肝内胆管结石手术与内镜取石的疗效对比与危险因素分析

目的 探讨手术与内镜取石治疗肝内胆管结石的近远期疗效及其危险因素分析.方法 对安徽医科大学附属省立医院2001-2008年收治的254例接受手术或内镜取石的肝内胆管结石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中189例患者得到完整随访,手术组127例,内镜取石组62例.采用单因素及多因素Logistic同门分析影响肝内胆管结石疗效的相关因素. 结果 手术治疗(包括肝切除)肝内胆管结石的清除率为85.0％(108/127),内镜取石的为61.3％(38/62);平均随访时间6.0(2.5～10.5)年,总体复发率(结石复发或反复发作胆管炎症状)为32.8％ (62/189),出现胆汁性肝硬化的为7.4％ (14/189),发展为胆管癌的为3.7％(7/189);7例均死亡.单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析显示:胆管狭窄、结石分布在双侧肝内胆管和内镜取石是结石残留的独立高危因素,OR值分别为7.522(95％CI:2.642～21.415),11.630(95％ CI:3.989～33.912),21.374(95％CI:6.713～68.056);结石残留、胆管狭窄、内镜取石是结石复发或反复发作胆管炎的独立高危因素,OR值分别为3.059(95％ CI:1.307～7.159),3.702(95％ CI:1.567～8.745),4.841 (95％CI:1.946～12.043).结论 胆管狭窄、结石分布在双侧肝内胆管和内镜取石是结石残留的独立高危因素;结石残留、胆管狭窄及内镜取石治疗是胆管炎发作的独立高危因素.     

肝部分切除治疗肝内胆管结石患者术后并发症及影响因素分析

目的分析肝内胆管结石肝部分切除术后并发症及影响因素。方法对100例肝内胆管结石患者行肝部分切除治疗,回顾性分析术后并发症发生率以及影响因素。结果 100例肝内胆管结石患者术后并发症发生率为35%。Logistic回归分析结果显示,既往胆道手术史、手术时间为术后并发症的独立风险因素(OR值:4.550、4.235。OR95%CI:1.885~9.857、1.779~8.789,P0.05)。结论既往胆道手术史、手术时间为肝内胆管结石术后并发症的独立风险因素,临床应予以高度关注。     

肝切除联合术中纤维胆镜治疗肝胆管结石

目的 总结肝切除联合术中纤维胆道镜治疗肝胆管结石的疗效。方法 回顾分析我院经肝切除联合术中纤维胆镜治疗的54例肝胆管结石患者的临床资料。结果 手术死亡1例，术后重要并发症9例，包括胆瘘，膈下感染，肝功不全，胆道出血；残留结石4例，残留胆管狭窄3例，胆管细胞癌3例，随访8-78个月，结石复发5例，死亡5例（2例肝衰，3例胆管细胞癌），结论 肝切除联合术中纤维胆镜治疗肝胆管结石安全有效。且能消除胆管细胞癌发生的危险，优于传统手术，对肝硬化患者，是否行右肝切除应据患者情况而定。     

保留尾状叶左半肝切除治疗左肝内胆管结石

目的 分析左肝内胆管结石行左肝外叶切除术后结石复发的危险因素及对策.方法 回顾性分析湖南省浏阳市人民医院1998年4月-2008年8月263例因左肝内胆管结石行左肝外叶切除病例的临床资料,对出现术后结石复发患者各影响因素进行x2检验,并分析结石复发的独立危险因素.并回顾性分析2008年9月-2013年6月,对高危险因素的左肝内胆管结石患者行保留尾状叶左半肝切除后,与左肝外叶切除术后胆道镜次数进行x2检验.结果 单因素分析显示:肝脏Ⅳ段有萎缩、左肝管开口处狭窄、肝脏Ⅳ段有结石及肝脏Ⅳ段有纤维化与左肝内胆管结石行左肝外叶切除术后结石复发有关联(P =0.000);对结石复发的高危险因素病例行保留尾状叶左半肝切除,比较两种手术方式术后胆道镜次数,发现保留尾状叶左半肝切除的手术方式能显著减少术后胆道镜次数(P=0.000).多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果显示:肝脏Ⅳ段萎缩、左肝管开口处狭窄和肝脏Ⅳ段结石是左肝内结石行左肝外叶切除术后,结石复发的独立危险因素(P＜0.05).结论 肝脏Ⅳ段萎缩、左肝管开口处狭窄和肝脏Ⅳ段结石是左肝内结石行左肝外叶切除术后,结石复发的独立危险因素;保留尾状叶左半肝切除是处理这种危险因素的理想治疗方法.     

