连续外周神经阻滞用于术后镇痛的研究进展

近年来,术后镇痛逐渐成为人们关注的热点.神经刺激器、超声定位等方法的出现使外周神经定位更加准确,罗哌卡因等新型局麻药的出现使药物的安全性不断提高,患者自控镇痛技术的日趋成熟使术后镇痛更易于管理.基于上述原因,连续外周神经阻滞作为一种镇痛效果好、安全系数高、易于操作的术后镇痛方法,其价值已越来越引起患者和医师的重视.     

超声引导下锁骨上臂丛神经阻滞对肩袖修复术后镇痛效果的影响

目的探讨超声引导下锁骨上臂丛神经阻滞(SCB)对动态关节镜下肩袖修复术后镇痛效果的影响。方法将92例拟行全身麻醉动态关节镜下肩袖修复患者随机分为ISB组(采用超声引导下斜角肌间阻滞麻醉,46例)和SCB组(采用超声引导下SCB麻醉,46例)。两组术后均采用静脉自控镇痛。比较两组术后不同时间点活动和静息状态下疼痛VAS评分、阻滞效果、术后枸橼酸舒芬太尼用量、并发症发生率。结果阻滞成功率、感觉阻滞效果、运动阻滞效果、活动状态下各时间点VAS评分、并发症发生率两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后枸橼酸舒芬太尼用量、静息状态下各时间点VAS评分SCB组明显少(低)于ISB组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论SCB用于动态关节镜下肩袖修复术后的镇痛,可减轻患者术后疼痛程度,减少术后阿片类药物使用量,可作为一种外周神经阻滞镇痛方法选择。     

连续锁骨上臂丛神经阻滞用于上肢术后镇痛的效果

随着超声技术的发展,超声引导下臂丛神经阻滞的效果优于传统解剖定位方法[1],尤其是超声引导下锁骨上入路的单靶点注射法被证实为简单、有效.本文观察在超声引导下锁骨上入路单靶点注射法的基础上置入导管进行连续臂丛神经阻滞用于上肢手术后镇痛的效果,为临床应用提供参考. 资料与方法 一般资料经本院医学伦理委员会批准,患者或家属签署知情同意书.择期拟行上肢前臂或掌部骨折内固定术的患者30例,性别不限,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄22～59岁,BMI18～28 kg/m2;无颈部畸形、颈部手术史、神经感觉异常史及局麻药过敏史.患者随机分为连续臂丛神经阻滞组(B组)和自控静脉镇痛组(P组),每组15例.     

超声引导下躯干阻滞的临床应用进展

<正>超声引导下区域阻滞最初的应用局限于外周神经阻滞,近年来开始应用于躯干阻滞。与外周神经阻滞不同,超声引导下躯干阻滞的特点是不需要寻找神经和神经丛,局麻药物直接注射于特定的肌间平面,在此平面内药物扩散并浸润目标神经。超声引导下躯干阻滞分为腹壁阻滞和胸壁阻滞。与传统的体表定位法相比,超声引导下躯干阻滞技术更加安全有效。本综述将介绍各种超声引导下躯干阻滞的最新临床应用和研究进展。腹壁阻滞     

胸腔镜肺癌根治术中采用超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞方法的临床研究

目的 研究胸腔镜肺癌根治术中采用超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞方法的临床效果。方法 分析2020年2月至2021年2月在本院胸腔镜下肺癌根治术的患者117例的临床资料。对照组60例患者采取全身麻醉加术后静脉镇痛的方法,实验组57例患者采取超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞麻醉与术后镇痛的方法。观察两组患者术前和术后2、4、6 h的VAS评分。记录两组患者术后自控静脉镇痛启动次数及药物的使用剂量。记录两组患者术后苏醒情况,包括自主呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时间和拔管时间。结果 术后实验组VAS评分均低于对照组,差异具备统计学差异,P<0.05。术后对照组的自控静脉镇痛启动次数以及药物的使用剂量均高于实验组,差异具备统计学差异,P<0.05。术后对照组较实验组更早恢复自主呼吸,差异具备统计学差异,P<0.05;两组的苏醒时间和拔管时间比较差异不显著,P>0.05。结论 超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞用于肺癌根治手术,可显著减少患者疼痛及术后麻醉药量的用量,提高镇痛效果,值得临床推广。     

超声引导下连续腹横肌平面阻滞对直肠癌根治术患者术后镇痛及早期恢复的影响

目的 探讨超声引导下连续腹横肌平面阻滞对直肠癌根治术患者术后镇痛及早期恢复的影响.方法 选取2017年7月至2019年7月在广东医科大学附属第二医院接受手术治疗的56例直肠癌患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和研究组各28例,对照组患者采用自控静脉镇痛,研究组患者采用超声引导下连续腹横肌平面阻滞,记录患者手术过...     

