2007年新疆奎屯垦区居民食用碘盐现状调查

[目的]了解奎屯垦区合格碘盐的食用情况。[方法]每个团场随机抽取32份居民食用盐,碘盐检测采用GB/T13025.7-1999直接滴定法。合格碘盐的判定标准为20~50 mg/kg,非碘盐的判定标准为<5 mg/kg。[结果]共抽取居民户碘盐288份。其中,272份属合格碘盐,10份不合格碘盐(包括2份>50 mg/kg的碘盐),6份非碘盐,合格率为94.44%。[结论]奎屯垦区居民食用碘盐情况良好,但个别团场食用碘盐合格率低于90%。应加强市场监督,加大抽检频次,打击非碘盐的冲销。     

1998-2001年永定县农村饮用水水质检测分析

[目的]了解永定县农村改水水质状况,为改水和选择水源提供科学依据.[方法]对1998-2001年改水水质检测资料进行统计、评价和分析.[结果]水质平均合格率为61.7%,山泉水合格率高于井水,山泉水的pH值、铁、锰、氟化物合格率分别高于井水.[结论]本县农村山区改水选择水源优先选择无污染山泉水,集镇所在地可选择深井水为水源,以提高改水水质质量.     

梅州市城乡居民饮用水源水质调查

目的了解梅州市城乡居民饮用水源水质卫生现状,为农村改水防病工作的进一步开展提供依据。方法2003年12月至2005年1月采取水源普查和水质抽查相结合方法,全市以村为单位抽查2个饮用水源,以及6个县城、129个乡镇自来水厂共135个水源,依照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》及《农村实施<生活饮用水卫生标准>准则》对居民饮用水源水质进行检测和评价。结果全市(含乡镇)共有各类水源205102个,41.6%的人口饮用集中式供水(简易自来水),58.4%的人口饮用分散式供水。共抽查各类水源4183个,69.9%水源水质符合农村饮水Ⅰ、Ⅱ级标准,其中手摇井水合格率为83.1%(365/439)、井水合格率为70.2%(848/1207)、泉水合格率为69.7%(1478/2122)、河水合格率为69.6%(103/148)、库水合格率为53.9%(61/113)、沟水合格率为47.8%(64/134)、塘水合格率为30.0%(6/20),各类水源水质合格率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。集中式供水水质合格率为59.0%(869/1472),分散式供水水质合格率为75.8%(2056/2711),两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论梅州市城乡居民饮用水源受到不同程度的污染,水源选择、卫生防护是当前急需解决的问题。     

砷氟对子代生长发育影响的研究

新疆奎屯地区由于地理地质的原因，造成该地区某些地下水中砷、氟蓄积，导致了饮用这些井水的居民出现地方性砷中毒和氟中毒[1，2]。已有研究结果[3－6]表明，砷、氟均可通过胎盘，影响胎儿及子代的生长发育，但仍然缺乏母体摄入高砷、高氟后对生后儿童青少年健康影响的流行病学调查研究的资料。我们于1995年7月对经1985年改水后出生在原砷、氟中毒病区的3～10岁儿童进行了生长发育情况的调查，以期了解母体摄入高砷、高氟水后对子代是否存有潜在危害。1对象与方法1．1对象：选择奎屯垦区123团房建连为A区（原为高砷、高氟区），原水砷含量…     

新疆奎屯垦区生活饮用水水质检测结果分析

目的：了解奎屯垦区生活饮用水水质状况。方法：采集奎屯垦区十个农牧团场204个连队自来水水样,根据2001年卫生部《生活饮用水卫生规范》进行检测。结果：204份水样中pH合格率最低为50.5%,其次依次为：细菌总数合格率79.4%,氟化物合格率为81.9%。结论：奎屯垦区生活饮用水仍需加强改进和监督检测。     

黔东南州2006年农村饮用水卫生学调查

[目的]了解农村饮用水卫生状况.[方法]按照分层随机抽样原则抽取镇远、施秉、台江3个县,每县调查10个点,共采集水源水和用户用水各30份,按照进行<生活饮用水检验规范>(2001)和<农村实施(生活饮用水卫生标准)准则>进行水样采集、保存、检测和评价.[结果]水源水和用户用水合格率分别为36.67%和23.33%.水质不合格主要原因是细菌总数和总大肠菌群严重超标,水源使及用户水不合格率分别为48.33%及63.33%.[结论]调查县多数人口都饮用不合格的饮用水,主要卫生问题是饮用水被微生物污染.     

