未婚人工流产手术妇女术前焦虑抑郁与心理压力的关系研究

目的：探讨术前人工流产术妇女术前焦虑抑郁与心理压力的状况及其关系。方法采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）和中文版知觉心理压力量表（CPSS）对200例术前未婚人工流产术妇女进行术前调查,分析SAS 、SDS与CPSS之间的关系。结果术前人工流产术妇女CPSS评分总分为（27.52±6.39）分,HRS者检出率为39％;SAS、SDS评分分别为（56.38±13.25）分、（53.38±11.25）分,明显高于国内常模（37.23±12.58）分、（41.38±10.57）分（t=193.47、14.64,P＜0.01）。术前未婚人工流产术妇女焦虑抑郁与心理压力存在显著正相关（P＜0.01）。结论焦虑抑郁情绪会加重术前未婚人工流产术妇女的心理压力,消除焦虑抑郁情绪能够缓解心理压力。     

前列腺痛患者情绪障碍的分析及治疗

目的：探讨情绪障碍与前列腺痛的关系及抗抑郁药的治疗效果。方法：对56例前列腺痛患者进行抑郁自评量表（SDS），焦虑自评量表（SAS）、美国国立卫生研究所的慢性前列腺炎症状积分指数（NIH－CPSI）评分；用抗抑郁药盐酸氟西汀（商品名：百忧解）治疗32例有抑郁障碍的前列腺痛患者，疗程为8周，治疗后再行量表评分。结果：SAS及SDS的检测结果与我国常模比较明显增高（P＜0．01）；32例有抑郁障碍的患者治疗后NIH－CPSI总分、SDS标准分、SAS标准分显著下降，治疗后8周的NIH－CPSI总分与SDS标准分、SAS标准发呈正相关（γ=0.807,P＜0．01；γ=0.811,P＜0．01），与SDS标准分、SAS标准分下降率呈负相关（γ=-0.842,P＜0．01；γ=-0.699,P＜0．01）。结论：前列腺痛与情绪障碍相关；前列腺痛患者普遍存在抑郁和焦虑情绪，用抗抑郁药治疗能显著改善精神和躯体两方面症状。     

脊柱结核患者家属焦虑、抑郁分析与护理干预研究

目的：调查脊柱结核患者家属焦虑、抑郁状态及影响因素,探讨相应护理干预措施。方法：81例脊柱结核患者家属应用焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）及一般情况调查表进行调查,并将其随机分为干预组和对照组,干预组予以护理干预措施,对照组按常规进行。结果：脊柱结核患者家属焦虑、抑郁发生率90％,性别、家庭关系,疾病程度是影响患者家属焦虑、抑郁主要因素。两组患者家属焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表评分结果比较,干预组心理干预后焦虑、抑郁自评量表评分低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：多种因素可导致脊柱结核患者家属焦虑、抑郁发生,护理干预能改善患者家属的负性情绪。     

终末期肾病患者睡眠质量与焦虑抑郁情绪的相关性研究

目的探讨终末期肾病患者的睡眠质量与焦虑、抑郁情绪及其相关性。方法对83例终末期肾病患者采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）和抑郁自评量表（SDS）进行调查。结果终末期肾病患者PSQI总分为（11．45土5．37）分,SAS评分为（46．25±8．58）分,SDS评分为（43．67±7．92）分;PSQI与SAS、SDS呈显著正相关（均P〈O．01）。结论终末期肾病患者睡眠质量较差,焦虑、抑郁情绪严重．且睡眠质量与焦虑、抑郁情绪有相关性。需运用心理干预治疗提高终末期肾病患者的睡眠质量。     

1164例早泄患者心理障碍调查分析

目的 了解早泄( premature ejaculation,PE)患者心理障碍的患病情况及相关因素,探讨心理障碍与PE的关系. 方法 2009年9月至2010年10月我们应用焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)、中国早泄患者性功能评价表(C1PE-5)、国际前列腺炎症状指数表(NIH-CPSI)、国际勃起功能指数表(IIEF-5)及自制相关因素调查表对1164例PE患者心理状况进行调查.分析SAS、SDS评分及焦虑抑郁症状检出率与NIH-CPSI评分、CIPE-5评分、勃起功能、年龄、病程、职业、文化程度、性格特点等因素的相关性. 结果 1164例PE患者SAS、SDS评分分别为(43.87 ±10.53)分、(44.05 ±9.81)分,按SAS≥50分、SDS≥53分判定,有焦虑症状者341例(29.3％),有抑郁症状者217例(18.6％).SAS、SDS评分和焦虑抑郁症状检出率与CIPE-5评分、NIH-CPSI评分、勃起功能、病程、性格特点等有相关性(P＜0.05),与年龄、职业、文化程度等无相关性(P＞0.05). 结论 PE患者普遍存在焦虑、抑郁情绪,并与前列腺炎症状、勃起功能障碍、病程、性格特点等因素有关.     

