甲状腺癌侵犯颈段气管的气管缺损与修复

目的总结甲状腺癌侵犯颈段气管的气管缺损修复经验,提高术中气管缺损修复的治疗效果。方法收集2011年8月—2019年2月诊治的32例甲状腺癌侵犯颈段气管患者资料,其中6例术中采用锐性削除受侵气管外壁,8例气管袖式切除+端端吻合,6例胸锁乳突肌锁骨骨膜瓣,8例胸锁乳突肌锁骨骨膜瓣联合生物膜,2例前臂皮瓣+自体软骨移植,2例气管造瘘+Ⅱ期修复。结果6例锐性削除气管外壁患者中,有1例患者术后第6天出现气管瘘,予以换药后出院;余26例患者中,24例于术后6个月内恢复正常呼吸功能,1例前臂皮瓣+自体软骨移植患者术后出现局部气管狭窄,黏痰堵塞,带管生存,1例带蒂胸锁乳突肌骨膜瓣+生物膜患者术后气管局部塌陷伴双侧声带麻痹,带管生存。结论对于侵犯气管的甲状腺癌患者,根据不同的侵犯范围,选取合适的气管切除和缺损气管的修复方式,才能取得较高的手术成功率和较好的治疗效果。     

Surgical treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer with tracheal invasion

Thirty patients with tracheal invasion of differentiated thyroid cancer underwent partial resection of the tracheal wall between 1978 and 1996 at National Cancer Center Hospital. In most cases, the defect in the tracheal wall was reconstructed secondarily using a local flap. This method was easy in comparison with end-to-end anastomosis of the trachea following circumferential resection of the wall. Partial resection of the tracheal wall proved to be a effective treatment for thyroid cancer invasion of the tracheal, because of low incidence of local recurrence. When the defect of the tracheal wall was too large to be reconstructed using a local flap, hydroxylapatite was employed and good results were obtained.     

Regenerative medicine of the trachea: the first human case

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study was to demonstrate regenerative medicine of the tracheal tissue by using an in situ tissue engineering technique for airway reconstruction. METHODS: Based on the previous successful experimental animal studies, the current regenerative technique was applied to repair of the trachea of a 78-year-old woman with thyroid cancer. A Marlex mesh tube covered by collagen sponge was used as a tissue scaffold. The operative intervention included right hemithyroidectomy, resection of the trachea, and tracheoplasty using the scaffold. The right half of three rings of the trachea was resected, and the scaffold material was sutured to the defect of the trachea. RESULTS: After 2 weeks, the mesh collagen structure of the artificial material could be seen with endoscopy in most of the implanted area. The artificial material was covered with epithelial growth after 2 months. Epithelialization continued to cover the artificial material completely for 2 years without any complications. CONCLUSIONS: The current regenerative technique avoided tracheotomy, a second operation, and deformity. Good epithelialization has been observed on the tracheal luminal surface without any complications for 2 years. Although long-term observation is required, regenerative medicine of the tracheal tissue appears feasible for airway reconstruction.     

Allograft tracheoplasty technique for management of refractory tracheal stenosis

OBJECTIVES: Extensive tracheal airway defects represent a clinical dilemma. Although resection and reanastomosis and staged tracheoplasty may prove beneficial in some cases, recurrent or extensive circumferential stenosis remains a reconstructive challenge. We report the use of the allograft tracheoplasty technique for the reconstruction of recurrent, extensive defects of the trachea and cricoid. METHODS: Nine consecutive patients with recurrent tracheal stenosis were treated with the two-stage allograft tracheoplasty technique. A retrospective review was performed to evaluate for prior surgery, length of stenosis, surgical technique, and outcome. All 9 patients underwent multiple surgical procedures for acquired tracheal stenosis (average, 3.4 procedures) before undergoing the allograft tracheoplasty technique. Before surgery, all patients were tracheotomy-dependent. RESULTS: The patients were assessed 8 to 39 months after allograft tracheoplasty. The primary airway disorders included postintubation stenosis (n = 6), surgical resection for malignancy (n = 1), and idiopathic stenosis (n = 2). Three defects involved 30% to 60% of the cricoid cartilage, and 4 defects were complete circumferential tracheal defects. Five patients underwent an island deltopectoral flap for closure of the tracheoplasty site. One patient had a superficial wound infection at the cartilage recipient site, and 1 patient had a hematoma at the deltopectoral flap donor site. All 9 patients were successfully decannulated without shortness of breath, stridor, or recurrent stenosis at the time of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Allograft tracheoplasty is a new technique for the reconstruction of recurrent tracheal stenosis. It appears to be reliable for extensive airway defects that are refractory to conventional tracheoplasty techniques.     

