对我国蛇毒抗凝剂的再评价

蛇毒抗凝利是从不同种蝗蛇毒中分离提取制成的复合酶制剂。近几年来，国内已先后将数种蝗蛇毒经分离、提取制成了多种制剂，它们的王要成分、作用机理、临床应用等虽都大致相同.但工艺流程、质量标准、活性表示方法及制对规格等都各不相同，临床疗效也有差异，以致很难达到预计的效果，不仅给临床使用带来不便和混乱.影响了蛇毒抗凝剂的临床疗效评价，而且对蛇毒抗凝剂的进一步研究和开发利用产生了一定的影响。本文就国产蛇毒抗凝剂的有效成分、质量标准、药理作用、临床应用及存在的问题等几方面作一论述与评价，以期对我国蛇毒抗凝剂的进…     

五步蛇蛇毒化学成分分析及其抗肿瘤活性筛选研究

目的:对五步蛇蛇毒进行化学成分分析及其抗肿瘤生物活性研究,为蛇毒成分在抗肿瘤领域的进一步开发提供参考.方法:采用考马斯亮蓝法测定五步蛇蛇毒总蛋白含量,SDS-PAGE法分析蛇毒蛋白成分;以肝癌细胞Hep G2、乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231为研究对象,采用MTT法对蛇毒抗肿瘤活性进行筛选.结果:蛇毒总蛋白平均含量为65...     

蛋白组学技术在抗蛇毒血清研究中的运用

毒蛇咬伤是热带、亚热带地区比较常见,给公众健康带来严重危害的一类疾病。动物源性的抗蛇毒血清是现代蛇伤治疗的主要手段,但是由于蛇毒成分复杂,且存在种内、种间变异,由全蛇毒免疫所获得的抗蛇毒血清存在诸多不足之处。随着蛋白组学技术在蛇毒研究的应用,使人们对蛇毒的研究有了一些新的认识,近年来出现的"蛇毒蛋白组学"(Venomics)和"抗蛇毒血清组学"(Antivenomics)技术的出现,为生产新型的、毒素特异性的抗蛇毒血清带来了可能,本文现就"蛇毒蛋白组学"(Venomics)和"抗蛇毒血清组学"(Antivenomics)在蛇毒研究及抗蛇毒血清设计和质量控制等几个方面进行综述。     

福建尖吻蝮蛇蛇毒类凝酶对家兔血小板数量及血栓素B2的影响

传统观念认为蛇毒只具有抗凝血作用,但近年来进一步研究发现,蛇毒中提纯出的一种凝固蛋白(蛇毒类凝酶)在大剂量时具有抗凝血作用,作为抗凝药用于溶栓治疗;小剂量具有止血作用,作为止血药.由于蛇毒的产地、种类不同,作用也不尽相同,为进一步探索蛇毒类凝酶的止血作用是否与血小板有关,本文测定了福建尖吻蝮蛇蛇毒类凝酶对家兔血小板数量及血栓素(TXB2)的影响.     

精制蛇毒制剂治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的探讨精制蛇毒制剂对急性脑梗死治疗价值.方法将起病在72小时内的60例脑梗死患者随机分为两组精制蛇毒治疗组及常规治疗组.治疗前后进行脑卒中患者的神经功能缺损评分,并检验血凝,血液流变学各项指标.结果精制蛇毒治疗组能明显改善神经功能缺损,疗效优于常规治疗组.特别在起病12小时内开始用药者疗效较佳.精制蛇毒明显降低血凝及血液流变学指标.结论精制蛇毒制剂能改善脑梗死患者的神经功能.     

使用抗蛇毒血清的时限

毒蛇咬伤行之有效的治疗是迅速使用抗蛇毒血清.在毒蛇咬伤后多久使用抗蛇毒血清治疗仍有作用?据报道在毒蛇咬伤后4小时内使用抗蛇毒血清有效,8小时后使用作用轻弱,24小时后作用令人怀疑.但对咬伤后24小时的患者是否中止抗蛇毒治疗呢?作者报道1例重度毒蛇咬伤出血患者在咬伤后8天入院用抗蛇毒血清治疗结果.     

乌梢蛇血清抗蛇毒因子对多种蛇毒的作用

许多有毒蛇血清中含有天然抗蛇毒因子 ,可中和其自身毒液中毒素 ,并证明这些抗蛇毒因子属于蛋白质 ,其解毒过程不属于抗原抗体结合的免疫反应 .作用机理已部分阐明 ,部分尚在进一步研究中 .毒蛇血清中的抗蛇毒因子可能只中和其自身毒素 ,解毒机理各不相同 ,此现象被认为是毒蛇自身防御机理之一 .中国科技大学曾在 1 979年中国生化学会蛇毒科研和利用研讨会上报道乌梢蛇 (Zaocys dhumnades)血清可中和五步蛇毒 .本实验观察了乌梢蛇血清对抗多种蛇毒的情况 .从乌梢蛇 (浙江天台 )尾部采血 ,获得血清 ,58℃灭毒后 ,与眼镜蛇 (Naja naja atra)…     

蛇毒(包括WHO国际参考蛇毒)特性的标准简易测定法的发展

1979年WHO曾在瑞士苏黎世召开蛇毒和蛇毒抗血清的协调委员会。会上检查了医学上重要蛇毒基本生物学性质的标准检定方法的发展情况和抗蛇毒血清中和能力的检定     

蛇毒类抗血栓蛋白酶的研究进展

血栓栓塞性疾病严重威胁人类健康,研究具有优势的抗栓药物是当代医学的重点和热点之一.蛇毒中存在3类具有抗栓作用的蛋白酶,分别为蛇毒类凝血酶、纤维蛋白(原)溶解酶、纤溶酶原激活剂.对这3类抗血栓蛋白酶进行了综述,分别介绍了各类酶的分布、结构、生化性质以及作用机制,并结合其性质及机制分析在抗栓方面存在的优点和不足.另外,还介绍了蛇毒类抗血栓蛋白酶的研究现状,临床应用情况,以及临床常用的一些成熟药物.     