中等护理专业课堂教学现状分析及对策

目的探讨晚期肿瘤患者家属的焦虑、抑郁情绪及采取的应对方式．以指导心理干预，提高其生活质量。方法选用Zung焦虑自评量表（SAS）和抑郁自评量表（SDS）、简易应对方式量表（SCSQ）对236名晚期肿瘤患者家属（观察组）和236名慢性病患者家属（对照组）进行调查。结果观察组SAS和SDS评分与对照组和国内常模比较，差异有显著性意义（均P〈0．01）；观察组积极应对和消极应对总分与对照组比较，差异无显著性意义（均P〉0．05）。观察组SDS评分与积极应对分呈负相关（P〈0．01）。结论晚期肿瘤患者家属多伴有焦虑和抑郁情绪，并受多种因素影响，帮助他们改善应对方式，可以提高生活质量。     

临终关怀降低老年临终患者家属心理应激及负性情绪的效果

目的 提高老年临终患者的生活质量，降低其家属心理应激及焦虑、抑郁情绪。方法 将76例老年临终患者及其家属（76名）随机分为研究组和对照组，每组38例患者和38名家属。对照组按常规进行护理，研究组在常规护理的基础上接受临终关怀护理干预。在干预前及干预1个月后采用家属应激量表（RSS）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）对两组患者家属进行评定。结果 干预后研究组患者家属RSS总分及心理痛苦和生活被扰乱2个维度评分显著低于对照组（均P〈0．01），SAS、SDS评分显著低于对照组（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。结论 临终关怀护理在降低老年临终患者家属应激水平的同时，也降低了其焦虑、抑郁程度。     

尸肾移植受者和亲属活体肾移植受者术后焦虑抑郁的比较

目的了解尸肾移植受者和亲属活体肾移植受者术后焦虑抑郁状况。方法采用Zung焦虑自评量表（SAS）和抑郁自评量表（SDS）对71例尸肾移植受者（尸肾组）和74例亲属活体肾移植受者（活体组）,于移植术后第3个月进行问卷调查。结果两组SAS、SDS评分显著高于常模（均P〈0．01）;活体组SAS评分显著高于尸肾组（P〈0．01）。活体组焦虑、抑郁阳性率显著高于尸肾组（均P〈0．05）。结论肾移植受者术后焦虑抑郁普遍存在。亲属活体肾移植受者术后焦虑抑郁较尸肾移植受者更严重。     

维、汉族心血管病住院患者抑郁焦虑状况调查分析

目的了解新疆地区维、汉族心血管病患者抑郁、焦虑状况，使临床心理护理更具有针对性。方法 采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）、汉密顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、汉密顿抑郁量表（HAMD）对雏、汉族心血管病住院患者各100例进行调查。结果汉族患者SAS、SDS、HAMA、HAMD评分显著高于维族患者（均P〈0．01）。结论 新疆地区汉族心血管病住院患者抑郁、焦虑状况显著高于维族患者，应根据民族差异实施针对性的心理护理。     

终末期肾病患者睡眠质量与焦虑抑郁情绪的相关性研究

目的探讨终末期肾病患者的睡眠质量与焦虑、抑郁情绪及其相关性。方法对83例终末期肾病患者采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)进行调查。结果终末期肾病患者PSQI总分为(11.45±5.37)分,SAS评分为(46.25±8.58)分,SDS评分为(43.67±7.92)分;PSQI与SAS、SDS呈显著正相关(均P0.01)。结论终末期肾病患者睡眠质量较差,焦虑、抑郁情绪严重,且睡眠质量与焦虑、抑郁情绪有相关性。需运用心理干预治疗提高终末期肾病患者的睡眠质量。     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.