鼻腔冲洗联合鼻用糖皮质激素对AR患者FeNO、肺功能及生活质量的影响

目的 探讨变应性鼻炎(AR)患者采用鼻腔冲洗联合鼻用糖皮质激素治疗对呼出气一氧化氮(FeNO)、肺功能及生活质量的影响。 方法 选取我院2016年3月至2017年3月收治的AR患者120例,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各60例,对照组采用布地奈德喷雾剂治疗,60 μg,每侧1次,每日早晚1次,连续治疗3个月;观察组早晚各采用100 mL生理盐水冲洗治疗,每侧早晚各冲洗1次,冲洗后采用布地奈德鼻喷雾剂治疗,连续治疗3个月。对比两组的FeNO、用力肺活量占预计值的百分比(FVC%)、第1秒用力肺活量占预计值的百分比(FEV₁%)、最高呼气流速(PEF)、平静呼气肺活量(VC%)占预计值的百分比及鼻-结膜炎相关生活质量问卷(RQLQ)评分。 结果 治疗后观察组与对照组FeNO水平分别为(750.2±89.4)×10^-10mol/L、(816.3±92.7)×10^-10mol/L,两组FeNO水平比较差异有统计学意义(t=-3.976, P<0.001)。治疗后,观察组FVC%、FEV₁%、PEF%、VC%水平高于对照组(t分别为3.207、4.211、2.780、3.272, P分别为0.002、<0.001、0.006、0.001)。治疗后观察组与对照组RQLQ评分分别为(29.0±6.4)、(34.4±7.0)分,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=-4.410, P<0.001)。 结论 采用鼻腔冲洗联合鼻用糖皮质激素治疗AR能降低患者FeNO,在一定程度上改善患者肺功能,提高患者的生活质量。     

呼出气一氧化氮与变应性鼻炎的相关性分析

目的　探讨呼出气一氧化氮（f r a c t io n a l exhaled nitric oxide,FeNO）与变应性鼻炎的相关性。方法　研究66例变应性鼻炎患者视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分在治疗前、后与FeNO的相关性。结果　经治疗后FeNO明显下降（t =4.25,P =0.0000）,下降比例为（14.56±27.23）%,VAS评分明显下降（t =3.34,P =0.0008）,下降比例为（8.68±53.17）%。相关性结果分析,治疗前、后变应性鼻炎患者FeNO与VAS评分具有显著相关性（r =0.43,P =0.0003;r =0.45,P =0.0002）。治疗后变应性鼻炎患者FeNO与VAS评分下降比例具有显著相关性（r =0.25,P =0.0437)。结论　FeNO可以对变应性鼻炎的治疗疗效提供客观的数据依据。     

鼻用糖皮质激素对变应性鼻炎患者口鼻呼出气NO浓度的影响

目的:评估鼻用糖皮质激素对变应性鼻炎(AR)患者口鼻呼出气NO浓度的影响,探讨相关的影响因素。方法:测量27例中重度持续性AR患者口、鼻腔呼出气NO浓度及鼻部症状(鼻塞、鼻痒、打喷嚏、流清涕)视觉模拟评分(VAS),同时使用鼻-结膜炎相关生活质量问卷(RQLQ)评估患者生活质量。经鼻用糖皮质激素(糠酸莫米松鼻喷雾剂,200μg/d,每日1次)治疗2周后重复测量,对比测量指标的变化情况。结果:治疗前,患者口和鼻呼出气NO浓度分别为20(18~44)×10-9和(960±298)×10-9;治疗后,口呼出气NO浓度为24(17~35)×10-9,与治疗前相比无明显改变;鼻呼出气NO浓度降至(817±188)×10-9,较治疗前显著下降(P<0.01)。治疗后患者各项鼻部症状VAS评分以及RQLQ评分均较治疗前显著下降。治疗前后患者口、鼻呼出气NO浓度与各项鼻部症状VAS评分、RQLQ各项评分间均无显著相关性。结论:鼻用糖皮质激素短期治疗中重度持续性AR患者,在显著降低患者鼻腔炎症的同时,能够明显改善各项鼻部症状,提高患者生活质量。     

