艾司洛尔对气管插管应激反应的影响

目的：探讨艾司洛尔对气管插管应激反应的影响。方法：选择全麻下非心脏手术患者60例,随机分为生理盐水组（C组）和艾司洛尔组（E组）各30例。观察两组患者全麻诱导前,予以艾司洛尔或生理盐水前的基础值,及插管前,插管时,插管后1min,3min,5min的无创血压、心率及心输出量的变化。结果：在气管插管后,C组患者的平均动脉压、心率、心输出量上升的幅度均明显大于E组（P〈0．05）。结论：艾司洛尔可以抑制气管插管应激反应。     

不同药物用于支撑喉镜手术气管插管时的血流动力学比较

目的比较瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚、艾司洛尔用于支撑喉镜手术气管插管时患者的心血管反应。方法选取2009年13月就诊的60例拟于全身麻醉下行择期支撑喉镜下声带息肉切除术的患者,随机分为丙泊酚组、艾司洛尔组和瑞芬太尼组,每组20例。麻醉诱导采用咪达唑仑、芬太尼和丙泊酚,患者意识消失后给予琥珀胆碱。1min后各组分别给予丙泊酚2mg/kg、艾司洛尔1mg/kg和瑞芬太尼1μg/kg。30s后进行气管插管。记录患者诱导前及插管前、插管后1、3、5min的心率和血压水平。结果各组插管前的收缩压和心率较诱导前明显降低,插管后1、3min的收缩压和心率较插管前升高（P〈0.05）。丙泊酚组和艾司洛尔组插管后的收缩压较瑞芬太尼组升高（P〈0.05）。丙泊酚组插管后心率较瑞芬太尼组增加（P〈0.05）。结论对行支撑喉镜手术的患者,气管插管前30s给予1μg/kg瑞芬太尼较2mg/kg丙泊酚和1mg/kg艾司洛尔能更有效地减轻气管插管时的血流动力学反应。     

不同剂量艾司洛尔预防双腔支气管内插管时心血管反应的临床研究

目的观察不同剂量的艾司洛尔对预防双腔支气管内插管时心血管反应的临床效果及合适剂量。方法选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级开胸手术患者60例,随机分为三组,每组20人。A组：注射生理盐水10ml（对照组）,B组：静脉注射艾司洛尔0．5mg／kg,C组：静脉注射艾司洛尔1mg／kg,记录麻醉诱导前（基础值）、诱导后2min、插管后即刻、插管后2min、5min、10min的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）,计算各对应时点HR和收缩压（SBP）的乘积（RPP）。结果与基础值相比,诱导后2min三组SBP、DBP、HR和RPP均较基础值显著降低（P〈0．05）,B组降低的程度比A组更甚,但不及c组低;气管插管后即刻,A组、B组的SBP、DBP、HR和RPP显著升高（P〈0．05）,但B组增高的程度明显低于A组（P〈0．05）,而C组保持稳定;插管后2min、5min、10min三组SBP、DBP、HR和RPP随时间逐渐趋于基础值,但B、C组仍低于A组（P〈0．05）。结论应用0．5mg／kg和1mg／kg两种剂量的艾司洛尔均能有效抑制双腔支气管内插管引起的心血管反应,但1mg／kg艾司洛尔为合适剂量,且血流动力学稳定。     

地尔硫卓预防冠心病病人气管插管心血管不良反应的临床研究

目的探讨地尔硫卓对冠心病病人气管插管心血管不良反应的预防作用。方法选择冠心病冠状动脉搭桥手术病人52例。随机分为两组：地尔硫卓组（n=24）麻醉诱导前2min静脉注射地尔硫卓0．2mg／kg;对照组（n=28）麻醉诱导前静脉注射等容量的生理盐水。记录给药前lmin、给药后2min、气管插管前、气管插管即刻、气管插管后lmin,3min和5min收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）,并计算心率收缩压乘积RPP（HR×SBP）。插管前10min至插管后15min记录动态心电图变化。结果对照组在气管插管即刻和插管后各时点心率、平均动脉压、心率收缩压乘积明显高于插管前;而地尔硫卓组除了在插管后lmin心率明显增快外,在插管即刻和插管后各时点上述血流动力学参数无明显增高．且分别低于对照组。对照组插管后动态心电图ST段和／或T波改变的发生率为56％,地尔硫卓组为26％,两组间变化具有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。对照组有两例发生ST段改变,地尔硫卓组无ST段改变。结论气管插管可引起心血管不良反应,冠心病病人还可诱发一过性心肌缺血。诱导前静注地尔硫卓0．2mg／kg具有预防作用。     