Primary reconstructive method for tracheal defect from invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinoma

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma is not highly malignant, and thus surgical resection is the most common treatment even if the carcinoma has invaded the trachea. Although some cases exist in which the carcinoma invades the trachea, using the tracheal window resection method allows complete resection of the carcinoma. Yet these patients must often control a large tracheocutaneous wound until reconstructive surgery is performed because such surgery occurs secondarily. Our hospital admitted three patients for which tracheally invasive, differentiated thyroid carcinoma was surgically resected. Tracheal defects of 1/2 to 2/3 of the tracheal circumference were reconstructed primarily using the free forearm flap and costal cartilage during carcinoma resection. Following surgery, only a small tracheocutaneous fistula remained open, which was closed at about three months post-operation. The reconstructed tracheal space and transferred costal cartilage thickness were monitored by CT scan imaging at about 12 months post-operation. Details of the reconstructive method and postoperative changes in the reconstructed trachea and thickness of the costal cartilage are described in this report.     

甲状腺乳头状腺癌侵犯气管的治疗与预后

目的探讨甲状腺乳头状腺癌（papillary thyroid carcinoma，PTC）侵犯气管的治疗方式及其预后。方法回顾性分析1980-1995年间45例PTC侵犯气管患者的临床资料。根据肿瘤侵犯气管的范围和程度不同分为气管局限性受侵组（A组）行肿瘤切除术28例，肿瘤侵及气管腔内组（B组）行根治性切除术10例和肿瘤区域广泛受侵组（C组）行姑息性切除术7例。39例行颈淋巴清扫术。术后切缘病理检查有肿瘤细胞或术中肉眼观察肿瘤切除不干净的部分患者给予术后放疗，共17例。Kaplan-Meier法计算累积生存率，组问差异采用Log．Rank法检验。结果①A组5年和10年生存率分别为85．0％和62．6％。7例术后放疗，21例术后未放疗。术后放疗与术后未放疗比较，5年和10年生存率比较差异均无统计学意义（P值均〉0．05）。②B组5年和10年生存率分别为80．0％和58．3％。术后放疗6例，未放疗4例。术后放疗与否，5年和10年生存率比较差异均无统计学意义（P值均〉0．05）。③C组5年和10年生存率分别为42．9％和28．6％。4例术后放疗患者，5年和10年生存率分别为50．0％和50．0％。3例术后未放疗患者，5年生存率为33．3％，无10年生存。术后放疗与否，其5年和10年生存率比较差异均无统计学意义（P值均〉0．05）。结论PTC气管受侵尚未侵及腔内黏膜层者可采用肿瘤切除术得以根治，穿透气管腔内黏膜层者行肿瘤根治性切除可延长患者的生存。术后放疗有可能提高姑息性切除患者的生存率。     

异种脱细胞真皮基质修复膜修复甲状腺癌切除术后气管缺损13例

目的 探讨异种脱细胞真皮基质修复膜修复甲状腺癌切除术后气管缺损的可行性。方法 甲状腺癌侵犯气管患者13例经甲状腺肿瘤切除、颈部淋巴结清扫、气管部分切除术,以异种脱细胞真皮基质修复膜修复气管缺损。结果 术后随访36~53个月,11例患者气管腔无肉芽生长,管腔光滑,顺利拔管;2例拔管失败,气管内肉芽形成感染1例,气管修复处内陷1例。结论 累及气管的甲状腺癌患者,可根据肿瘤切除后气管缺损范围,选择适当病例,以异种脱细胞真皮基质修复膜修复气管缺损,保障气道通畅。     