前组筛窦开放联合下鼻甲激光消融术对变应性鼻炎患者血清IgE、IgG、ECP水平的影响

目的观察比较前组筛窦开放术联合下鼻甲激光消融术治疗前后变应性鼻炎患者血清IgE、IgG、嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白（ECP）水平的变化，探讨该疗法治疗变应性鼻炎的机制。方法20例变应性鼻炎患者，经鼻内镜行前组筛窦开放术联合下鼻甲激光消融术；术前、术后1、2、4周分别检测患者血清总IgE（tIgE）、IgG、ECP水平，并以20例健康者作为对照组。结果与健康对照组相比较，手术治疗前变应性鼻炎患者的tIgE和ECP水平均明显升高，差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。与患者本身术前水平相比较，手术治疗后1、2周时，其tIgE、IgG和ECP水平变化差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）；至手术治疗后4周时，其tIgE和ECP水平均低于术前，IgG又高于术前，差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。直线相关分析显示，tIgE与ECP水平存在高度正相关（r=0.943，P=0.001）。结论前组筛窦开放术联合下鼻甲激光消融术治疗变应性鼻炎的机制，可能是破坏筛前神经和部分副交感神经末梢，阻断神经反射，减少神经肽的释放，进而调节血清IgE、IgG、ECP的水平而发挥治疗作用。     

低温等离子消融术与下鼻甲成形术治疗慢性鼻炎的对比研究

目的 通过研究低温等离子消融术与下鼻甲成形术术后患者鼻塞改善情况和对鼻腔黏膜纤毛功能的影响,探讨治疗慢性鼻炎更有效的方法。方法 选取慢性鼻炎患者40例,随机分为两组,分别行等离子消融术(A组)与下鼻甲成形术(B组)。术前,术后1周、1个月、3个月分别用VAS评分评价患者鼻腔症状。糖精试验评价术前及术后3个月患者鼻腔黏膜纤毛传送功能。结果 等离子组术中出血、手术时间较下鼻甲成形组明显减少,且术后并发症较少;术后3个月两组患者鼻塞均有明显改善;两种手术方式对鼻腔黏膜纤毛功能无影响。结论 对单纯黏膜肥厚的慢性鼻炎,等离子消融疗效显著;对鼻甲骨质肥厚或形态异常的慢性鼻炎,下鼻甲成形术效果好。     

Increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in nasal epithelial cells in patients with allergic rhinitis

OBJECTIVES: Although ciliated epithelial cells of human nose and paranasal sinuses have recently been reported to be the major source of locally detected nitric oxide (NO), changes to the NO production by these cells and their functional roles remain uncertain in relation to allergic rhinitis. The objective of this study is to investigate differences in the ability of induction of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms by nasal epithelial cells. STUDY DESIGN: Epithelial cells of the inferior turbinate taken from 12 normal subjects and 12 allergic patients against house dust mite were used. Samples from the house dust group were taken both before and after antigen provocation. METHODS: Immunoreactivity for two NOS isoforms, inducible NOS (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS), was examined by the laser scanning confocal microscope. The labeled cells were processed into digital images, and the fluorescence intensity was assessed quantitatively. RESULTS: The degree of iNOS expression of the epithelial cells was significantly elevated in the house dust group compared with that of the control group. The expression appeared identical both before and after antigen provocation in the house dust group. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in eNOS expression between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: We assume that the increased iNOS expression of the epithelial cells in the house dust group might result from stimulated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines during allergic responses. This further suggests profound contribution of nasal epithelial cells to modifying the airway clearance through the production of high levels of NO.     

Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in children with allergic rhinitis and the effect of intranasal fluticasone propionate treatment on carriage status

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to determine the rate of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus (NCSA) in children with allergic rhinitis (AR) and to determine the effect of intranasal fluticasone propionate spray on the NCSA. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nasal swabs were taken from the children admitted to general pediatrics and pediatric pulmonology clinics. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of AR. Diagnosis of AR was based on the patient's symptoms. Nasal swabs were taken from AR patients before and after the treatment with intranasal fluticasone propionate, and from the control group at the beginning and after 2 months. RESULTS: Whole NCSA rate was 17.9%; it was 21.4% for AR patients and 15.9% for control group, respectively (p>0.05). Treatment with intranasal fluticasone propionate spray did not influence NCSA in AR patients. CONCLUSION: It seemed that NCSA was not increased in children with AR and treatment with intranasal fluticasone propionate spray did not change NCSA in AR patients. It is obvious that better understanding of the factors affecting the acquisition and loss of NCSA might increase our knowledge about the relationship between NCSA, allergic airway diseases and their treatments.     