超声联合神经刺激仪引导后入路臂丛神经阻滞的效果

对于肥胖、强直性脊柱炎和需要术后连续臂丛神经阻滞镇痛的的患者,神经刺激仪引导的后路臂丛神经阻滞是前外侧入路难以实施时的另一选择[1].虽然此种方法有其独特的优势,但是仍然存在误伤血管及神经并发症等风险.超声技术已广泛用于引导神经阻滞,超声联合神经刺激仪引导后入路臂丛神经阻滞能否降低上述风险尚有待研究.本研究拟探讨超声联合神经刺激仪引导后入路臂丛神经阻滞的效果.     

连续肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞术后自控镇痛不同给药方案的临床研究

术后病人自控镇痛（PCA）技术已经广泛应用于临床，外周神经阻滞技术在术后镇痛中具有很大优势，正逐渐受到更多人重视和普遍应用。其中，臂丛神经阻滞术后自控镇痛（PCNA）具有独特的优越性：减轻术后疼痛从而减轻应激反应，利于伤口愈合，使外周血管扩张，利于再植指成活等手外科或血管外科手术成功率。本研究采用“Y”型静脉留置针肌间沟连续臂丛神经阻滞，     

超声引导椎旁神经阻滞在开胸手术中的应用

目的探讨超声引导下椎旁神经阻滞在开胸手术术中及术后的镇痛效果。方法择期行开胸手术的患者40例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为全麻复合椎旁神经阻滞组(P组)和单纯全身麻醉组(G组)。P组患者于全麻诱导前在超声引导下于开胸侧切口所在肋间胸椎旁注射0.5%罗哌卡因12～15ml。所有患者术后均使用静脉自控镇痛泵。记录两组患者切皮前、插管后手术前、切皮后5min、手术结束前及术后2h的MAP、HR。记录术中芬太尼用量及术后2、6、12、24和48h安静及咳嗽时视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS)、术后镇痛泵按压次数、镇痛满意度及相关并发症。结果 P组患者在超声引导下顺利完成椎旁神经阻滞,未见与穿刺引起的相关并发症。与G组比较,P组切皮后5min MAP明显降低、HR明显减慢(P<0.05);P组术后2、6、12时点的安静及咳嗽时VAS评分明显降低(P<0.05);P组芬太尼用量减少(P<0.05),镇痛泵按压次数明显减少(P<0.05),镇痛满意度较好(P<0.05)。结论超声引导下的椎旁神经阻滞定位准确,操作成功率高,用于胸科手术能有效镇痛,明显减少术中及术后静脉镇痛药的需要量。     

不同外周神经阻滞方法用于全膝关节置换术老年患者的效果比较

目的 比较超声引导和传统外周神经阻滞用于全膝关节置换术(TKA)老年患者的效果。方法 择期全麻下行TKA的老年患者86例,性别不限,年龄66～70岁,BMI 19～23(kg/m²),ASAⅡ～Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法分为2组,各43例。于全麻后、切皮前观察组在超声引导下行外周神经阻滞,对照组在实施外周神经阻滞时未应用超声引导。记录阻滞前(T₁)、阻滞后10 min(T₂)、切皮时(T₃)、术毕(T₄)时2组患者的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP);统计神经阻滞时间;观察穿刺并发症和麻醉苏醒后的不良反应;评价术后镇痛效果。结果 T₂、T₃时,2组患者的HR、MAP均逐渐升高,并于T₄时降低,但2组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。阻滞后观察组患者的感觉神经、运动神经阻滞时间均长于对照组,穿刺并发症和麻醉苏醒后的不良反应发生率低于对照组,术后镇痛效果优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 超...     

收肌管阻滞联合腘动脉-膝关节囊后间隙阻滞或胫神经阻滞在全膝关节置换术中的应用

目的 比较收肌管阻滞(ACB)联合腘动脉-膝关节囊后间隙阻滞(IPACK)或选择性胫神经阻滞(TNB)用于全膝关节置换术的镇痛效果及对运动功能的影响.方法 选择2020年4—6月行全膝关节置换术老年患者60例,男28例,女32例,年龄65～84岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级.采用随机数字表法分为两组:IPACK组(I组)和TNB组...     