术前应用盐酸戊乙奎醚对老年患者经口气管插管血流动力学的影响

目的观察全身麻醉前应用盐酸戊乙奎醚及阿托品对老年患者经口明视气管插管血流动力学的影响。方法择期全身麻醉下行腹部手术老年患者60例,随机分为阿托品组和戊乙奎醚组各30例,分别于术前30min静脉注射阿托品0．01mg／kg、盐酸戊乙奎醚0．01mg／kg,2组麻醉诱导均按顺序静脉注射咪唑安定0．05rng／kg、芬太尼3μg／kg、阿曲库铵0．8mg／kg、异丙酚1～1．5mg／kg,3min后待患者意识完全消失,实施经口明视下气管插管。记录2组给药前（T0）、麻醉诱导前（T1）、麻醉诱导后（T2）、气管插管即刻（T3）、气管插管后5min（Ta）的血压、心率、脉搏血氧饱和度,计算心率一血压乘积,并比较2组气管插管时间。结果戊乙奎醚组、阿托品组气管插管时间分别为（41．5±11．2）、（39．7±10．3）S,2组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;手术过程中2组脉搏血氧饱和度均〉99％,各时间点血压比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,阿托品组T1～T4时间点心率均较T0明显增快（P〈0．05）,且T1～T3时间点心率、心率一血压乘积高于戊乙奎醚组（P〈0．05）;戊乙奎醚组心率〉100次／min比例低于阿托品组（P〈0．05）。结论老年患者术前应用盐酸戊乙奎醚有利于气管插管时血流动力学的稳定。     

气管插管型喉罩通气道与直接喉镜经口气管插管对血流动力学影响的比较

目的 气管插管型喉罩通气道（ILMA）为气管插管提供了一种新型途径，而且有望减轻气管插管时的心血管应激反应。但是，现有的研究结果并不一致。本研究目的在于：（1）进一步观察气管插管型喉罩通气道（ILMA）经口气管插管对血流动力学的影响；（2）证实经口气管插管时，气管插管型喉罩通气道（ILMA）是否能够比直接喉镜（DLS）产生较轻微的血流动力学反应。方法 择期整形外科手术患者53例，随机分为ILMA组和DLS组，经常规静脉诱导后气管插管。监测麻醉诱导前（基础值）、后，气管插管时和气管插管后5min内的血压（BP、收缩压SBP、舒张压DBP）和心率（HR）的变化。结果 ILMA组的平均气管插管操作时间较DLS组明显延长。气管插管后两组患者血压和心率均比麻醉诱导后明显升高，但血压的最大值未超过麻醉诱导前水平，而心率的最大值较麻醉诱导前明显升高。两组在各对应时问点的血压和心率无明显差异，血压和心率的最大值亦无明显差异。结论 在临床常用的全身麻醉深度下，ILMA和DLS经口气管插管操作引起的血流动力学反应相似。与DES相比较，ILMA引导经口气管插管并不具有减轻心血管反应的优点。     

艾司洛尔联合乌拉地尔预防光导纤维支气管镜引导经鼻气管插管应激反应的研究

目的研究艾司洛尔和乌拉地尔不同给药方式对光导纤维支气管镜（FOB）引导经鼻气管插管应激反应的预防作用。方法60例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级经FOB引导经鼻气管插管麻醉手术的患者,随机分为四组,每组15例。A组为对照组;B组为艾司洛尔组（艾司洛尔1mg／kg）;C组为乌拉地尔组（乌拉地尔0．5mg／kg）;D组为艾司洛尔＋乌拉地尔组（艾司洛尔0．5mg／kg＋乌拉地尔0．25mg／kg）。用药组药物于诱导前5min静脉注射,对照组注射2ml生理盐水。麻醉诱导均用芬太尼、咪唑安定、丙泊酚和维库溴胺。插管完成后接麻醉机,吸入1％～2％的异氟醚及间断静注芬太尼和维库溴铵维持麻醉。分别记录给药前,给药后5min,插管后1min、3min、5min和10min的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）和心率的值,并计算相应的收缩压和心率的乘积（RPP）值。结果血压：SBP、DBP与A组和给药前相比,给药后C、D组明显下降（P〈0．05）;插管后1min、3min,C、D组明显低于A组（P〈0．05）。心率：与A组和给药前相比,给药后B、D组明显降低（P〈0．05）;插管后1min、3min,B、D组明显低于A组（P〈0．05）。RPP值：与A组和给药前相比,B组（P〈0．05）、C组（P〉0．05）和D组（P〈0．05）均下降;插管后1min、3min、5min,D组明显低于A组（P〈0．05）;插管后1min、3min,B、C组均明显高于D组（P〈0．05）。结论联合应用艾司洛尔和乌拉地尔更能有效预防FOB引导经鼻气管插管应激反应的发生。     

