胸锁乳突肌剪切波弹性成像影响因素在先天性肌性斜颈早期诊断中的应用

目的应用多模态剪切波弹性成像方法对婴儿早期先天性肌性斜颈（CMT）胸锁乳突肌病变进行诊断及定量分析。 方法选取2012年9至12月在深圳市儿童医院就诊的50例先天性肌性斜颈婴儿（斜颈组）和100名健康婴儿（正常组）为观察对象,分析不同因素（性别、左侧与右侧、短轴切面与长轴切面和不同体位）对正常婴儿胸锁乳突肌超声杨氏模量、剪切波速度、剪切模量、应变比等弹性成像检测结果的影响;与正常组婴儿检测参数对照,分析斜颈组婴儿患侧胸锁乳突肌弹性成像参数值的变化。 结果弹性成像显示：正常组男性与女性婴儿（100名）之间左侧与右侧胸锁乳突肌杨氏模量、剪切波速度、剪切模量和应变比等弹性成像参数值比较,差异均无统计学意义;胸锁乳突肌长轴切面的杨氏模量、剪切波速度和剪切模量测值均大于短轴切面,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;但应变比及厚度测值比较差异无统计学意义;伸拉仰卧位的纵切面杨氏模量、剪切波速度和剪切模量在长轴切面和短轴切面的测值均大于对称仰卧位,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,而应变比及厚度的测值比较差异无统计学意义。斜颈组婴儿（50例）患侧胸锁乳突肌厚度和杨氏模量、剪切波速度、剪切模量、应变比的弹性成像测值（含长轴切面和短轴切面）均大于健侧,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论多模态声弹性成像技术可对先天性肌性斜颈婴儿结节型胸锁乳突肌病变进行定量评价,有助于诊断婴儿早期先天性肌性斜颈。     

正常人腕部正中神经剪切波弹性成像的研究

摘要目的本研究探讨正常人腕部正中神经不同位置的剪切波测值差异。方法剪切波弹性成像检查56例健康志愿者的112条腕管处的正中神经,比较近、远端腕骨处正中神经剪切波速度的差异,并分析与年龄、性别和BMI等相关性。结果受试者正中神经近端腕骨水平剪切波速度是（3.80±0.45）m/s,95%置信区间是（3.67,3.93）m/s;远端腕骨水平剪切波速度是（4.63±0.47）m/s,95%置信区间为（4.49,4.76）m/s。正中神经剪切波速度与年龄呈正相关,不同性别、同一水平的正中神经剪切波速度测值差异有统计学意义。结论正中神经在腕部不同区域的剪切波速度是不同的,性别、年龄均是影响剪切波速度测值的重要因素,这些可为进一步的临床研究提供参考。     

剪切波弹性成像检测正常成人腕部正中神经的差异性研究

目的 探讨正常成人腕部正中神经不同区域所测剪切波速度间的差异.方法 选取我院56例健康志愿者的112条腕管处的正中神经,应用剪切波弹性成像检查较近、远端腕骨处正中神经剪切波速度,比较二者间的差异,并分析其与年龄、性别及体质量指数(BMI)等的相关性.结果 受试者正中神经近端腕骨水平剪切波速度为(3.80±0.45)m/...     

Ultrasound Elastographic Evaluation in the Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Initial Findings

The purpose of this study was to investigate ultrasound (US)- and US elastography-detected changes in the median nerve of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Seventy-four wrists of 41 female patients with CTS (mean age, 47.73 ± 11.45 y) and 45 wrists of 24 asymptomatic female controls (mean age, 42.83 ± 10.66 y) were examined with US and US elastography. Electromyography results confirmed the diagnosis of CTS in the patients. The mean median nerve perimeter (MN-P = 15.26 ± 2.18 mm) and median nerve cross-sectional area (MN-CSA = 11.81 ± 4.05 mm²) of patients with CTS were higher than those of controls (12.08 ± 1.54 mm and 7.76 ± 1.40 mm², respectively) (p < 0.05). Mean tissue strain was lower in the patients with CTS (0.094 ± 0.045 than in the controls (0.145 ± 0.068) (p < 0.05). The most sensitive cut-off value for tissue strain was 0.0635, and the most specific was 0.19. US and US elastography, in addition to electromyography, proved to be beneficial in the diagnosis of CTS. US elastography is a new technique that may well find a place in the diagnosis of nerve entrapment syndromes.     