鼻腔冲洗在变应性鼻炎防治中的应用

变应性鼻炎(AR)治疗药物在临床实践中会因为患者个体化差异、药物不良反应、治疗长期化导致其使用依从性下降,AR防治需要辅助或替代手段。鼻腔冲洗可以改善黏液流变学特性,通过去除变应原和炎性黏蛋白改善黏膜纤毛功能,进而开放鼻腔通道。鼻腔冲洗常见装置包括喷雾器、雾化器和挤压瓶;冲洗液所含钠、镁、锌、钙、钾和碳酸氢根各种离子, 对上皮细胞起着重要作用;冲洗液pH<7或pH>10会抑制纤毛摆动频率;糖精试验证实3%~5%高张冲洗液能增强健康受试者的鼻黏膜纤毛清除能力;40 ℃冲洗液能更加显著减轻AR视觉模拟量表评分并降低组胺释放;海水在促进细胞生长作用上明显优于生理盐水或稀释海水;丙酮酸钠具有抗氧化、抗炎作用,含丙酮酸钠的鼻腔喷雾剂能减轻季节性AR鼻眼结膜炎的症状评分并减少鼻用糖皮质激素用量;鼻腔冲洗有助于减少AR治疗药物使用量。作为一种局部物理治疗,鼻腔冲洗安全、方便、耐受性好、患者易于接受,可作为AR安全、有效的补充治疗手段。     

变应性鼻炎儿童鼻呼出气一氧化氮浓度测定方法初探

目的 探讨变应性鼻炎儿童鼻呼出气一氧化氮浓度测定的方法及临床意义。 方法 选择2013年9月至2014年8月无鼻部不适症状的健康儿童受试者50例(100侧鼻腔)设为对照组,将周期收治的有鼻塞、喷嚏、流涕和头痛等鼻部不适症状,经鼻腔检查及过敏原检查确诊为变应性鼻炎的58例患儿(116侧鼻腔)设为变应性鼻炎组。使用Sunvou呼出气NO测定系统,采用鼻被动呼气+静音技术检测,分别测定对照组及变应性鼻炎组儿童鼻呼出气NO含量。 结果 对照组儿童鼻呼出气NO浓度为(266±84)ppb,变应性鼻炎组鼻呼出气NO浓度为(426±151)ppb,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。同组不同性别儿童鼻呼出气NO浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 鼻呼出气NO浓度可受到受试者年龄、配合程度等多因素影响,正常值范围波动较大。但采用鼻被动呼气+静音的技术检测,操作简便、安全无创、无侵袭性,可迅速对鼻部过敏情况做出初步判断,对诊断变应性鼻炎有一定的临床意义。     

Nasal fluid secretory immunoglobulin A levels in children with allergic rhinitis

ObjectivesThere is growing knowledge about the immunoregulatory and possibly preventative roles of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in allergic diseases. This study aimed to investigate secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) levels in the nasal fluid of children who were either being treated for their allergic rhinitis (AR) with intranasal mometasone furoate or were not receiving treatment.MethodsThe study population contained 55 children with persistent AR. Group I included 27 newly diagnosed AR patients not taking any medication and group II included 28 patients treated with intranasal steroids for at least 6 months. 27 healthy control subjects were also enrolled in the study. Total symptom scores (TSS) were calculated for each patient. Nasal secretions were obtained using a new modified polyurethane sponge absorption method, and samples were analysed by ELISA.ResultsThe median value for nasal fluid SIgA level in each group was 127.2 μg/ml (interquartile range; 67.3–149.6) in group I, 133.9 μg/ml (102.1–177.8) in group II and 299.8 μg/ml (144.5–414.0) in the control group. Groups I and II both had statistically significant reductions in nasal fluid SIgA levels compared to the control group (p < 0.001). However, there was no statistically significant difference between groups I and II (p = 0.35). A statistically significant and negative correlation also existed between TSS and nasal fluid SIgA levels in both groups I and II (p = 0.006, rho = −0.512 and p = 0.01, rho = −0.481, respectively).ConclusionsSIgA levels in the nasal fluid are significantly reduced in children with AR independent of treatment and are negatively correlated with the TSS.     