Window resection of the trachea and secondary reconstruction for invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinoma

Objective

In cases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma, the presence or absence of invasion into the circumferential organs is an important prognostic factor. Surgical procedures include circular resection of the trachea with end-to-end anastomosis and window resection with secondary closure. We have used window resection with secondary closure since 1993, and herein retrospectively analyze the treatment outcomes for this surgical procedure in order to determine the indications for procedure selection.

Methods

Subjects comprised 41 cases of invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinoma into the trachea, for which surgery was performed at the Department of Head and Neck Surgery of the National Cancer Center Hospital East from 1993 to 2007. The mean age was 65.7 ± 7.9 years, and the median length of the observation period was 43 months. There were 17 cases (41.4%) cases of secondary relapse.

Results

The 5-year and 10-year overall survival rates for this surgical procedure were 78.9% and 74.5%, respectively, while the 5-year and 10-year local control rates were 92.4% and 73.4%, respectively. The pathological resection stump was positive in 27 cases (65.8%), but no significant differences in treatment outcome were observed between the stump-positive group and the stump-negative group. There were 26 cases in which closure of the tracheal fistula was performed by the time of observation. When the tracheal defect had a diameter equivalent to 7 rings of the trachea or less and a circumference half that of the tracheal cartilage or smaller, including partial cricoid cartilage, it was possible to perform closure with only a local flap. For larger defects, reconstruction was performed using hard tissues or materials, such as hydroxyapatite, titanium mesh, and costal cartilage. There were 2 cases that required re-window because of dyspnea after closure.

Conclusion

The treatment outcomes for this surgical procedure for invasive cases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma into the trachea resulted in a low rate of local recurrence and similar survival rates as described in other reports. Even for cases of resection exceeding half the circumference of the trachea, closure of the tracheal fistula can be performed using hard tissues or materials; however, in such cases, we believe that closure should be attempted progressively in a two-stage reconstruction.     

颈段气管肿瘤的外科处理

摘要：颈段气管肿瘤按照原发部位不同分为：原发性颈段气管肿瘤、继发性颈段气管肿瘤。其治疗是以手术为主的综合治疗。手术难度主要在于肿瘤彻底切除后的气道重建。主要的手术方式有气管袖状切除+端端吻合,气管窗壁式切除+气管重建、经纤维支气管镜肿块切除、全喉切除、人工气管等。通过分析各种术式,并结合临床实践经验 ,深入探讨上述各项术式的优缺点、技术细节及适应范围。方法结果结论     

Management of distal tracheal stenosis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the treatment, perioperative management, and outcome of infants who underwent repair of congenital tracheal stenosis. We hypothesized that early resection and tracheoplasty with early weaning of ventilatory support results in less mucosal injury, and thus better outcome. DESIGN: Retrospective study from 1986 to 1996. SETTING: Tertiary care children's hospital. PATIENTS: Seventeen consecutive infants with congenital tracheal stenosis, aged from birth to 16 months. Fifteen patients had complete tracheal rings, 6 of whom also had a left pulmonary artery sling. Fourteen patients underwent either tracheoplasty or resection and reanastomosis of the trachea, both facilitated by cardiopulmonary bypass. RESULTS: Six patients underwent resection and reanastomosis; 4 patients were extubated within 2 to 5 days without sequelae. There was 1 unrelated perioperative death. Two patients required reintubation. Eight patients required tracheoplasty due to severe tracheal stenosis and had variable postoperative courses. Seven of 14 patients required 0 to 1 postoperative bronchoscopies. Seven of 14 patients required 2 to 7 bronchoscopies for granulation tissue formation, cicatrix, graft collapse, and tracheitis. One patient required numerous procedures and revision tracheoplasty for cicatrix and stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: Correction of short-segment (<5 rings) tracheal stenosis by resection and reanastomosis of the trachea with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass and early weaning of ventilatory support is recommended. Tracheoplasty using either the castellation technique or slide tracheoplasty is recommended in the treatment of infants with severe (long segment) tracheal stenosis.     