Similar Reproducibility for Strain and Shear Wave Elastography in Breast Mass Evaluation: A Prospective Study Using the Same Ultrasound System

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inter-operator reproducibility of strain elastography (SE) and shear wave elastography (SWE) in three groups: all lesions, benign lesions and malignant lesions. Ninety-one lesions from ninety-one women were examined by SE and SWE from January 2017 to December 2017 by two radiologists. The reproducibility of elastic score, SE strain ratio and SWE Young's modulus between operators was prospectively evaluated. There was good agreement on elasticity score, with κ values of 0.711, 0.640 and 0.766. The intra-class correlation coefficients of the strain ratio, mean elastic modulus (E_mean), maximum elastic modulus (E_max) and elastic modulus standard deviation (E_sd) ranged from 0.723–0.876, which indicated good and excellent agreement. We concluded that both SE and SWE had good reproducibility among different operators using the same probe in the same ultrasound instrument. Strain elasticity score was more consistent among operators in malignant breast tumors. There was better agreement on strain elastic ratio and shear wave elasticity among operators in benign breast lesions.     

高频超声在腕管综合征诊断中的应用探讨

【目的】探讨高频超声在诊断腕管综合征（CTS）中的应用价值,并进一步分析神经增粗与神经传导速度及病程的相关性,并证实高频超声在诊断CTS中的临床价值。【方法】对100例健康志愿者及63例经临床和电生理检查确诊的CST进行高频超声腕管内正中神经的检查,并记录神经的横截面积（CSA）,并作CSA与神经电生理及病程的相关性分析。【结果】对照组腕管内正中神经的CSA为（8．60±2．25）mm^2,CST组CSA为（15．61±4．60）mm^2,两组相比较有显著差异（P〈0．01）。CST组CSA与神经电生理（感觉传导速速）的相关系数为-0．74（P〈0．01）,与CTS病程的相关系数为0．79（P〈0．01）。【结论】高频超声在CTS的诊断有重要应用价值,其可作为CTS及周围神经检查新的形态学诊断方法。     

Evaluation of Optic Nerve with Strain and Shear Wave Elastography in Patients with Behçet's Disease and Healthy Subjects

The objective of this study was to investigate the elasticity characteristics of the optic nerve using strain and shear wave elastography in patients with Behçet's disease and to compare the results with those of healthy volunteers. Forty-six optic nerves from patients with Behçet's disease and 54 optic nerves from healthy volunteers were investigated prospectively in this study using strain and shear wave elastography. There was a statistically significant difference in terms of elasticity patterns between patients and healthy volunteers (p < 0.001). Elastographic images of healthy volunteers revealed most optic nerves to be type 3 (51.8%); however, type 2 (40.7%) and type 1 (7.5%) were also observed. Elastographic examination of Behçet's disease patients revealed type 2 in 52.2%, type 1 in 43.5% and type 3 in 4.3% of patients. Statistically significant differences were observed between patients and healthy volunteers in the analysis of shear wave elastography values (p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was perfect (0.933) (95% CI = 0.885–0.980), and a cutoff value of 16.5 kPa shear had very high sensitivity and specificity for the patient group. Strain and shear wave elastography findings for the optic nerves of patients with Behçet's disease were significantly different from those for healthy volunteers.     