输尿管镜在肝内外胆管结石术中的应用

目的:探讨输尿管镜在肝内外胆管结石术中的应用优势。方法:分别对术中应用输尿管镜碎石取石及胆道镜取石的156例开放性肝内外胆管结石手术患者临床资料及疗效进行回顾性比较分析。结果:术中输尿管镜碎石取石者(输尿管镜组,80例)手术时间为40~120 min,平均手术时间70 min,住院天数6~12 d,平均住院10 d,手术并发症发生率为3.75%,术后复查结石残留率为1.25%;胆道镜取石者(胆道镜组,76例)手术时间为50~150 min,平均手术时间85 min,住院天数8~16 d,平均住院12 d,手术并发症发生率为7.89%,术后复查结石残留率9.21%;输尿管镜组手术时间、住院天数、手术并发症发生率及术后结石残留率明显低于胆道镜组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:开放性肝内外胆管结石术中应用输尿管镜碎石取石比胆道镜更快速、有效,并发症更少、住院时间更短、术后结石残留率更低,是术中清除肝内外胆管结石的一种安全可靠的理想方法。     

肝切除术治疗肝内胆管结石术后发生并发症的危险因素分析

目的 探讨肝切除治疗肝内胆管结石术后并发症的危险因素.方法 对中山大学附属第一医院近4年来择期行肝切除术的肝内胆管结石363例病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析.根据术后是否发生并发症分成两组,A组为并发症组(n=110);B组为无并发症组(n=253).对可能引起并发症的因素进行单因素和多因素统计分析.结果 本组因并发症病死2例,手术病死率为0.6%.110例病人术后出现并发症,发生率为30.3%.术后并发症包括:伤口感染/液化42例(11.6%)、胸腔积液41例(11.3%)、膈下积液36例(9.9%)、胆漏21例(5.8%)、腹腔积液/感染13例(3.6%)、消化道出血3例(0.8%)、胆道出血2例(0.6%)、肝功能衰竭1例(0.3%).多因素分析结果 显示,既往胆道手术史(P=0.042,OR=0.617,95%CI:0.388～0.982)和手术时间(P=0.0001,OR=0.994,95%CI:0.991～0.997)是术后发生并发症的独立危险因素.结论 既往胆道手术史与手术时间的长短是影响肝内胆管结石肝切除术后并发症发生的独立危险因素.对既往有胆道手术史的病人充分的术前准备,提高手术技巧,仔细分离,尽量缩短手术时间是防止肝切除术后出现并发症的关键因素.     

肝左外叶切除联合胆道镜取石术治疗左肝内胆管结石的效果分析

目的分析肝左外叶切除联合胆道镜取石术治疗左肝内胆管结石的效果。方法对30例左肝内胆管结石患者采用肝左外叶切除术联合胆道镜治疗。观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间和并发症发生率。结果患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间(185.24±38.20)min,术中出血量(346.67±128.74)m L,住院时间(14.84±6.02)d。术后发生切口感染或愈合不良2例,胆漏2例。无结石残留、肺部或膈下感染及肝功能异常等病例。术后随访1~2 a,未出现结石复发患者。结论肝左外叶切除术联合胆道镜治疗左肝内胆管结石,并发症少,恢复时间短,结石残留率和复发率低,安全有效。     

