腰交感神经阻滞有关解剖结构

目的:对腰交感神经节阻滞相关结构及其毗邻关系进行解剖观测,为腰交感神经节阻滞和预防并发症的发生提供解剖学基础.方法:对60侧尸体腰部与腰交感神经节阻滞相关结构及其毗邻关系进行了解剖观测.结果:腰交感神经节穿刺进针深度,皮肤至腰交感神经节的距离,左侧79.5 mm±0.6mm,右侧81.7 mm±0.8mm.获得了腰交感神经节毗邻结构的观测结果.结论:为腰交感神经节阻滞入路进针深度提供了解剖学依据,应注意误伤及腹主动脉、腰动脉、下腔静脉、椎管和肾等.     

避免肌间沟臂丛阻滞麻醉并发症有关的解剖学依据

我们对33具(66侧)男成尸进行了避免肌间沟臂丛阻滞麻醉产生并发症的解剖学研究。观测了臂丛上干中点至膈神经、迷走神经、颈部交感干、第六颈椎椎间孔外缘、喉返神经的距离,为临床提供掌握穿刺方向和穿刺深度以及穿刺至臂丛上干时需避免其邻近神经麻痹的解剖学数据。     

舌咽神经阻滞入路相关结构的应用解剖

目的 :为舌咽神经阻滞的进针入路和预防并发症的发生提供解剖学基础。方法 :观测了30侧成人头、颈部标本舌咽神经的毗邻结构。结果 :舌咽神经阻滞进针的深度 :乳突尖端与下颌角之间连线的中点至颈静脉孔的距离 ,左侧为 (2 3 .2± 0 .4)mm(17.0～ 30 .1mm) ,右侧为 (2 3.0± 0 .4)mm(16 .5～33 .3mm)。获得了舌咽神经的毗邻结构的观测结果。结论 :为舌咽神经阻滞的进针深度和预防并发症提供了解剖学依据。     

肌间沟臂丛阻滞麻醉穿刺深度的回归方程

本文对34具(66侧)男成尸分别进行了测量,观测了肌间沟径路臂丛阻滞麻醉经皮肤穿刺点至臂丛上干的进针深度平均为1.2±O.3(X±SD)cm.给临床上提供以个体颈围推算经皮肤穿刺点至臂丛上干的自身比例和回归方程。     

面神经阻滞入路相关结构的应用解剖

目的　探讨面神经阻滞入路相关结构的解剖关系 ,为面神经阻滞的进针入路和预防并发症的发生提供解剖学依据。方法　成年男性尸体 2 8具 (5 6侧 ) ,模拟面神经阻滞穿刺 ,用游标卡尺进行测量。结果　面神经阻滞穿刺点的位置为外耳道软骨下缘、乳突前缘和下颌支后缘的交汇处 ,垂直于正中矢状面进针 ,左侧深度为 19 91± 0 0 9mm ,右侧为 19 82± 0 10mm。结论　本研究确定了面神经阻滞准确的穿刺点、穿刺角度及深度 ,有利于麻醉药发挥作用以提高疗效。     

超声引导下锁骨下喙突旁与肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的效果对比

目的对比研究超声引导下锁骨下喙突旁与肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的效果。方法选取行手臂或者手部手术患者62例,随机分肌间组(32例)和喙突组(30例),肌间组采取肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞,喙突组采取锁骨下喙突旁臂丛神经阻滞,比较两组应用效果。结果喙突组臂内侧皮神经、前臂内侧皮神经、尺神经起效时间短于肌间组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。喙突组臂内侧皮神经、前臂内侧皮神经、尺神经的显效率均高于肌间组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论超声引导下锁骨下喙突旁阻滞的效果优于肌间沟入路臂丛神经阻滞,是更加优秀的麻醉方法。     

锁骨下臂丛阻滞两种不同入路的比较研究

目的:通过解剖学以及超声影像学方法比较两种锁骨下臂丛神经阻滞最常用的入路-喙突入路与VIP入路的进针点准确性以及安全性.方法:实验分两部分,(1)应用解剖学方法分析喙突人路与VIP入路的体表进针点与臂从神经的相互关系、进针深度以及进针点与肋骨或肋间肌的关系.(2)应用超声影像学方法分析两种入路体表进针点与腋动脉前壁的相互关系、进针点皮肤至腋动脉前壁的距离以及腋动脉前壁与胸膜的关系.结果:(1)喙突入路中,进针点与喙突尖的垂直距离小于总体均数2(P＜0.05);VIP入路中进针点与臂丛神经的距离与总体均数0比较,差异无统计学意义;VIP入路的臂丛神经深度以及进针点与胸廓的距离分别小于喙突入路(P＜0.05).(2)喙突入路中,探头中心与喙突尖的水平以及垂直距离与总体均数2比较差异无统计学意义;VIP入路中,探头中心与进针点的距离与总体均数0比较差异无统计学意义;VIP入路中的腋动脉前壁深度以及腋动脉前壁与胸膜的距离分别小于喙突入路(P＜0.05).结论:两种入路相比,喙突入路较VIP入路更具有安全优势.喙突入路中2 cm的值可能偏大,需要根据患者的体型调整进针点与喙突尖的水平及垂直距离.     