瑞芬太尼与芬太尼对腹部手术患者麻醉气管插管血流动力学的影响

目的观察瑞芬太尼与芬太尼对腹部手术患者麻醉气管插管血流动力学的影响。方法择期行腹部手术病人42例，ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级、年龄18～72岁，随机分为瑞芬太尼组（R组，21例）、芬太尼组（F组，21例）；诱导方法：丙泊酚2mg／kg、罗库溴胺0．6mg／kg，其中R组用瑞芬太尼2μg／kg，F组采用芬太尼3μg／kg快速诱导；记录以下各时点的SBP、DBP、HR，麻醉诱导前1min（T0），诱导后1min插管前即刻（T1）及插管后1min（T2）、3min（T3），5min（T4）。结果R组SBP、DBP、HR在T1、T2、T3与基础值及与F组比较降低，差异分别为P〈0．01、P〈0．05，插管后5min回升至插管前水平。F组SBP、DBP在T1降低，T3恢复至插管前水平，HR差异无统计学意义。结论芬太尼、瑞芬太尼均能维持患者麻醉诱导插管时血流动力学稳定，瑞芬太尼抑制气管插管的应激反应优于芬太尼，但心率减慢、血压下降亦比芬太尼明显。     

Airtraq视频喉镜与Macintosh直接喉镜经口气管插管时的血流动力学比较

背景：常规使用Macintosh直接喉镜气管插管可引起强烈的血流动力学反应,从原理上讲,Airtraq视频喉镜对咽喉刺激小,但两者对血流动力学影响的比较研究尚未见报道。 目的：比较Airtraq视频喉镜和Macintosh直接喉镜经口气管插管时的血流动力学反应。 设计、时间及地点：随机对照观察,于2008-10/2009-04在大连市第二人民医院麻醉科完成。 对象：40例拟经口气管插管全身麻醉下择期手术患者,按随机数字表法分为Airtraq视频喉镜组和Macintosh直接喉镜组,每组20例。 方法：麻醉诱导后分别使用Airtraq视频喉镜和Macintosh直接喉镜显露声门行气管插管。Airtraq视频喉镜组选择普通型的Airtraq视频喉镜,置入内径为8.0的气管导管。Macintosh直接喉镜组选用3号镜片,使用内径为8.0的气管导管。 主要观察指标：声门显露时间、导管置入时间、麻醉诱导前、气管插管前、气管插管后即刻、气管插管后1,2,3min时的收缩压、舒张压、心率,计算各观察时点的二重指数。 结果：Airtraq视频喉镜组声门显露时间长于Macintosh直接喉镜组（P〈0.01）;导管置入时间Airtraq视频喉镜组短于Macintosh直接喉镜组（P〈0.01）。与麻醉诱导前相比,两组气管插管前收缩压、舒张压、二重指数均明显下降（P〈0.05）,心率变化不明显（P〉0.05）。与气管插管前相比,Airtraq视频喉镜组插管时及插管后各时点血流动力学指标无明显变化（P〉0.05）,Macintosh直接喉镜组气管插管后2min时心率、二重指数,气管插管后即刻、气管插管后1min收缩压、舒张压、心率和二重指数显著升高（P〈0.05）。气管插管后即刻、气管插管后1,2minMacintosh直接喉镜组心率、二重指数显著高于Airtraq视频喉镜组（P〈0.05）。 结论：与Macintosh直接喉镜相比,应用Airtraq视频喉镜行经口气管插管患者血流动力学反应较轻。     

长托宁与阿托品全麻前给药对气管插管和拔管反应影响的比较

目的：比较长托宁和阿托品全麻前给药对气管插管和拔管反应的影响。方法：选择全麻下行择期胆囊切除术患者48例，分为两组．Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组于麻醉前30min分别肌注长托宁和阿托品0．5mg。观察用药前、诱导前、插管后即刻、拔管前及拔管后即刻各时点的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、心率收缩压乘积（RPP），及呛咳、躁动、拔管后不适回忆例数。结果：长托宁组于插管后即刻、拔管后即刻的MAP、HR、RPP明显低于阿托品组（P〈0．05）。阿托品组于插管后即刻、拔管后即刻的MAP、HR、RPP明显高于用药前的基础值（P〈0．05）。与阿托品比较，长托宁能有效降低插管拔管时呛咳、躁动等副反应的发生率（P〈0．05）。结论：长托宁0．5mg于麻醉前给药，能在一定程度上抑制气管插管及拔管期间血流动力学变化及副反应。具有一定的临床应用价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.