胆道镜治疗术后肝内胆管结石并狭窄13年经验总结：附697例报告

目的:总结胆道镜治疗术后肝内胆管结石并狭窄的经验,提高肝内胆管结石并狭窄的治疗效果。方法:回顾2000年1月—2012年12月应用胆道镜经T管窦道治疗术后肝内胆管结石并狭窄的697例患者临床资料,分析技术要点,评价疗效。结果:672例患者取净结石,结石取净率96.4%。胆道镜共发现1 306支肝内胆管狭窄,其中1 297支狭窄得到解除,狭窄解除率99.3%。狭窄解除、结石取净后患者胆管壁恢复光滑。9例患者出现严重并发症,均经治疗后痊愈。结论:规范的胆道镜治疗能有效解除术后肝内胆管狭窄,取净结石;肝内胆管狭窄的发现及处理是胆道镜治疗的优势,应根据不同狭窄类型分别对待;萎缩肝段切除和术中取石在肝内胆管结石治疗中仍具有重要作用。     

单纯切除病变胆管分支治疗右肝区域性胆管结石的疗效分析

目的:探讨单纯切除病变胆管分支治疗右肝区域性胆管结石的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2008年11月—2014年11月19例右肝区域性胆管结石行单纯病变胆管分支切除的患者资料。结果:19例患者中,男8例,女11例;9例有胆道手术史;结石均局限于V、VI或VII段的3级及以上胆管。患者手术方式均为单纯病变胆管分支切除,即根据术前影像学资料和术中B超检查,确定病变胆管根部位置及结石范围,切除包括病变胆管及其周围受损的肝组织,不行常规胆囊切除和胆管引流。手术出血量100~500 m L,手术时间2~4.5 h,肝门阻断时间10~20 min。术后胆瘘3例,胸水1例,膈下脓肿1例,结石残留1例;住院期间无死亡病例。17例患者获得随访3~72个月,其中2例患者行CT、MRI检查可疑结石复发,其他患者无临床症状且检查无结石复发,生活质量优良率88.2%。结论:对于肝胆管结石仅局限于V、VI或VII段的3级及以上胆管的患者,可采取单纯切除病变胆管分支的手术方式,且具有较好的疗效。     

减少肝内胆管结石术后残留的体会（附50例报告）

目的 减少肝内胆管结石术后的残留。方法 回顾性分析近5年我科收治的50例肝内胆管结石病例行病灶肝切除并结合术中、术后胆道镜应用的近期疗效及术后残石率。结果 术后近期并发症发生率为8％,无胆漏、肝衰及手术死亡发生,术后B超、逆行T管造影及术后胆道镜检查证实的即期残石率仅4％（2例）。结论 减少肝内胆管结石术后结石残留的关键是术中术后胆道镜的使用,肝内及肝门胆管狭窄的彻底处理;依据狭窄胆管所引流区域行“根治性”的肝组织切除是取尽结石,清除病灶的合理方法。     

Reappraisal of percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotomy for primary hepatolithiasis

BACKGROUND: A review of the literature pertaining to percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotomy (PTCSL) showed that more than 50% of reported patients had undergone earlier biliary surgery. METHODS: A retrospective study investigated 74 patients undergoing initial PTCSL for hepatolithiasis who had undergone no prior biliary surgery or manipulation. The patients were followed for 1 to 23 years after PTCSL for effective evaluation of the procedure outcome. RESULTS: Complete clearance of hepatolithiasis was achieved for 61 (82%) patients. The incomplete clearance rate was higher for patients with intrahepatic duct stricture (11/37 [30%] vs 2/37 [5%]; p < 0.05), although it showed no relation to the actual lobar distribution of hepatolithiasis (left: 7/41 [17%] vs right: 2/11 [18%] vs bilateral: 4/22 [18%]; p < 0.05). The recurrence rate for hepatolithiasis also was higher for patients with intrahepatic duct stricture (18/26 [69%] vs 13/35 [37%]; p < 0.05), but the recurrence rate showed no relation to the lobar distribution of hepatolithiasis (left: 18/34 [53%] vs right: 4/9 [44%] vs bilateral: 9/18 [50%] p > 0.05) or the presence of gallbladder stones (5/12 [42%] vs 26/49 [53%]; p > 0.05). Patients showing the coexistence of retained or recurrent hepatolithiasis demonstrated a higher incidence of recurrent cholangitis (57% [13/23] vs 14% [7/51]; p < 0.01) or cholangiocarcinoma (17% [4/23]) vs 0% [0/51]; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The findings show that PTCSL is effective for treating primary hepatolithiasis, and that complete stone clearance is mandatory to diminish the sequelae of hepatolithiasis. Intrahepatic duct stricture was the main factor contributing to incomplete clearance and stone recurrence.     