超声引导下收肌管阻滞联合膝关节囊后间隙阻滞在全膝关节置换中的应用

目的 观察超声引导下收肌管阻滞(ACB)联合膝关节囊后间隙(IPACK)阻滞在全膝关节置换(TKA)术中的应用效果.方法 将60例初次单侧TKA手术患者按随机数字表法分为A组(采用ACB+IPACK阻滞镇痛,30例)和B组(采用股神经阻滞镇痛,30例).记录术后不同时间点静息和活动状态下疼痛数字分级法(NRS)评分、股...     

Analgesia for total hip and knee arthroplasty: a multimodal pathway featuring peripheral nerve block

Patients undergoing total hip and knee arthroplasty experience substantial and sustained postoperative pain. Inadequate analgesia may impede physical therapy and rehabilitative efforts and delay hospital dismissal. Traditionally, postoperative analgesia after total joint replacement was provided by either intravenous patient-controlled analgesia or epidural analgesia. Each, however, had disadvantages as well as advantages. Peripheral nerve blockade of the lumbosacral plexus has emerged as an alternative analgesic approach. In several studies, unilateral peripheral block provided a quality of analgesia and functional outcomes similar to those of continuous epidural analgesia and superior to those of systemic analgesia, but with fewer side effects because of their opioid-sparing properties. Peripheral nerve block techniques may be the optimal analgesic method following total joint arthroplasty.     

Motor-sparing nerve blocks for total knee replacement: A scoping review

Study objectiveThis scoping review investigates the optimal combination of motor-sparing analgesic interventions for patients undergoing total knee replacement (TKR).DesignScoping review.InterventionMEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL databases were searched (inception-last week of May 2020). Only trials including motor-sparing interventions were included. Randomized controlled trials lacking prospective registration and blinded assessment were excluded.Main resultsThe cumulative evidence suggests that femoral triangle blocks outperform placebo and periarticular infiltration. When combined with the latter, femoral triangle blocks are associated with improved pain control, higher patient satisfaction and decreased opioid consumption. Continuous femoral triangle blocks provide superior postoperative analgesia compared with their single-injection counterparts. However, these benefits seem less pronounced when perineural adjuvants are used. Combined femoral triangle-obturator blocks result in improved analgesia and swifter discharge compared with femoral triangle blocks alone.ConclusionsThe optimal analgesic strategy for TKR may include a combination of different analgesic modalities (periarticular infiltration, femoral triangle blocks, obturator nerve block). Future trials are required to investigate the incremental benefits provided by local anesthetic infiltration between the popliteal artery and the capsule of the knee (IPACK), popliteal plexus block and genicular nerve block.     

超声引导下前锯肌和竖脊肌平面阻滞在微创肺癌根治术中的应用价值

目的 探讨超声引导下前锯肌和竖脊肌平面阻滞在微创肺癌根治术快速康复中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2017年5月至2019年11月扬州市江都人民医院收治的120例行微创肺癌根治术患者的临床资料。按照术中麻醉和术后镇痛方案的不同随机分为两组,每组60例。A组为对照组,麻醉方式为全麻插双腔管,镇痛方式为静脉自控镇痛泵镇痛;B组为观察组,麻醉方式为全麻双腔气管插管,镇痛方式为超声引导下前锯肌、竖脊肌平面阻滞+静脉自控镇痛泵镇痛。观察两组患者术中指标、术后镇痛效果及临床相关指标。结果 120例患者均顺利完成手术。两组患者术中心率。血压、血氧饱和度等指标比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）,两组患者术后疼痛评分、术后头昏发生率、术后恶心呕吐发生率、术后肺部感染发生率、术后下床活动时间等指标比较差异有统计意义（P<0.05）。结论 超声引导下前锯肌和竖脊肌平面阻滞具有良好的镇痛效果,可以达到术后快速康复的目的。     

肌间沟神经阻滞联合阿片类镇痛药对术后镇痛的影响

目的观察肌间沟神经阻滞联合不同阿片类镇痛药,对患者术后镇痛效果的影响。方法对90例上肢骨折手术患者采用单次肌间沟麻醉,分别加入曲马多和芬太尼,根据患者术后的疼痛程度来评定镇痛效果。结果Ⅱ、Ⅲ组镇痛效果明显优于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。结论肌间沟麻醉时加入阿片类镇痛药,其术后镇痛效果明显增强。     

Adductor Canal Block Combined With IPACK Block for Postoperative Analgesia and Function Recovery Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective,Double-Blind,Randomized Controlled Study