累及喉气管的晚期甲状腺癌一期手术整复

目的：探讨晚期甲状腺癌累及喉、气管时的一期手术整复方法。方法：对18例存在喉气管受累的晚期甲状腺癌患者进行一期肿瘤全切及喉气管整复，其中7例喉受累患者全喉切除3例，喉部分切除4例；18例颈段气管受累患者中，8例直接切除肿瘤，10例切除受累气管壁后，修复方法包括：拉扰缝合1例，端端吻合3例、带蒂胸锁乳突肌骨膜瓣2例、岛状胸大肌肌皮瓣3例和颈部皮瓣1例。结果：住院期间肿瘤复发死亡1例。除3例全喉切除患者外，14例成功保留喉功能，其中拔除气管套管8例，堵管2例，继续带管4例。结论：对于累及喉气管的晚期甲状腺癌采用一期手术切除并整复不仅切实可行，而且可以提高此类患者的治愈机会，改善生活质量。     

End-to-end anastomosis in chronic tracheal stenosis

Objective: This study assessed the efficacy and safety of end-to-end anastomosis of the trachea following segmental resection in chronic tracheal stenosis. Methods: End-to-end anastomoses of the trachea were performed in 35 patients with chronic tracheal stenosis; 18 patients with tracheal invasion of thyroid cancer and 17 patients with long-term intubation and blunt injuries of the trachea. Results: All operations were successful, except one whose unilateral recurrent nerve had not been identified in the recurrent thyroid cancer invasion with trachea. Conclusion: This operation provides a one-step cure for the stenosed trachea and can be applied to the resection of less than six tracheal segments.     

Conservative surgical management of invasive differentiated thyroid cancer

The majority of well differentiated thyroid carcinoma are tumours of low grade malignancy. Laryngotracheal invasion by well differentiated thyroid carcinoma is an uncommon occurrence. The surgical management of patients with thyroid cancer invading the upper airway has primarily been by total laryngectomy. Other surgeons recommend in selected cases partial laryngeal and/or tracheal resection. A total of 122 patients with thyroid carcinoma were treated in our department between 1967 and 1982. Only seven patients with well differentiated tumours had airway invasion. In these seven patients we used a partial laryngeal and/or tracheal resection. In three of the patients with tracheal invasion a myoperichondrial flap was used for closing the tracheal defect. A partial resection of the larynx and trachea, and end to end anastomosis between the trachea and the remaining part of the larynx was performed in another four patients. The techniques used and a long-term follow-up are presented (Table I).     

侵犯气管的分化型甲状腺癌气管袖状切除术

目的 寻找侵入气管及喉的分化型甲状腺癌手术治疗的方法,探讨包括气管及喉部分切除在内的根治性手术可行性和有效性。 方法 3例均为女性,2例为甲状腺乳头状癌,1例滤泡状癌,均侵入气管。一例采取右侧甲状腺腺叶切除术、气管袖状切除术及声门下喉部分切除术,术后因喉切缘肿瘤残留补充放疗总量55 Gy;另一例采取左侧甲状腺腺叶切除术、气管袖状切除术及左改良根治性颈淋巴结清扫术;第三例采取全甲状腺切除、气管袖状和喉部分切除术、双侧改良根治性颈淋巴结清扫术和上纵隔淋巴结清扫术。 结果术后均无声音嘶哑,呼吸平稳,无需气管切开,均无吻合口漏。随访近2年均未见吻合口狭窄和肿瘤复发。 结论对侵入气管及喉的分化型甲状腺癌患者进行包括气管袖状切除术在内的根治性手术治疗是可行和有效的。     