Reducing Residual and Recurrent Stones by Hepatectomy for Hepatolithiasis

The long-term outcomes of 97 consecutive patients with hepatolithiasis, who underwent treatment from January 1971 to June 2006, were analyzed. The short-term outcomes included the rate of residual stones and complications after treatment, whereas the long-term results included the stone recurrence rate. In 22 of the 97 (22.7%) patients, residual stones were found after treatment for hepatolithiasis. The incidence of residual stones was 0% in hepatectomy patients, 48.6% in cholangioenterostomy patients (p < 0.001, compared with hepatectomy), 25.0% in T-tube drainage patients (p = 0.015, compared with hepatectomy), and 10.0% in percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy (PTCSL) patients. In 15 of the 66 (22.7%) patients who were treated for hepatolithiasis, recurrent stones were found after intervals of 5 to 24 years. The incidence of recurrent stones was 13.9% in hepatectomy patients, 28.5% in cholangioenterostomy patients, 25.0% in T-tube drainage patients, and 50.0% in PTCSL patients (p = 0.021, compared with hepatectomy). Hepatectomy appears to be the most effective treatment for selected patients with isolated left hepatolithiasis (L). In PTCSL procedures, favorable results have been obtained when the stones were completely cleared; however, the incidence of recurrent stones is high in patients after PTCSL.     

Comparison of treatments for hepatolithiasis: hepatic resection versus cholangioscopic lithotomy.

BACKGROUND: Hepatic resection and percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotomy (PTCSL) are the two main approaches to the treatment of hepatolithiasis, but comparisons of longterm followup results have not been adequately reported. STUDY DESIGN: Of 86 patients with hepatolithiasis admitted to our institution between 1980 and 1996, we reviewed 54 patients: 26 who underwent hepatic resection and 28 who underwent PTCSL. Five patients who underwent postoperative cholangioscopic lithotomy were included in the former group. The remainder of the hepatolithiasis patients were not treated by hepatic resection or PTCSL and, therefore, were excluded from this study. Hepatic resections were mainly indicated for left-sided localized intrahepatic calculi, atrophic liver, and possible presence of cholangiocellular carcinoma. PTCSL was performed for right-sided, bilateral or recurrent stones at an average of 6 treatments (range 1 to 20 treatments) for each patient. There were no differences between the two groups in terms of gender or age. The recurrence rate of stones and longterm prognosis were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and other clinical factors listed below were statistically compared. RESULTS: The rate of complete removal of stones was similarly high in each group (96.2% in the hepatic resection group versus 96.4% in the PTCSL group). The complication (38.5% versus 21.4%) and 5-year survival (85.6% versus 100%) rates were comparable. Remaining bile duct stricture (18.2% versus 60.9%, p < 0.01) and 5-year recurrence rates (5.6% versus 31.5%, p < 0.05) were statistically lower in the hepatic resection group than in the PTCSL group. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatic resection, when combined with postoperative cholangioscopic lithotomy, is a preferable treatment for left-sided stones with strictures and bilateral stones.     