Reconstructing the Spatial Distribution of the Relative Shear Modulus in Quasi-static Ultrasound Elastography: Plane Stress Analysis

Quasi-static ultrasound elastography (QSUE) is an imaging technique that mainly provides axial strain maps of tissues when the latter are subjected to compression. In this article, a method for reconstructing the relative shear modulus distribution within a linear elastic and isotropic medium, in QSUE, is introduced. More specifically, the plane stress inverse problem is considered. The proposed method is based on the variational formulation of the equilibrium equations and on the choice of adapted discretization spaces, and only requires displacement fields in the analyzed media to be determined. Results from plane stress and 3-D numerical simulations, as well as from phantom experiments, showed that the method is able to reconstruct the different regions within a medium, with shear modulus contrasts that unambiguously reveal whether inclusions are stiffer or softer than the surrounding material. More specifically, for the plane stress simulations, inclusion-to-background modulus ratios were found to be very accurately estimated, with an error lower than 3%. For the 3-D simulations, for which the plane stress conditions are no longer satisfied, these ratios were, as expected, less accurate, with an error that remained lower than 10% for two of the three cases analyzed but was around 34% for the last case. Concerning the phantom experiments, a comparison with a shear wave elastography technique from a clinical ultrasound scanner was also made. Overall, the inclusion-to-background shear modulus ratios obtained with our approach were found to be closer to those given by the phantom manufacturer than the ratios provided by the clinical system.     

剪切波弹性成像在周围神经及肌肉组织中的应用及研究进展

目前神经、肌肉的慢性病变如糖尿病周围神经病变等具有病程较长、损伤不可逆等特点,未及早诊断和干预可能出现不可逆的致残、致死。CT、MRI及二维超声等常规影像学检查方法仅能在神经或肌肉出现明显形态学改变（如增粗、断裂等）时进行观察,而在病变早期尚未发生明显形变时不能进行早期诊断。剪切波弹性成像作为一种新的超声检查技术,具有安全、实时、定量及价格低廉等优点,可作为神经及肌肉组织病变的检查及长期随访的方法。本文就剪切波弹性成像在肌肉及神经组织方面的应用及研究进展进行综述。     

Hamstring strains in professional rugby players result in increased fascial stiffness without muscle quality changes as assessed using shear wave elastography

IntroductionHamstring strain injury is common among sports injuries. A previous history of this injury is considered a strong predictor of recurrent hamstring strain injury. Fascial tissue reportedly becomes stiffer after hamstring strain injury. However, the association between fascial stiffness and previous hamstring strain injury has not been investigated in clinical studies. We aimed to determine whether a previous history of hamstring strain injury affects fascial tissue and muscle tissues using shear wave elastography.MethodIn eleven male professional rugby players, the stiffness as a shear modulus (kPa) of fascial tissue and muscle was measured on the specific injured area measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at resting position by using shear wave elastography. The side-to-side differences between the injured and the uninjured side were analyzed. The length and area of the muscle scar tissue were evaluated by MRI in relation to fascial stiffness.ResultsThe shear elastic modulus of fascia was stiffer in the injured vs. the uninjured side; however, no difference was observed in the muscle. No significant relationship was detected between the length and area of the muscle scar tissue (all P > 0.05).DiscussionRugby players with a previous history of hamstring strain injury exhibited passive stiffness of fascial tissues in the injured leg, regardless of the length or area of the muscle scar tissue. However, the passive stiffness of muscles was same between the injured and the uninjured leg.ConclusionThe results can be beneficial to consider future risk for hamstring strain injuries.     

Neck Muscle Stiffness Quantified by Sonoelastography is Correlated with Body Mass Index and Chronic Neck Pain Symptoms

This study aimed to quantify neck muscle stiffness in the normal population with ultrasound elastography. We applied the acoustic radiation force impulse technique and measured shear wave velocities (SWVs) as representative values. The mean ± standard deviation values of SWV in 20 healthy volunteers were 2.09 ± 0.45, 1.21 ± 0.30, 1.12 ± 0.17 and 0.97 ± 0.10 m/s for the trapezius, levator scapulae, scalene anterior and sternocleidomastoid muscles, respectively. The SWV values of the four muscles significantly differed (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.001). The SWV values for the trapezius muscle correlated with body mass indexes (Pearson's correlation, p = 0.034). Subjects with chronic neck pain symptoms had significantly stiffer trapezius muscle (Mann–Whitney U test, p = 0.008). This study demonstrated the technique and feasibility of quantifying neck muscle stiffness using acoustic radiation force impulse elastography and shear wave velocity detection. Further study is necessary to evaluate its diagnostic power in assessing various neck muscle diseases.     