模拟C-臂机引导下经皮穿刺球囊压迫术治疗三叉神经痛穿刺路径的应用解剖

目的：对经皮穿刺球囊压迫术（ PBC）治疗三叉神经痛穿刺路径的重要组织结构进行解剖学研究,为提高 手术过程中穿刺的成功率,降低穿刺相关并发症提供解剖学依据。方法：取3 例福尔马林固定的完整男性头颅标本。 上方去除脑组织,显露卵圆孔。模拟Hartel 前入路,从标本唇联合外侧2 cm处进针,另2 个参考点为患者瞳孔下方 1 cm处及颧弓水平外耳道前3 cm处,直视卵圆孔调整穿刺针位置,将穿刺针放置卵圆孔,根据穿刺针穿刺路径逐 层分离组织,记录穿刺路径周围组织结构。结果：穿刺路径上经过的肌肉结构有颊肌、咬肌、翼内肌、翼外肌;血 管结构有面动静脉、面横动静脉、上颌动脉及其分支如咬肌支、颊肌支;主要神经为面神经的分支颊神经;以及皮肤、 腮腺、副腮腺、腮腺管、颊脂体等结构。结论：使用穿刺针进行穿刺时难免对神经、肌肉、血管等结构有所损伤, 但单次穿刺对上述解剖结构的损伤多症状轻微,严重的损伤多来自于锐性针尖的直接切割以及反复多次的穿刺造成 的医源性损伤。使用内含针芯的钝缘穿刺针以及不完全退针可显著减少相关并发症的发生,同时三维CT、立体定 向技术、神经导航技术的运用可大幅提升穿刺成功率,减少穿刺相关损伤。     

神经刺激仪联合超声在肥胖患者肌间沟臂丛麻醉中的应用效果分析

目的探讨神经刺激仪联合超声在肥胖患者肌间沟臂丛麻醉中的应用价值。方法选取在我院拟应用肌间沟臂丛麻醉的78例肥胖患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和研究组,每组39例。对照组应用神经刺激仪辅助进行肌间沟臂丛麻醉,研究组应用神经刺激仪联合超声辅助进行肌间沟臂丛麻醉。比较2组患者的麻醉完成时间、麻醉起效时间、镇痛持续时间、臂丛神经痛觉阻滞完善率、麻醉有效率、并发症发生率及患者满意度。结果研究组患者麻醉完成及起效时间均短于对照组(P<0.05),镇痛持续时间长于对照组(P<0.05)。2组患者桡神经及肌皮神经阻滞完善率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而研究组患者正中神经、尺神经及前臂内侧皮神经阻滞完善率均高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组患者麻醉有效率高于对照组(P<0.05),并发症发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组患者麻醉总满意率高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论肥胖患者在肌间沟臂丛麻醉中,应用神经刺激仪联合超声的麻醉效果理想,起效快,镇痛持续时间长,神经阻滞完善,并发症少且安全性高。     

臂神经丛联合阻滞的应用

目的总结＂四针法＂臂丛神经联合阻滞的经验,指导神经刺激仪的合理应用。方法回顾性分析臂神经丛阻滞356例,根据阻滞方法分为联合组（n=148）,联合组同时实施肌间沟阻滞加腋路阻滞加肋间臂神经阻滞;传统组（n=208）,传统组只实施肌间沟阻滞（n=176）,或腋路阻滞（n=32）,不行肋间臂神经阻滞。结果联合组麻醉效果优占97.3%,穿刺异感占47.3%;传统组优占87.0%,穿刺异感占69.7%。联合组与传统组比较,具有显著差异（P〈0.01）。结论 ＂四针法＂臂神经丛联合阻滞可提高臂神经丛阻滞的成功率。     

比较两种肌间沟臂丛阻滞的效果

目的在上肢手术中应用两种肌间沟臂丛阻滞,比较其对臂丛各种神经的阻滞效果。方法 104例拟行上肢手术的病人随机分为两组,A组采用神经鞘突破法或异感法;B组采用第6颈椎横突阻滞加上位皮肤压迫法。结果 A组对桡侧神经、正中神经阻滞效果好,对尺侧神经阻滞不全;B组桡侧神经、正中神经、尺侧神经阻滞效果皆满意。两组相比腋神经、尺神经、内侧皮神经感觉阻滞评分有显著差异（P〈0.05）。结论采用第6颈椎横突阻滞加上位皮肤压迫法可以弥补传统的肌间沟臂丛阻滞尺侧神经阻滞不全的不足。     