BackgroundThis study aimed to explore the analgesic effect among adductor canal block (ACB) combined with infiltration between the popliteal artery and the capsule of the posterior knee (IPACK) block, ACB, and IPACK block following total knee arthroplasty (TKA).MethodsOne hundred twenty patients were randomly allocated into 3 groups including group A (ACB + IPACK block), group B (ACB), and group C (IPACK block). The primary outcome was postoperative pain score. The secondary outcome was opioid consumption. Other outcomes included functional evaluation and postoperative complications.ResultsGroup A showed the lowest pain scores within 8 hours at rest and with knee maximum flexion (P < .001). From 12 to 24 hours, group C showed the highest pain scores, while no significant difference was found between group A and group B. No significant difference was found among the 3 groups 24 hours postoperatively. Group C showed the most opioid consumption within the first 24 hours and during the hospitalization, while no significant difference was found between group A and group B. No significant difference was found among the 3 groups including function evaluation and postoperative complications.ConclusionACB + IPACK block can improve early analgesia when compared with ACB. However, the small statistical benefit to the addition of IPACK block to ACB may be unlikely to be clinically significant. Further studies may focus on patient selection and how to prolong the effect of IPACK block.     

全膝关节置换术围手术期疼痛的原因及镇痛的研究进展

全膝关节置换术已经成为目前治疗终末期膝关节骨性关节炎的有效手术方法之一.然而术后的疼痛问题却一直困扰着临床医生.术后疼痛的原因可分为医源性,假体源性和患者源性3大因素.围手术期疼痛的处理包括术前的宣教,超前镇痛,假体的选择与设计;术中的处理主要包括合适的手术入路,保持膝关节周围的软组织平衡,术中膝关节周围鸡尾酒镇痛;术后主要包括口服镇痛药物,股神经组织以及患者的自控镇痛.以及近年来兴起的围手术期多种镇痛方式联合应用的多模式镇痛.对于围手术期的疼痛进行充分的干预,可有效缓解膝关节置换术后患者的疼痛,使患者更好的进行功能锻炼,从而获得更好的手术效果.     

Psoas compartment block for lower extremity surgery: a meta-analysis

Psoas compartment block (PCB) is a potentially useful but controversial technique for lower limb surgery. We have conducted a systematic review of the efficacy and safety of PCB for anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia for hip and knee surgery. Relevant studies were identified within PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. The main outcome measure for anaesthesia was anaesthetic efficacy. For postoperative analgesia, the severity of postoperative pain was compared. The data were subjected to meta-analysis using relative risks with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for dichotomous variables and weighted mean differences with 95% CI for continuous variables. Thirty publications were included. PCB is an effective intervention for analgesia after hip and knee surgery. It appears superior to opioids for pain relief after hip surgery. This analgesic benefit may be extended beyond 8 h by the use of a catheter technique. Compared with Winnie's 3-in-1 block, PCB is associated with more consistent block of the obturator nerve. PCB may be an alternative to postoperative neuraxial block. Although PCB combined with sciatic nerve block and sedation is an effective technique for minor knee surgery, there is currently insufficient data to recommend the use of this approach for hip and major knee surgery. PCB is a safe and effective alternative for analgesia after hip and knee surgery. More research is required to define its role in the intraoperative setting and confirm potentially beneficial effects on variables such as perioperative haemodynamics and blood loss.     

全膝关节置换术后应用连续股神经阻滞镇痛和静脉自控镇痛的效果比较

目的比较连续股神经阻滞镇痛（CFNB）和静脉患者自控镇痛（PCIA）在全膝关节置换手术（TKA）围手术期的镇痛效果及术后1年膝关节功能评估的随访结果。方法选取2008年11月至2009年10月因膝关节骨关节炎行TKA的患者60例,数字随机分成2组,每组30例（n=30）。分别给予PCIA和CFNB作为术后镇痛方式。两组患者均采用腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉方式。在围手术期,采用视觉模拟（VAS）评分法观察患者的疼痛评分。记录吗啡累计用量,观察患肢肌力,初次下地时间及镇痛相关并发症等指标。在术后1年随访时,根据膝关节学会评分系统（KSS）对患者膝关节功能进行评估。结果在术后6、12、24、36、48h静息状态下,CFNB组的疼痛评分（VAS评分）均比PCIA组明显低（P〈0.05）。术后24h,48h进行膝关节持续被动活动（CPM）时累计吗啡用量均比PCIA组明显低（P〈0.05）。嗜睡、恶心呕吐等不良反应也低于PCIA组。术后1年,两组在膝关节功能评价方面无显著差异（P〉0.05）。结论 CFNB在TKA术中的初期镇痛效果优于PCIA。与PCIA相比,CFNB患者术后不良反应较少,膝关节功能恢复更好,患者的满意程度更高。为TKA术后镇痛策略中一种安全、实用和有效的方法。术后1年,两组患者在功能评估方面无统计学差异。