Acute Effects of Static Stretching on Muscle Hardness of the Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle Belly in Humans: An Ultrasonic Shear-Wave Elastography Study

This study investigated the acute effects of static stretching (SS) on shear elastic modulus as an index of muscle hardness and muscle stiffness and the relationship between change in shear elastic modulus and change in muscle stiffness after SS. The patients were 17 healthy young males. Muscle stiffness was measured during passive ankle dorsiflexion using a dynamometer and ultrasonography before (pre) and immediately after (post) 2 min of SS. In addition, shear elastic modulus was measured by a new ultrasound technique called ultrasonic shear wave elastography. The post-SS values for muscle stiffness and shear elastic modulus were significantly lower than the pre-SS values. In addition, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient indicated a significant correlation between rate of change in shear elastic modulus and rate of change in muscle stiffness. These results suggest that SS is an effective method for decreasing shear elastic modulus as well as muscle stiffness and that shear elastic modulus measurement using the shear wave elastography technique is useful in determining the effects of SS.     

剪切波弹性成像评价乳腺癌新辅助化疗的疗效

目的 探讨剪切波弹性成像技术在评价乳腺癌新辅助化疗(NAC)疗效中的价值。方法 对49例(NAC)患者在化疗前后均进行剪切波弹性成像。记录并将化疗前肿瘤的二维超声及弹性成像指标与实体瘤治疗疗效评价标准指标(RECIST指标)进行单因素及多因素回归分析。结果 化疗前后剪切波弹性模量的最大值、平均值、最小值、比值差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。单因素分析显示年龄、边缘、肿块化疗前后大小差值、化疗前弹性模量参数(最大值、平均值、最小值)均与实体瘤治疗疗效评价标准评价指标有相关性(P均<0.05)。多因素分析显示年龄、边缘、肿块化疗前后大小差值、化疗前最大值与RECIST评价指标有相关性(P均<0.05)。结论 采用剪切波弹性成像技术可以反映乳腺肿块化疗前后的变化,化疗前肿块弹性成像的最大值可用于预测浸润性导管癌NAC效果。     

剪切波弹性成像在周围神经及肌肉组织中的应用进展

目前神经、肌肉的慢性病变如糖尿病周围神经病变等具有病程较长、损伤不可逆等特点,若未及早诊断和干预可能出现不可逆的致残、致死。CT、MRI及二维超声等常规影像学检查方法仅能在神经或肌肉出现明显形态学改变时进行观察,而在病变早期尚未发生明显形变时无法进行诊断。剪切波弹性成像作为一种超声检查新技术,具有安全、实时、定量及价廉等优点,可作为神经及肌肉组织病变检查及长期随访的方法。本文就剪切波弹性成像在神经及肌肉组织中的应用进展进行综述。     

在体乳腺组织非线性变形特征及其在静态超声弹性成像中的影响

目的通过剪切波弹性成像定量研究在体乳腺组织非线性变形特征,评价非线性变形特征对乳腺组织静态超声弹性成像测量的影响,以指导和规范乳腺超声弹性成像操作方法。 方法前瞻性选取自2014年1月至2014年5月于北京友谊医院超声科进行体检的女性26例。其中14例女性（8例双侧乳腺,6例单侧乳腺）纳入乳腺组织非线性变形特征的研究,12例女性（8例双侧乳腺,4例单侧乳腺）纳入乳腺组织非线性变形特征在静态超声弹性成像中的影响相关研究。采用超声剪切波弹性成像功能对乳腺组织非线性变形特征进行研究,采用超声静态弹性成像功能对乳腺组织非线性变形特征在静态超声弹性成像中的影响进行研究。计算乳腺组织的非线性参数硬化系数（b）、初始未受压状态下的剪切模量（μ₀）及伸长比（λ）,并绘制乳腺非线性变形特征曲线。在体乳腺组织非线性变形特征研究中,将8例受试者双侧乳腺的b及μ₀按照左右两侧分组,并进行比较;将14例受试者所有乳腺的b及μ₀按照相对位置不同分为乳头上方组、乳头内侧组、乳头下方组、乳头外侧组、外上象限组,并进行比较。 结果14例受试者的乳腺非线性参数b=6.36±1.74,μ₀=（3.01±0.47）kPa,据此绘制出反映乳腺非线性特征的曲线图,其反映乳腺组织形变与剪切模量的关系为伸长比λ值越小（乳腺的形变越大）,剪切模量μ值变化越显著。8例受试者左右两侧乳腺的非线性参数b及μ₀比较,差异均无统计学意义（t=0.520、0.437,P均>0.05）。14例受试者乳腺不同相对位置的非线性参数b及μ₀比较,差异均无统计学意义（F=1.339、1.916,P均>0.05）。静态超声弹性成像中12例受试者,计算得出乳腺组织的最小伸长比λ=0.75±0.05,绘制反映乳腺组织形变和弹性模量增加倍数之间关系的曲线图,其反映在乳腺非线性变形达到25%时,剪切模量达到初始剪切模量的5.72倍,在变形程度达到5%时,剪切模量为未受压状态的1.10倍。 结论乳腺组织的弹性模量随变形程度的增大而呈非线性增加。乳腺两侧及不同相对位置非线性弹性性质无明显差异。应用乳腺静态超声弹性成像时,需将超声探头加压导致的压缩变形控制在5%以内。     