Effect of the hyaluronic acid on tracheal healing. A canine experimental mode

Several drugs have been used to modulate of the tracheal healing process in order to prevent tracheal stenosis. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a modulator of the fibrogenesis. In this work we evaluate the effect in order the application of hyaluronic acid has on tracheal healing, after cervical tracheoplasty in dogs. A cervical tracheal resection and tracheoplasty was performed in 12 dogs and they were treated following surgery as follows: Group I (n = 6) Topical application of normal saline solution (0.9%) on the anastomosis site. Group II Topical application of hyaluronic acid on the trachea anastomosed. The animals were evaluated clinical, radiological and tracheoscopically during 4 weeks and were submitted to euthanasia. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations of the tracheal anastomotic healing were evaluated. Biochemical collagen quantification by the Woessner method was performed to evaluate the collagen development at the anastomotic site. All the animals survived the surgical procedure and the study time. No animal presented differences in clinical evaluation. Radiological and endoscopical findings both two showed more development of the tracheal stenosis in-group than in group II. The tracheoscopy and macroscopic studies showed major inflammation and development of fibrotic tissue with a firm consistency in the healing of the group I than in group II. Microscopic examination in group I showed severe fibrosis and inflammatory reaction. The group II presented deposits of a thin and organized collagen fibers and minimal inflammatory reaction. Biochemical collagen concentration was larger in-group I, however significantly. We conclude that the hyaluronic acid applied after cervical tracheoplasty in dogs reduces postsurgical tracheal stenosis and inflammation, as well as improve the quality of the tracheal healing.     

分化型甲状腺癌侵犯喉气管临床分析

目的　探讨甲状腺癌累及喉、气管时的外科处理方法。方法　2000年1月～2010年12月在我院手术治疗晚期分化型甲状腺癌24例,根据肿瘤侵犯喉、颈段气管的范围及程度分别行肿瘤削除术和气管袖状切除端端吻合术;喉部分切除胸锁乳突肌或颈阔肌皮瓣修复术。结果　24例患者均接受根治性手术切除,喉、气管缺损修复重建。术式：肿瘤削除术8例,气管袖状切除8例,喉部分切除术8例。吻合方式：气管端端吻合8例,胸锁乳突肌皮瓣修复4例,颈阔肌皮瓣修复4例。本组患者肿瘤复发率为8.3%,5年累积生存率为91.6%。结论　对侵犯喉、气管的分化型甲状腺癌患者应采取更为积极的外科治疗,以减少术后复发,提高生存率。     

Surgical management of combined cervical tracheo-esophageal defects

Three rather complicated cervical tracheo-esophageal problems and their appropriate management, are described. In each case, a tracheal defect required repair. In one case, fascia lata was used to close a defect in the posterior tracheal wall. In another, this type of repair was unsuccessful in one-stage closure of a large tracheo-esophageal fistula. A 7 cm defect of esophagus in heavily irradiated tissues was successfully reconstituted with transposed colon. The co-existing postirradiation tracheo-esophageal fistula was repaired at an earlier stage to ensure that the patient's recovery from the laparotomy would not be complicated by aspiration pneumonitis. Thoracotomy was not required, but resection of the clavicular head and mobilization of the origin of the sternomastoid were used to improve the transcervical exposure of the superior mediastinum. In the second case, a tracheal defect that involved the tracheal cartilage was repaired by sleeve resection and end-to-end anastomosis. In revision surgery of chronic cervical tracheal and subglottic stenosis, one can anticipate massive local scar formation. The densely fibrosed common wall between the trachea and the esophagus should be left completely with the esophagus and only the lateral and anterior remnants of the trachea excised to avoid iatrogenic recurrent nerve paralysis or inadvertent perforation into a traction diverticulum of the esophagus. One should anticipate the use of the laryngeal drop procedure to make up the tracheal defect. The suprathyroid tissues will be virgin, whereas the previous tracheal procedures will have reduced the length attainable below from tracheal remobilization. Suturing the chin toward the chest is an effective and well-tolerated prophylactic measure that prevents both extension of the neck after the operation and undue tension on the tracheal anastomosis. In the third case, closure of a vertical tracheal-esophageal fistula and repair of a tracheal defect were undertaken simultaneously. The procedure involved mobilizing the larynx from its hyoid attachments, dropping the larynx, and bringing the margins of the esophageal defect together transversely, as in a pyloroplasty. This application of the laryngeal drop procedure, not previously described, was effective.     