Nasal nitric oxide in children with adenoidal hypertrophy: A preliminary study

Objective

Nasal nitric oxide, a mediator involved in upper airway inflammation, is impaired in children with allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis. Normal values are 200-450 parts per billion, but no data are available concerning its levels in children with adenoidal obstruction, predisposing to chronic nasosinusal inflammation. This study aimed to: (1) measure nasal nitric oxide levels in non-allergic children with adenoidal hypertrophy and (2) assess its possible relationship with the degree of adenoidal hypertrophy and other variable (gender, age, body max index, passive smoking exposure, recurrent acute otitis media, recurrent respiratory infections, and hypertrophy of nasal turbinates).

Methods

Eighty-one children with suspected adenoidal hypertrophy underwent nasal fibroendoscopy to assess the degree of adenoidal hypertrophy, and nasal nitric oxide on-line measurements by means of a dedicated chemiluminescence analyser.

Results

Nasal nitric oxide was successfully measured in 35 patients, most of whom had levels >450 parts per billion; the values were significantly higher (p = 0.031) in children with non-obstructive adenoids. There was no significant correlation with any other variable.

Conclusions

Preliminary data show above-normal nasal nitric oxide levels in children with adenoidal hypertrophy, especially those with non-obstructive adenoids. This suggests nitric oxide involvement in recurrent nasopharyngeal inflammation due to adenoidal hypertrophy.     

舌下含服粉尘螨滴剂联合鼻用激素治疗变应性鼻炎疗效观察

目的 评估舌下特异性免疫治疗联合鼻用激素治疗变应性鼻炎的疗效。方法 将能坚持治疗并定期随访的90例对粉尘螨过敏的变应性鼻炎患者资料纳入研究,随机分为两组,其中60例接受舌下免疫治疗(SLIT)联合鼻用激素治疗,另30例只用鼻用激素治疗,分别记录两组患者治疗前及治疗后6、12个月的症状评分(鼻痒、喷嚏、流涕、鼻塞症状评分)和症状总评分。结果 两组治疗后鼻炎症状均有显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);联合治疗组12个月后较治疗6个月后鼻炎症状改善更显著(P<0.05),而单用激素组未再有明显改善(P>0.05);联合治疗组较单用激素组无论6个月后还是12个月后症状改善均更为显著(P<0.05)。结论 舌下特异性免疫治疗联合鼻用激素治疗变应性鼻炎较单用激素更为有效。     

不同程度持续性变应性鼻炎对下气道的影响

目的 检测下气道炎症相关指标,探讨不同程度持续性变应性鼻炎(perennial allergic rhinitis,PAR)对下气道影响的程度及差异。方法 入选PAR患者266例,其中轻度组(165例)、中-重度组(101例),另选健康正常组136例,均行诱导痰嗜酸性粒细胞(eosinophils,EOS)计数、呼出气一氧化氮(fraction of exhaled nitric oxide,FeNO)检测及支气管激发试验(bronchial provocation test,BPT),比较三组受试者对下气道影响的程度和差异。结果 ①三组间FeNO及FeNO阳性率的差异均具有统计学意义(39.07±24.29 vs 25.81±18.68 vs 9.01±10.01,P＜0.01;66.19% vs 33.33% vs 8.82%,P＜0.01);②两组鼻炎患者痰EOS比例及痰EOS阳性率的差异无统计学意义(5.51±9.11% vs 4.02±7.10%;40.59% vs 35.57%,P＞0.05),与正常组的差异均有统计学意义(5.51±9.11% vs 0.48±1.28%, 4.02±7.10% vs 0.48±1.28%;40.59% vs 1.47%,35.57% vs 1.47%,P＜0.01);③中-重度组BPT阳性率与轻度组、正常组差异均有统计学意义(14.85% vs 4.24%,14.85% vs 1.23%,P＜0.01 ),轻度组与正常组差异无统计学意义(4.24% vs 1.23%,P＞0.05)。结论 ①不同程度PAR患者下气道炎症存在差异;②研究证实,中-重度PAR患者呈现出更高水平的下气道异常,针对此类患者,可能暗示未来罹患哮喘(BA)的风险,耳鼻喉及呼吸科临床医师应给予高度重视。     