实时剪切波弹性成像技术评估踝关节外侧副韧带急性闭合型损伤的临床应用

目的采用通过实时剪切波弹性成像技术（SWE）技术,探讨对急性踝关节损伤患者外侧副韧带硬度评价,来实现踝关节外侧副韧带损伤的准确诊断的临床价值。 方法选取2018年12月到至2019年6月在首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院急诊和骨科门诊就诊的50例踝关节外侧副韧带急性损伤患者,均接受进行高频超声及SWE超声弹性检测检查,获得患侧和健侧外侧副韧带的弹性杨氏模量平均值和剪切波速度（SWV）,比较不同类型并与正常侧的差异对比,以此判断闭合性外侧副韧带损伤的程度。 结果50例踝关节外侧副韧带损伤患者中,经手术及MRI证实共损伤80条韧带,距腓前韧带损伤42例,跟腓韧带22例,距腓后韧带16例。经急诊手术结果显示证实完全断裂韧带21例,距腓前韧带11例,跟腓韧带5例,距腓后韧带5例,高频超声快速诊断均正确检出,诊断符合率为100%。经MRI诊断,不完全断裂韧带19例,距腓前韧带8例,跟腓韧带6例,距腓后韧带5例,高频超声正确诊断14例,漏诊5例,超声诊断为挫伤,诊断符合率74%。经MRI诊断韧带挫伤40例,距腓前韧带20例,跟腓韧带12例,距腓后韧带8例,超声正确诊断挫伤35例,诊断符合率为87%。5例误诊为部分韧带断裂。韧带完全断裂组、韧带部分断裂组、韧带挫伤组和正常韧带组超声弹性杨氏模量值和SWV总体,差异均有统计学意义［（41.86±14.85）kpa vs（54.95±12.48）kpa vs（86.03±28.17）kpa vs（158.29±61.98）kpa,（3.68±1.68）m/s vs（4.25±0.52）m/s vs（5.28±0.90）m/s vs（7.13±1.39）m/s,F=56.147、79.539,P均<0.001］。四组间两两比较,韧带完全断裂组与部分断裂组,差异无统计学意义,其他组两两比较,差异均有统计学意义（t=44.168、1.602;116.432、3.453;31.077、1.029;103.342、2.881;72.265、1.851;P均<0.05）。 结论超声弹性成像可以作为对高频超声诊断踝关节外侧副韧带断裂进行的有效补充。精确诊断韧带是否存在微小断裂。     

Burned‐Out Testis Tumors in Asymptomatic Infertile Men: Multiparametric Sonography and MRI Findings

Multiparametric testicular ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were analyzed in a series of 10 infertile asymptomatic men presenting with pathologically confirmed burned‐out testicular tumors. Color/power Doppler ultrasound (CDUS), shear wave elastography (SWE), contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS), and MRI were performed on 10, 5, 6, and 7 patients, respectively. All lesions appeared as a hypoechoic and hypovascular nodular area at CDUS, SWE, CEUS CDUS, and CEUS (if performed). Shear wave elastography showed a stiffer nodular area compared with the surrounding/contralateral tissues (13 versus 2 kPa); MRI revealed a well‐delineated nodular area in hypointense signal on T2, a high apparent diffusion coefficient value, and a lack of enhancement.     