Brachial plexus anesthesia: A review of the relevant anatomy,complications, and anatomical variations

The trend towards regional anesthesia began in the late 1800s when William Halsted and Richard Hall experimented with cocaine as a local anesthetic for upper and lower limb procedures. Regional anesthesia of the upper limb can be achieved by blocking the brachial plexus at varying stages along the course of the trunks, divisions, cords and terminal branches. The four most common techniques used in the clinical setting are the interscalene block, the supraclavicular block, the infraclavicular block, and the axillary block. Each approach has its own unique set of advantages and indications for use. The supraclavicular block is most effective for anesthesia of the mid‐humerus and below. Infraclavicular blocks are useful for procedures requiring continuous anesthesia. Axillary blocks provide effective anesthesia distal to the elbow, and interscalene blocks are best suited for the shoulder and proximal upper limb. The two most common methods for localizing the appropriate nerves for brachial plexus blocks are nerve stimulation and ultrasound guidance. Recent literature on brachial plexus blocks has largely focused on these two techniques to determine which method has greater efficacy. Ultrasound guidance has allowed the operator to visualize the needle position within the musculature and has proven especially useful in patients with anatomical variations. The aim of this study is to provide a review of the literature on the different approaches to brachial plexus blocks, including the indications, techniques, and relevant anatomical variations associated with the nerves involved. Clin. Anat. 27:210–221, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Comparison of local infiltration analgesia and interscalene block for postoperative pain management in shoulder arthroscopy: a prospective randomized controlled trial

Background/aimThe aim of this study was to compare the effects of local infiltration analgesia and interscalene brachial plexus block techniques on postoperative pain control and shoulder functional scores in patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.Materials and methodsSixty patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair were prospectively included in the study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 was comprised of patients who had interscalene brachial plexus block, while group 2 was comprised of patients who had local infiltration analgesia. In group 1, interscalene block was applied with 20 mL 0.5% bupivacaine. In group 2, the Ranawat cocktail was used for local infiltration analgesia. Sixty milliliters of Ranawat cocktail was applied to the subacromial space and glenohumeral joint in equal amounts. Postoperative pain was assessed by the VAS score. Functional scores of the shoulder were also evaluated by Constant–Murley and UCLA scores. The time of first analgesic requirement and total analgesic consumption in the postoperative period were assessed. ResultsThe first analgesic requirement was significantly late in the interscalene brachial plexus block group (p = 0.000). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of total analgesic consumption (p = 0.204). In the postoperative 6th h, the VAS score was 2.43 in the interscalene brachial plexus block group, whereas 2.86 in the local infiltration analgesia group (p = 0.323). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of Constant–Murley shoulder and UCLA scores in the 3rd postoperative month (respectively, p = 0.929, p = 0.671). Besides, postoperative VAS scores and functional scores were negatively correlated (p < 0.01). Conclusion Local infiltration analgesia is an effective alternative to interscalene brachial plexus block for postoperative pain management and total analgesic consumption in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. However, the interscalene brachial plexus block provides a longer postoperative painless period.     

Non-Stimulation Needle with External Indwelling Cannula for Brachial Plexus Block and Pain Management in 62 Patients Undergoing Upper-Limb Surgery

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of a non-stimulation needle with an external indwelling cannula for upper-limb surgery and acute postoperative pain management. Methods: 62 patients undergoing either scheduled or emergency upper-limb surgery received brachial plexus block of modified interscalene or axillary brachial and then postoperative patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with local analgesics using a specially designed non-stimulation needle with an external indwelling cannula. The outcome measurements included anesthetic effect, acute or chronic complications, postoperative analgesic effect and patient''s satisfaction. Results: The success rate of anesthesia was 96.8%. The single attempt placement with the external indwelling cannula was achieved in 85.2% of patients with axillary brachial plexus block and 78.8% with modified interscalene brachial plexus block. The incidence of severe intoxication was 3.7% with axillary brachial plexus block and 3.0% with modified interscalene brachial plexus block. No hematoma at the injection site, Horner''s syndrome, hoarseness or dyspnea was observed. Postoperative analgesic effect was achieved in 100% and activities were slightly lowered in 91.7%. The incidence of nausea and vomit was 8.3%; patient''s satisfaction was 9.1 on a 10-point scale system. Infection, nerve injury and respiratory depression were absent during the catheter indwelling. The indwelling time of external indwelling cannula was 30.5 h on average. There was no nerve injury related complication after withdrawing the external indwelling catheter. Conclusions: Brachial plexus block using a non-stimulation needle with an external indwelling cannula has favorable intra-operative anesthetic benefit and provides an excellent postoperative analgesic outcome. The low incidence of complications and favorable patient''s satisfaction suggest that non-stimulation needle with an external indwelling cannula is a useful and safe anesthetic tool in brachial nerve block and acute postoperative pain management.     