鼻腔神经部分切断术及下鼻甲粘骨膜下剥离术治疗变应性鼻炎18例临床分析

目的：观察鼻腔神经部分切断术和下鼻甲粘骨膜下血管神经离断术对变应性鼻炎的疗效。方法：对18例常年性变应性鼻炎患者进行鼻腔神经部分切断术与下鼻甲粘骨膜下血管神经离断术。所有病例随访12个月，评价其临床效果。结果：10例临床症状消失，体征明显改善；7例临床症状明显缓解，体征改善；1例无效。总有效率94．4％。结论：鼻腔神经部分切断和下鼻甲粘骨膜下血管神经离断术治疗常年性变应性鼻炎效果显著。     

鼻内镜下改良下鼻甲成形术与下鼻甲低温等离子消融加骨折外移术治疗重度慢性肥厚性鼻炎的临床对比研究

目的 将鼻内镜下改良下鼻甲成形术与下鼻甲低温等离子消融加骨折外移术治疗重度慢性肥厚性鼻炎(下鼻甲黏膜、骨膜及骨质均增生肥大、鼻甲形态异常、VAS评分重度)进行对比研究。 方法 回顾性分析124例重度慢性肥厚性鼻炎患者,按照手术方式分为A(64例)、B(60例)两组,A组采用改良下鼻甲成形术,B组采用下鼻甲低温等离子消融加骨折外移术。术前1周、术后6个月、术后12个月分别用VAS标准评分患者鼻腔症状。糖精试验评价术前1周及术后6个月两组患者鼻腔黏膜纤毛传送功能。术前1周及术后6个月测定鼻阻力,评定鼻塞改善情况。 结果 下鼻甲低温等离子消融加骨折外移术组术中出血、手术时间较改良下鼻甲成形组明显减少,且术后并发症较少;术后6个月两种患者鼻塞均有显著改善;两种手术方式对鼻腔黏膜纤毛功能均无明显影响。A组平均手术时间27.80 min、并发症发生率9.38%,B组平均手术时间19.10 min、并发症发生率6.67%。两组患者术后6个月VAS平均评分差异无统计学意义(P=0.12),术后12个月差异有统计学意义(P=0.03)。 结论 改良下鼻甲成形术与下鼻甲低温等离子消融加骨折外移术治疗重度慢性肥厚性鼻炎近期效果(6个月内)都良好,但远期效果(1年以上)改良下鼻甲成形术效果更好,因而建议对于重度慢性肥厚性鼻炎患者应因人而异精准诊疗。     

丙酸氟替卡松鼻喷雾剂联合通窍鼻炎片治疗变应性鼻炎的临床观察

目的观察采用丙酸氟替卡松鼻喷雾剂联合通窍鼻炎片治疗变应性鼻炎的临床效果。方法随机从2018年01月~2019年12月接受变应性鼻炎治疗的患者中选取出100例,按照应用不同的治疗方法,分为每组各50例的观察组和对照组,观察组患者用丙酸氟替卡松鼻喷雾剂联合通窍鼻炎片治疗,对照组患者单用丙酸氟替卡松鼻喷雾剂治疗,观察两组患者的治疗效果,以鼻痒、鼻塞、打喷嚏、流鼻涕等症状的缓解作为治疗效果的评价依据。结果观察组患者的总有效率是94.0%,对照组患者的总有效率是78.0%,观察组总有效率明显优于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者的鼻痒、鼻塞、打喷嚏、流鼻涕等症状缓解明显早于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论丙酸氟替卡松鼻喷雾剂联合通窍鼻炎片治疗变应性鼻炎,可有效缓解鼻痒、鼻塞、打喷嚏、流鼻涕等症状,鼻腔黏膜水肿消退、色泽恢复快,疗效显著,减少了药物的不良反应,提高了用药的安全性。     