On the Challenges Associated with Obtaining Reproducible Measurements Using SWEI in the Median Nerve

This work discusses challenges we have encountered in acquiring reproducible measurements of shear wave speed (SWS) in the median nerve and suggests methods for improving reproducibility. First, procedural acquisition challenges are described, including nerve echogenicity, transducer pressure and transmit focal depth. Second, we present an iterative, radon sum–based algorithm that was developed specifically for measuring the SWS in median nerves. SWSs were measured using single track location shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI) in the median nerves of six healthy volunteers and six patients diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome. Unsuccessful measurements were associated with several challenges including reverberation artifacts, low signal-to-noise ratio and temporal window limitations for tracking the velocity wave. To address these challenges, an iterative convergence algorithm was implemented to identify an appropriate temporal processing window that removed the reverberation artifacts while preserving shear wave signals. Algorithmically, it was important to consider the lateral regression kernel size and position and the temporal window. Procedurally, both nerve echogenicity and transducer compression were determined to impact the measured SWS. Shear waves were successfully measured in the median nerve proximal to the carpal tunnel, but SWEI measurements were significantly compromised within the carpal tunnel itself. The velocity-based SWSs were statistically significantly higher than the displacement SWSs (p < 0.0001), demonstrating for the first time dispersion in the median nerve in vivo using SWEI.     

灰阶超声、多普勒超声及剪切波杨氏模量诊断甲状腺微小乳头状癌的价值

  目的  探讨灰阶超声、多普勒超声及剪切波杨氏模量诊断甲状腺微小乳头状癌的价值。  方法  选择2018年2月~2020年5月由我院诊治的甲状腺结节患者136例,分别进行灰阶超声、多普勒超声及剪切波杨氏模量技术及病理学检查,以病理诊断为金标准,分析灰阶超声、多普勒超声及剪切波杨氏模量和三者联合诊断甲状腺微小乳头状癌的价值。  结果  灰阶超声敏感度43.21%,特异性68.30%,准确度57.30%;多普勒超声敏感度75.32%,特异性90.74%,准确度84.32%;根据病理结果分为良性、恶性组进行ME值比较,良性组ME_mean、ME_min、ME_max值明显低于恶性组（P < 0.05）;ME_mean、ME_min和ME_max预测微小乳头状态癌的ROC曲线最佳切值点分别为40.25、16.85、65.92 kPa,其对应的敏感度和特异性分别为85.5%、68.8%,67.5%、82.4%,58.1%、88.2%;联合检测准确度高于灰阶、多普勒超声、剪切波杨氏准确度,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。  结论  灰阶超声、多普勒超声及剪切波杨氏模量三者联合诊断甲状腺微小乳头状癌可提高其诊断准确率,具有较高诊断价值。      

Shear Wave Elastography of Peripheral Muscle Weakness in Patients with Chronic Congestive Heart Failure

Forty-five study participants (28 chronic heart failure [CHF] patients and 17 control participants) were prospectively enrolled in this study to investigate the clinical potential of ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) in identifying peripheral muscle weaknesses in chronic heart failure patients. Muscle stiffness in the gastrocnemius muscle during extension (stretch) and the lower arm flexor muscles during flexion was assessed via shear wave elastography, measuring the shear modulus (kPa) for the resting and contractile states in a range of 0–300 kPa. Resting kPa revealed no significant difference between CHF and CP, but exercise kPa for extension and flexion was significantly lower in CHF than CP. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the denominator kPa-Exercise stretch was 0.916, associated with a sensitivity of 89%, a specificity of 71% and a corresponding cutoff value of 81.1 kPa. Shear wave elastography is thus a reproducible and sensitive ultrasound method for evaluating peripheral muscle deficits in patients with CHF.