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??The values and status of hepatectomy in the treatment of hepatolithiasis YIN Xiao-yu. Department of Pancreato-biliary Surgery??the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University??Guangzhou 510080??China
Abstract Hepatolithiasis is referred to the intra-hepatic bile duct stones which occurs proximal to the confluence of right and left hepatic ducts. It can involve in one or more segments or lobe of the liver??and even the whole liver??and is commonly associated with biliary stricture??confluence anomalies and even biliary dilatation. It is one kind of difficultly-treated benign disease??especially for the complicated hepatolithiasis. Provided choledochotomy with extraction of stones has been used in the treatment of hepatolithiasis??its alone frequently fails to completely remove all stones??and is associated with high incidence of stone recurrence. Anatomical hepatectomy is helpful to remove all stones completely??simultaneously remove the diseased bile ducts and the hepatic parenchyma??and has the advantages of low incidences of residual stones and stones recurrence. Hence??hepatectomy represents as a curative approach and should be actively adopted for the indicated patients with hepatolithiasis.     

计算机三维重建技术在复杂肝胆管结石诊治中的临床应用

背景与目的:肝内胆管结石,特别是合并数个肝段结石或是既往合并多次胆道手术史的复杂肝胆管结石的诊断治疗是肝胆外科的难题之一,如何能够"一站式"清除结石是目前的研究热点。鉴于目前计算机三维重建可视化技术已经越来越多的被应用在肝叶切除术中,本研究探讨计算机三维重建技术在诊断和治疗复杂肝内外胆管结石诊治中的临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月1日—2019年7月31日期间由中国科技大学附属第一医院胆胰外科收治的术前行计算机三维重建的肝胆管结石病例的临床资料。结果:共纳入期间收治的复杂肝胆管结石19例,包括Ⅰ型9例,IIa型6例,IIb型3例,IIc型1例,合并肝外胆管结石12例,肝内胆管结石合并肝占位性病变1例,肝胆管结石合并右肝血吸虫病1例。手术方式包括行左半肝切除术3例、行右半肝切除术7例、行胆总管探查引流术9例。术前三维重建与术中符合情况:门静脉、肝动脉走行符合率均为78.95%;结石在胆管分布、肝脏体积符合率均为84.21%;总准确率为73.68%。术后胆管直接造影均未见结石残留,无术后胆管炎发作病例,无胆道损伤病例。结论:术前计算机的三维重建技术能精准描述肝内胆管结石的分布,精确测量肝脏体积,在复杂肝胆管结石的诊断、手术方案个体规划中有重要的临床应用价值,可以最大程度的达到结石的"一站式"的清除效果。     

肝内胆管结石外科手术方法探讨

目的: 探讨肝内胆管结石并狭窄的手术治疗方法及其效果。方法: 总结8年间住院的165例肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄患者的外科手术治疗情况。其中A组85例行肝叶(或肝段)切除的各种术式，同时行胆管空肠吻合40例，肝断面扩张胆管、肝门胆管与空肠双口吻合10例，T管和U管引流分别为21例和14例；B组80例行非肝叶(或肝段)切除术的各种术式，其中胆总管切开取石+T管引流23例，胆总管切开取石+U形管引流15例，胆肠吻合+胆总管取石42例。肝门部肝胆管狭窄整形46例。结果: A组无手术死亡；随访2～7年，术后残留结石4例，残石率4.71%；症状复发3例，复发率3.53%，无再手术者。B组无手术死亡；B组随访2～7年，术后残留结石12例，残石率15.00%。10例术后常有上腹隐痛或发热，症状复发率12.5%。术后经胆道镜取石5例，其余6例中有3例再次行肝叶切除治愈。结论: 肝段(叶)切除联合其他手术是治疗肝内胆管结石较为理想而有效的手术方式。     

肝内胆管结石患者行腹腔镜左肝切除术后远期生存质量的影响因素分析

目的:探讨肝内胆管结石行腹腔镜左肝切除术后远期生存质量的影响因素。方法:回顾分析2010年1月至2017年12月216例肝内胆管结石患者行腹腔镜左肝切除术的临床资料,根据远期生存质量情况分组,分析患者术后远期生存质量的影响因素。结果:79例行左半肝切除术,137例行左外叶切除术;术后随访25~80个月,中位随访时间34.0个月;随访评价生存质量良好192例,不佳24例;其中结石残留22例、复发16例、胆管炎反复发作24例、死亡6例。单因素分析结果显示,性别、肝胆手术史、血肌酐、白蛋白、活化部分凝血活酶时间、胆道镜使用情况、术后胆道引流情况、手术时间及术后结石残留情况与腹腔镜左肝切除术后远期生存质量有关(P<0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,肝胆手术史、术后胆道引流情况及手术时间是肝内胆管结石患者微创左肝切除术后远期生存质量的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。结论:有肝胆手术史、术后胆道引流及手术时间≥240 min的肝内胆管结石患者远期生活质量更差,预后不良风险更高。     

