瑞格列奈片有关物质检查的研究

目的:建立HPLC法测定瑞格列奈片剂中的有关物质,并对5家企业瑞格列奈片的有关物质进行分析。方法:采用CAPCELL PAK MGⅡC₁₈色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm),流动相A为磷酸盐缓冲液(0.2%磷酸二氢钾溶液,用磷酸调pH至2.5),流动相B为乙腈,梯度洗脱,流速1 mL·min^-1,检测波长240 nm,柱温35℃。结果:瑞格列奈主峰与5个已知杂质峰及其他降解杂质峰分离度良好;瑞格列奈与5个已知杂质分别在各自浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r>0.999 8,n=6);瑞格列奈和杂质Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、C定量限分别为0.03、0.02、0.02、0.10、0.05、0.04μg·mL^-1,检测限分别为0.009、0.006、0.006、0.031、0.015、0.012μg·mL^-1;瑞格列奈杂质Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、C的低、中、高3种浓度的平均回收率分别为100.5%、103.7%、103.5%、104.2%、103.6%。5家企业25批样品的最大单个未知杂质含量为0.03...     

UHPLC-MS/MS法测定盐酸普萘洛尔缓释片中基因毒性杂质N-亚硝基普萘洛尔

目的 建立盐酸普萘洛尔缓释片中基因毒性杂质N-亚硝基普萘洛尔的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UHPLC-MS/MS)检测方法。方法 Waters ACQUITY UPLC CSH^TM C₁₈色谱柱(3.0 mm×150 mm, 1.7μm),10 mmol·L^-1甲酸铵的水溶液(含0.1%甲酸)作为流动相A,乙腈溶液(含0.1%甲酸)作为流动相B,梯度洗脱,流速为0.5 mL·min^-1,柱温为50℃,进样器温度为5℃,进样体积为10μL,采用多反应监测(MRM)模式,对盐酸普萘洛尔缓释片中的N-亚硝基普萘洛尔进行定量检测。结果 N-亚硝基普萘洛尔在1～20 ng·mL^-1范围内具有良好的线性关系。低、中、高3个浓度的加样回收率(n=3)在98.4%～103.2%之间,RSD≤2.7%。检测限和定量限分别为0.09 ng·mL^-1和0.3 ng·mL^-1。检出盐酸普萘洛尔缓释片中基因毒性杂质N-亚硝基普萘洛尔含量为1.8μg·g^...     

琥珀酸美托洛尔中潜在的环氧乙烷类基因毒性杂质含量测定研究

目的 对琥珀酸美托洛尔中潜在的环氧乙烷类基因毒性杂质含量进行测定。方法 采用高效液相色谱法测定琥珀酸美托洛尔中含有环氧乙烷结构的杂质XI含量。色谱柱采用Wondasil C₁₈-WR柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5.0μm),以流动相A为缓冲液(取磷酸二氢钾2.72 g,高氯酸钠一水合物6.13 g,加水1 000 mL溶解后,用1.0 mol·L^-1氢氧化钠溶液调pH值至6.0),流动相B为甲醇的梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,进样量40μL,柱温30℃,检测波长280 nm。结果 杂质XI在线性范围为0.852 3～6.818 3μg·mL^-1内,r=0.999 9,检测限浓度为0.426 1μg·mL^-1,定量限浓度为0.852 3μg·mL^-1,平均回收率为94.21%。结论 本研究准确可靠、专属性强且重现性好,可为琥珀酸美托洛尔中潜在的环氧乙烷类基因毒性杂质的质量控制和安全性评价提供科学依据。     

HPLC法测定格列美脲中间体的有关物质

目的:建立HPLC法测定格列美脲原料药中间体的有关物质。方法:采用五氟苯基键合硅胶(150 mm×4.6 mm, 2.7μm)色谱柱,以磷酸二氢铵缓冲溶液-乙腈为流动相,等度洗脱,流速0.5 mL·min^-1,柱温25℃,检测波长225 nm。结果:格列美脲中间体与4个已知杂质A～D色谱峰均能良好分离,并分别在0.008～6.024μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 9)、0.005～6.013μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 6)、0.011～5.987μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 8)、0.012～6.045μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 8)、0.029～5.989μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 6)范围内线性关系良好(n=6)。格列美脲中间体、杂质A、杂质B、杂质C、杂质D的定量限分别为8.3、5.0、10.6、11.9、29.4 ng·mL^-1;杂质A～D平均回收率(n=9)分别为107.0%、100.0%、98.0%、101....     

高效液相色谱法测定儿童口服液体制剂中抑菌剂苯甲酸钠和山梨酸钾的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法筛查分析儿童口服液体制剂中抑菌剂苯甲酸钠和山梨酸钾。方法 采用Ecosil C₁₈(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以0.02 mol·L^-1乙酸铵溶液-乙腈(95∶5)为流动相,检测波长为225 nm,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1。结果 苯甲酸钠和山梨酸钾分别在1.082～108.2μg·mL^-1(r=1.000 0)和1.140～114.0μg·mL^-1(r=1.000 0)范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;检测限分别为0.220 9和0.202 1 ng,定量限分别为0.736 4 ng和0.673 8 ng;平均回收率分别为100.4%和100.7%,RSD分别为0.4%(n=9)和0.5%(n=9);分析15个品种共21批样品,检出的苯甲酸钠和山梨酸钾均在参考限度范围。结论 本实验建立的分析方法专属性强、灵敏度高、适用性好,可用于不同类型儿童口服液体制剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定甲磺酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液中有关物质