体外钢板固定治疗锁骨骨折的应用解剖

目的　观察锁骨重要毗邻结构的解剖特征及其体表投影,为体外钢板固定治疗锁骨骨折的安全性提供基础。 方法　成人尸体标本15具30侧,分别观察锁骨下动静脉及臂丛和锁骨以及喙突的毗邻关系,并测量相应数据,确定锁骨下动静脉及臂丛在锁骨表面的投影范围。 结果　锁骨下动静脉及臂丛在锁骨表面的投影范围大约在其由内向外的第二个1/4段。锁骨下动静脉及臂丛和锁骨下缘的最近距离左侧平均为0.42 cm,右侧平均为0.57 cm。 结论　体外钢板固定治疗锁骨骨折时在锁骨由内向外的第二个1/4段穿针时要十分小心,方向尽量由后上向前下以减小血管神经束损伤的风险,而且螺钉外露的螺纹不宜过长,一般以1到2个螺纹为宜。只要注意锁骨及其重要毗邻结构的解剖特点,体外钢板固定治疗锁骨骨折的安全性是有保障的。     

改良的臂丛阻滞麻醉

目的 探讨解剖学对臂丛神经阻滞麻醉的影响,为临床研究及应用提供参考依据。方法 选取20具尸体,应用经改良的喙突下臂丛神经阻滞法入路定位,进行垂直穿刺,神经阻滞点采用蓝色染料标记,同时对神经集中部位与标记点进行解剖暴露,探查神经集中点和体表标志之间的解剖关系。结果 左侧集中部位上缘到锁骨下缘中点、胸锁关节下缘、肩峰及喙突下缘的距离分别为（3.62±0.24）cm、（10.39±0.25）cm、（6.67±0.18）cm及（2.80±0.19）cm;右侧集中部位上缘到锁骨下缘中点、胸锁关节下缘、肩峰及喙突下缘的距离分别为（4.24±0.27）cm、（11.10±0.28）cm、（6.35±0.19）cm及（3.03±0.15）cm。 结论 局部解剖学的应用提高臂丛神经阻滞的准确性,从而可提高臂丛神经阻滞麻醉的效果,为临床研究及应用提供参考依据。     

小鼠臂丛离断对脊髓运动神经元树突结构与形态退变的影响

目的 研究臂丛离断后脊髓运动神经元树突退变与时间和损伤距离的相关性。 方法 在距离椎间孔3 mm或10 mm处处离断小鼠臂丛,术后7、14、28、56 d取材,采用MAP2免疫荧光染色和体视学分析、Golgi-Cox染色和Sholl分析观测颈膨大处脊髓前角运动神经元的树突结构和形态变化;术后28 d比较距离椎间孔3 mm和10 mm臂丛离断对脊髓运动神经元树突的影响。 结果 MAP2免疫荧光显示臂丛离断导致脊髓前角内树突的密度和完整性随时间延长逐渐下降;Golgi-Cox染色和Sholl分析显示运动神经元最长树突、总树突长度、树突最大跨度、树突3级分支的数量均呈时间依赖性下降。与距离椎间孔10 mm处离断组相比,3 mm处离断引起的树突长度退变更为明显。 结论 脊髓运动神经元树突在周围神经损伤后会发生退变,随时间延长其退变程度加重,随损伤部位与脊髓的距离延长树突长度退变程度减轻。     

Interscalene block for shoulder surgery

Fracture dislocation of the shoulder is a common musculoskeletal injury following road traffic accident. Peripheral nerve block has become a recognized anesthetic technique due to the rapid onset of prolonged analgesia, sufficient for both pain and surgical management. However, interscalene block for shoulder surgery has not been reported as a primary anesthetic technique in our environment. We report its successful use in open reduction and internal fixation of left humeral surgical neck fracture dislocation. The interscalene brachial plexus were localized by a Polystim II nerve stimulator (te me na, Bondy, France) with sustained biceps motor response at 0.2 mA and 40 ml of local anesthetic, comprising 0.25% bupivacaine and 1.0% of lidocaine with 1 : 200,000 epinephrine in equal parts was administered to establish the block. Surgical anesthesia was achieved 18 minutes after instituting the block and surgery lasted 70 minutes without complications. This technique may obviate the use of general anesthesia with its risks.