Acoustic rhinometry, spirometry and nitric oxide in relation to airway allergy and smoking habits in an adolescent cohort

Objective

This study aimed to analyze upper and lower airway function and the impact of smoking habits in a cohort of allergic and healthy adolescents. The influence of smoking habits on the outcomes of rhinitis and asthma is well documented, but only few reports are available showing smoke related upper airway impairment by rhinometric measurements, and none with focus on early changes in adolescents.

Methods

A cohort followed from infancy was re-examined at the age of 18 years concerning allergy development. Acoustic rhinometry (VOL2), spirometry (FEV₁) and measurements of nitric oxide levels from the upper (nNO) and lower airways (eNO) were performed before and after physical exercise, and smoking habits were registered.

Results

Active smoking habits were reported by 4/21 subjects suffering from allergic rhinitis, by 1/4 from probable allergic rhinitis, by 0/3 subjects with atopic dermatitis and by 2/10 healthy controls. Smoking habits were reported as daily by 2 and occasional by 5 of the 7 active smokers. VOL2 did not increase in smokers after exercise as in non-smokers, resulting in a post-exercise group difference (7.3 ± 1.1 cm³ vs. 8.8 ± 1.5 cm³; p = 0.02), and FEV₁ values were lower in smokers compared to non-smokers (89 ± 7% vs. 98 ± 8%; p = 0.02). The nNO and eNO levels were, however, only slightly reduced in smokers. Airway allergy was discerned only in subjects with current allergen exposure by increased eNO levels compared to healthy controls (41 ± 44 ppb vs. 13 ± 5 ppb). The levels of VOL2, nNO and FEV₁ did not differentiate allergic subjects from healthy controls.

Conclusions

Low levels of tobacco smoke exposure resulted in reduced airway functions in this adolescent cohort. Acoustic rhinometry and spirometry were found to be more sensitive methods compared to nitric oxide measurements in early detection of airway impairment related to smoke exposure. A possible difference in airway vulnerability between allergic and healthy subjects due to smoke exposure remains to be evaluated in larger study groups.     

Changes occurring in mucosal contractility of the inferior turbinate and mucociliary clearance following total laryngectomy: A prospective clinical trial

Objective

In this study, changes occurring in the contractility capacity of the inferior turbinate and mucociliary clearance time due to the interruption of nasal air flow were examined.

A placebo controlled study comparing the efficacy of intranasal azelastine and beclomethasone in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis

This study compared a new intranasal anti-allergic drug, azelastine (0.56 mg bid) with intranasal beclomethasone (0.2 mg bid) and placebo in the treatment of symptoms associated with seasonal rhinitis. After administering placebo for 3–5 days as a run-in period, eligible patients were randomized to treatment for 2 weeks: 83 patients received azelastine, 83 beclomethasone and 77 placebo. Each of six symptoms was assessed daily using a four-point scale. Total symptom scores showed that azelastine-treated patients experienced a more rapid onset of overall symptom relief than beclomethasone-treated patients. This was significant on day 1 (P < 0.003) and continued until day 5. By the end of the 2-week study period, the beclomethasone-treated group showed greater improvement than both the azelastine and placebo groups (P = 0.002 andP = 0.0001, respectively). In contrast, visual analogue scales at this time showed no significant differences between the azelastine and beclomethasone treatment groups, with both groups demonstrating significant reductions in total symptom scores compared to placebo (P = 0.0004 andP = 0.0001, respectively). Differing sensitivities were found in the four-point scales reported by the patients and the investigators and the patients' visual analogue scales in the measurement of symptom severity. However, all three techniques confirmed that both azelastine nasal spray and beclomethasone nasal spray were effective treatments for seasonal rhinitis. While a greater improvement in overall symptoms was found for the beclamethasone-treated patients compared to azelastine-treated patients, diary card data confirmed the more immediate onset of symptom relief provided by azelastine. No serious adverse events were found in the present study and included no complaints of drowsiness.