喉气管狭窄的手术治疗

目的 探讨喉气管狭窄的手术方法及疗效。 方法 回顾分析山东省千佛山医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科2009至2015年16例喉气管狭窄手术的临床资料,其中3例喉气管钝性挫伤、1例喉乳头状瘤术后反复狭窄、1例喉癌术后肉芽生成分别实施支撑喉镜下CO₂激光切除术。1例喉癌术后气管内鳞癌、多形性腺瘤及气管腺样囊性癌在鼻内镜下行切除术。1例长时间气管内插管致气管狭窄及1例气管囊腺癌者行气管袖状切除断端吻合术。1例气管腺样囊性癌、2例甲状腺癌及1例气管外伤后狭窄行喉气管重建术。1例食管癌晚期致喉狭窄及1例喉气管外伤老年患者行镍钛记忆合金支架植入术。 结果 随访12~24个月,除2例外,其余患者均手术后拔管。其中1例喉气管重建术放置T形管后肉芽再次生长;另1例镍钛记忆合金支架植入术后出现排异反应,取出支架,此2例均无法拔管,自动出院后失访。 结论 喉气管狭窄的手术治疗应根据狭窄的位置及程度选择不同的手术方法,可获得良好的效果。     

Surgical strategy of locally advanced differentiated thyroid cancer

Approximately 20% of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) have direct tumor extension with invasion of the surrounding tissues such as the larynx, trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve. Recent progress of molecular-targeted therapy, such as the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, improves survival outcome in patients with advanced DTC. However, induction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for locally-advanced DTC has presented novel fatal adverse events including fistula in patients with infiltration toward to the trachea, pharynx and esophagus, and fatal bleeding in patients with great vessel invasion. Surgery therefore still has an important role in DTC management, particularly in local control. The surgical strategy for laryngeal/tracheal invasion, which commonly occurs by DTC, is decided according to the extension (depths and area) of the tumor. The “shave procedure” is performed when the tumor has superficially invaded the larynx/trachea. However, intra-luminal extension requires resection and reconstruction of the larynx/trachea wall. Large veins, such as the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein, are also frequently directly invaded by DTC. Three types of jugular vein reconstruction have been advocated to avoid fatal complications according to bilateral jugular vein ligation. The majority of carotid artery invasion by DTC can be managed with tumor resection of the sub-adventitial layer without reconstruction surgery using an artificial vessel. In this review article, we examine surgery for advanced DTC, showing the surgical strategy toward DTC that has invaded the laryngotracheal, recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus/hypopharynx, or great vessels.     

累及喉、气管的甲状腺乳头状癌临床治疗分析

目的 探讨累及喉、气管的甲状腺乳头状癌的临床治疗经验。 方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2019年12月山东大学齐鲁医院耳鼻咽喉科收治的87例累及喉、气管的甲状腺乳头状癌患者的基本资料,统计分析其采用的肿瘤切除方式、气管修补方法、术后拔管率及3年和5年生存率。 结果 87例患者均进行了手术治疗,肿瘤切除方式包括:气管壁肿瘤锐性剃除(60例),气管壁楔形切除(15例),气管袖状切除(3例),喉部分切除(1例),全喉切除(4例),姑息切除(4例)。气道重建方法包括:拉拢缝合(5例),胸大肌肌皮瓣修补(1例),胸锁乳突肌锁骨骨膜瓣修补(1例),端端吻合(3例),喉成型术(1例),气管造瘘术(12例)。随访时间为4-122个月,随访到79例,其中15例行气管切开,气管切开术后拔管率66.7%(10/15),3年生存率为100%,5年生存率为93.0%。 结论 对于累及喉、气管的甲状腺乳头状癌,通过准确的术前评估和合理的手术治疗,可以显著改善患者生活质量,获得良好的生存期。