地下水砷含量及其与居民慢性砷中毒关系

天然水往往含有不同浓度的砷,一般来说其含量不大,故很少危及居民健康。近数十年来,一些国家和地区相继发现一些因饮高砷水所致的慢性砷中毒。1980年,我们证实了新疆奎屯垦区存在慢性水源性砷中毒,改水后取得了一定的防治效果。为查明该地区砷对居民健康危害规律,我们对饮水含砷量及其砷中毒关系进行了研究。     

安徽省地方性砷中毒病区调查

目的了解安徽省是否存在水源性高砷区及地方性砷中毒区,为地方性砷中毒防治提供依据。方法根据安徽省生活饮用水质抽样普查工作的结果,选定天长市、五河县、砀山县为地方性砷中毒重点调查县。采取分阶段随机抽样方法,每县随机选取15个调查点(自然村)调查水砷含量。对饮水水砷含量超标的调查点进行砷中毒病情现场调查,调查居民超标水井饮用年限、皮肤角化、皮肤脱色、皮肤色沉情况,并检测其家中饮用水水砷、水氟含量及尿砷等。结果共计检测水砷450份,其中15份水砷超标(>0.05mg/L)。对水砷超标较高的五河县临北乡官塘铺行政村宣滩自然村调查,初步诊断发现地方性砷中毒可疑14人,轻度5人。结论安徽省境内发现水源性高砷区和地方性砷中毒病区存在。并发现有疑似及轻度病人存在。在发现高砷区中不存在高氟水源和地氟病病区。应尽快在高砷区开展改水降砷及地方性砷中毒的监测工作。     

2003年安阳市农村饮水氟含量和改水降氟工程调查

[目的]了解安阳市饮水高氟暴露情况和改水降氟工程使用情况.[方法]对2003年安阳市开展的地氟病流行病学调查中居民饮水氟含量和改水降氟工程使用情况调查资料进行分析.[结果]在安阳市所属各县(市)的87个乡镇合计检测3 392个自然村的饮水,水氟含量超标(≥1.1 mg/L)的452个村,占13.32%.水氟含量超标村所占比例,内黄县、滑县、安阳县、汤阴县分别为28.65%、24.43%、7.01%、7.82%,林州市调查的自然村均未超标.调查水氟超标的4个县的472处改水降氟工程,正常使用的占90.46%,正常使用率内黄县、滑县、安阳县、汤阴县分别为97.69%、100.00%、99.35%、59.00%;检测正常使用改水降氟工程的村的饮水,氟含量合格率为68.62%,4县合格率为29.61%～98.43%.[结论]安阳市农村部分饮水氟含量超标;改水降氟工程正常使用率较高.     

张家川县降氟改水工程监测调查

[目的]评价张家川回族自治县降氟改水工程效果,为进一步加强农村饮用水的管理工作提供科学依据.[方法]参照历年水质检验结果,临床发病以及实施改水工程分布情况,采集9个乡镇的102个行政村457份水样进行水氟检测.[结果]未改水检测点水氟＜1.0mg/L,含氟量在0.1～0.9mg/L的273份,占86.1%,1.0-1.9mg/L的44份,占13.9%;降氟改水工程检测点,水氟含量在0.1～0.9mg/L之间的为135份,占96.4%,1.0-1.9mg/L的5份,占3.6%.[结论]张家川县的降氟改水工程已取得了显著效果和社会效益,今后工作重点为加强水源管理,以巩固降氟改水成果.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.