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定甲磺酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液中有关物质。方法:采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5μm)色谱柱,以醋酸铵高氯酸钠溶液-乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温40℃,检测波长为294 nm和238 nm。结果:在该色谱条件下,左氧氟沙星与各杂质均能有效分离,左氧氟沙星、杂质A的定量限分别为0.120 0μg·mL^-1、0.371 2μg·mL^-1,左氧氟沙星和杂质A分别在0.600 1～4.801μg·mL^-1和0.742 5～5.940μg·mL^-1范围内与其峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=1.000),左氧氟沙星、杂质A回收率(n=9)分别在97.86%～101.22%和99.65%～101.82%之间,重复性、精密度、稳定性等均符合规定。5批甲磺酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液样品测定结果显示,杂质A均未检出,其他最大杂质含量在0.02%～0.08%,杂质总量在0.02%～0.15%。结论:经方法学验证,本方法灵敏、快...     

UPLC测定注射用醋酸西曲瑞克中有关物质的含量

目的建立UPLC测定注射用醋酸西曲瑞克的有关物质含量的方法。方法采用色谱柱ACQUITY UPLC CSHTM C₁₈ (2.1 mm×150 mm,1.7μm),流动相A为0.05 mol·L^-1高氯酸钠溶液(磷酸调节pH值至2.0),流动相B为0.05 mol·L^-1高氯酸钠溶液-乙腈(30∶70)(磷酸调节pH值至2.0),梯度洗脱,流速为0.2 mL·min^-1,检测波长为226 nm,进样量为1μL。结果杂质A、B、C、D、E、F的检测浓度范围分别为0.127 8～6.390 4,0.124 4～6.221 3,0.126 8～6.340 8,0.120 5～6.025 6,0.120 9～6.047 3,0.127 7～6.389 4μg·mL^-1,各杂质检出限约为0.04 ng,杂质B、D、E定量限约为0.12 ng,杂质A、C、F定量限约为0.13 ng,平均加样回收率分别为97.4%,95.2%,101.5%,105.3%,100.7%,97.4%,RSD分别...     

HPLC法同时测定五维赖氨酸口服溶液中4种水溶性主成分的含量

目的:建立直接同时测定五维赖氨酸口服溶液中盐酸赖氨酸和三种水溶性维生素含量的RP-HPLC法。方法:采用Phenomenex Gemini C₁₈ 100A(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5μm)色谱柱，以0.03 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢铵溶液(pH 3.0)-甲醇(98∶2)为流动相，检测波长为205 nm,流速1.0 mL·min^-1。结果:盐酸赖氨酸、维生素C、维生素B₆和烟酰胺分别在30.56～488.9μg·mL^-1(r=1.000 0)、24.86～397.8μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 8)、1.018～16.29μg·mL^-1(r=1.000 0)、10.72～171.5μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 0)范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系；定量限分别为10.39、0.466 1、0.092 79、0.136 2 ng;平均回收率分别为100.6%、98.5%、98.0%、99.2%,RSD分别为0...     

高效液相色谱法同时测定人血浆中卡马西平、奥卡西平及其活性代谢产物的浓度和临床应用

目的：建立同时测定人血浆中卡马西平（CBZ）、10,11-环氧卡马西平（CBZE）、奥卡西平（OXC）和单羟基卡马西平（MHD）浓度的高效液相色谱法,并将其应用于临床中卡马西平、奥卡西平及其活性代谢产物血药浓度的测定。方法：以苯巴比妥为内标,血浆经乙醚-二氯甲烷（2∶1）提取。色谱柱为WondaSil C₁₈柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为甲醇∶水=50∶50,柱温30℃,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长215 nm,进样量20 μL。结果：卡马西平、10,11－环氧卡马西平、奥卡西平和单羟基卡马西平标准曲线范围分别为0.1~20,0.05~10,0.05~20,0.2~50 mg·L^-1,最低检测限分别为0.1,0.05,0.05,0.2 mg·L^-1,日内、日间精密度均小于10%。结论：该方法灵敏准确,简便快速,适用于卡马西平、奥卡西平及其代谢产物血药浓度检测。     

高效液相色谱-电喷雾检测器测定熊去氧胆酸的有关物质

目的:建立高效液相色谱-电喷雾检测器法测定熊去氧胆酸中的10个有关物质。方法:采用SHISEIDO Capcell PAK C₁₈ MGII(150 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm)色谱柱,以0.1%甲酸-甲醇-乙腈(30∶45∶25)为流动相A,乙腈为流动相B,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温40℃,检测器温度35℃,采集频率5 Hz,过滤常数3.6 s。采用主成分自身对照法计算已知杂质和其它杂质的含量,并对建立的方法进行方法学验证。结果:熊去氧胆酸与各杂质分离度良好;熊去氧胆酸、杂质A、杂质B、杂质C、杂质E的质量浓度均在1.0～100.0μg·mL^-1范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,定量限均为1.0μg·mL^-1,检测限均为0.5μg·mL^-1,杂质的平均回收率在99.3%～100.1%,RSD(n=9)不高于2.0%;供试品溶液在10℃条件下放置24 h内稳定;微调液相色谱参数后,对有关物质的检测结果无影响。3批样品有关物质结果显示,杂质A的含量均小于1.0%...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.