肝部分切除联合胆道镜治疗肝内胆管结石

目的探讨肝部分切除联合胆道镜治疗肝内胆管结石的疗效。方法回顾性分析近4年肝部分切除联合胆道镜治疗肝胆管结石42例的治疗方法和疗效。结果术后全组无死亡病例,发生切口感染4例（9．6％）,胆漏2例（占4．7％）,肺部感染3例（占7．1％）。手术后疗效优良者35例,优良率86．8％。结石复发3例（13．2％）。结论肝部分切除联合胆道镜的使用是治疗肝胆管结石的有效手段,可减低术后残石及结石复发率。     

外科治疗2465例原发性肝内胆管结石的临床总结

目的 总结原发性肝内胆管结石的外科治疗经验。方法 对近25年来收治的2465例原发性肝内胆管结石的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 手术方式：单纯外引流2034例（82.5％）,单纯内引流手术431例（17．5％）,附加肝部分切除586例（23．8％）。术后发生各种并发症211例（8．6％）,术后围手术期死亡17例（0.7％）。术后获得随访共1767例（71．7％）,随访时间2—25年,疗效优良1518例（85.9％）。术后发现残余结石315例（17．8％）。115例（6．5％）结石复发。结论 术前影像学全面地了解结石的分布和胆管狭窄的部位,术中应用各种取石方法,恰当的肝部分切除,合理的引流方式,术后应用胆道镜取石,能有效地减少术后并发症的发生,降低残石率和结石复发率。     

Indication and procedure for treatment of hepatolithiasis

HYPOTHESIS: Because of its complicated clinicopathologic features, hepatolithiasis is difficult to treat, and there is no established method of treating patients with intrahepatic stones. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. SETTING: Second Department of Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan (January 1, 1971-December 31, 2000). PATIENTS: Eighty-nine patients treated for hepatolithiasis (43 male; median age, 56.9 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The rate of residual stones and complications after the treatments of hepatolithiasis. RESULTS: Between 1971 and 1985, 17 patients (41%) had stones located in the left or right intrahepatic duct, and 25 patients (60%) had stones located in the bilateral intrahepatic duct. From 1986 through 2000, 32 patients (68%) had stones located in the left or right intrahepatic duct, and 15 patients (32%) had stones located in the bilateral intrahepatic duct (P =.009). The rate of residual stones after surgical and nonsurgical treatment was 41% (17 of 42 patients) in 1971 through 1985, but decreased to 11% (5 of 47 patients) in 1986 through 2000 (P =.001). The rate of residual stones after cholangioenterostomy or T-tube insertion was 43.8% (21 of 48 patients), but the rate of residual stones after hepatectomy or percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy (PTCSL) was 2.4% (1 of 41 patients, P<.001). In cases treated by PTCSL, we used a holmium (Ho):YAG laser in 3 cases since 1999. To our knowledge, there have been no reports describing the use of Ho:YAG lasers to treat hepatolithiasis. Also, board-shaped stones can be sufficiently pulverized without inducing hemorrhage from the bile duct wall. CONCLUSIONS: According to the current therapeutic strategy for hepatolithiasis, hepatectomy seems to be the most effective treatment for selected patients with isolated left hepatolithiasis if other surgical procedures cannot remove all the related lesions. In addition, PTCSL seems to be performed first in isolated right hepatolithiasis and bilateral lobe type hepatolithiasis. In PTCSL procedures, favorable results have been obtained using the Ho:YAG laser for fracturing intrahepatic stones.