministry of Health website (http://www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/publications.aspx?id=25700). The recommendations should be used with reference to the full text of the guidelines. Following this article are multiple choice questions based on the full text of the guidelines.