脂质体对蛇毒免疫作用的影响

由于蛇毒固有的毒性,制备抗血清很费事,常用的福尔马林类毒素化易降低毒素的免疫原性.为此本文介绍了蛇毒抗原经脂质体和四氧化锇处理后,一次注射即可产生较高而持久的抗体应答的方法.     

Biopharmaceutical applications of nanogold

The application of nanogold in biopharmaceutical field is reviewed in this work. The properties of nanogold including nanogold surface Plasmon absorption and nanogold surface Plasmon light scattering are illustrated. The physical, chemical, biosynthesis methods of nanogold preparation are presented. Catalytic properties as well as biomedical applications are highlighted as one of the most important applications of nanogold. Biosensing, and diagnostic and therapeutic applications of gold nanoparticles are evaluated. Moreover, gold nanoparticles in drugs, biomolecules and proteins’ delivery are analyzed. Gold nanoparticles for the site-directed photothermal applications are reviewed as the most fruitful research area in the future.     

The black Aspergillus species of maize and peanuts and their potential for mycotoxin production

The black spored fungi of the subgenera Circumdata, the section Nigri (=Aspergillus niger group) is reviewed relative to their production of mycotoxins and their effects on plants as pathogens. Molecular methods have revealed more than 18 cryptic species, of which several have been characterized as potential mycotoxin producers. Others are defined as benign relative to their ability to produce mycotoxins. However, these characterizations are based on in vitro culture and toxins production. Several can produce the ochratoxins that are toxic to livestock, poultry, and humans. The black aspergilli produce rots of grapes, maize, and numerous other fruits and grain and they are generally viewed as post-harvest pathogens. Data are review to suggest that black aspergilli, as so many others, are symptomless endophytes. These fungi and their mycotoxins contaminate several major grains, foodstuffs, and products made from them such as wine, and coffee. Evidence is presented that the black aspergilli are producers of other classes of mycotoxins such as the fumonisins, which are known carcinogenic and known prior investigations as being produced by the Fusarium species. Three species are identified in U.S. maize and peanuts as symptomless endophytes, which suggests the potential for concern as pathogens and as food safety hazards.     

Radiolabeled colloids and macromolecules in the lymphatic system

The scintigraphic technique to investigate the lymphatic system is based on a good knowledge of basic criteria in order to correctly interpret the findings. This article penetrates these criteria, updates the present knowledge, and covers basic science work and clinical applications. The anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the lymphatic system are covered. Basic criteria for the radiopharmaceuticals to be used are described as well as their quality control. The principles for lymphoscintigraphy are described. The dosimetry in lymphoscintigraphy as well as radiation risk is estimated for different procedures. Experimental animal studies are summarized. Clinical applications cover staging procedures for breast cancer, malignant melanoma, pelvic neoplasms, and lymphoma. Lymphadenoectomy follow-up studies are also included. The use of lymphoscintigraphy in radiotherapy dose planning is described as well as lymphatic function studies in, e.g., edema and lymph transplantations.     

The pharmaceutical physician — requirements for the position

Summary Physicians looking for a position as pharmaceutical physician are usually uncertain whether they are suitable for this activity by training and personal abilities. The main requirements are a major interest in therapeutics and research as well as the ability to treat a disease as an entity instead of the individual patient. The pharmaceutical physician is a specialist in the area of drug development. Even by treating populations and diseases his ultimate goal is to contribute to better care for the individual patient. Requirements for training and the personal abilities necessary for the position of a pharmaceutical physician are described and recommendations given for applicants.     

Non-linear mixed effects models for the evaluation of dissolution profiles

The use of non-linear mixed effects models to describe dissolution data has been evaluated. A theoretical part is included to introduce this approach to scientists who are not familiar with this type of statistics. The standard settings of the statistical software package (S-plus) are used as much as possible. Several mathematical functions like the Weibull, logistic, first-order and Gompertz are employed as basis for the non-linear mixed effects models. Examples are given using dissolution data of immediate and extended release tablets. The results are compared with those obtained using linear mixed effects models.     

Regulation of brain microvessel function

The brain microvessels are formed by a specialized endothelium and regulate the movement of solutes between blood and brain. The endothelial cells are sealed together by tight junctions and play a role as the blood-brain barrier. The brain microvessels express GLUT1 as the major form of glucose transporter, aquaporin-4 as a water channel, and p-glycoprotein as a xenobiotic transporter. Occludin and claudin-5 have been identified as the components of tight junction. Increasing evidence suggests that the activities of the transporters are regulated by adrenergic nerve activity as well as by bioactive peptides such as adrenomedullin. The regulation of the activity as well as expression of these transporters may become a strategy for prophylaxis and treatment of not only cerebral vascular diseases but also neurodegenerative disorders, developmental abnormalities and aging of the brain.     

Part IV. EpilogueChapter 14. Discussion About Narrative Methods as a Strategy for Investigating and Understanding the Use and Misuse of Alcohol and Drugs

Preliminary and tentative conclusions concerning theoretical and methodological issues about narrative methods and their use as a research strategy for investigating and understanding the use and misuse of alcohol and drugs are presented. The treatment methods that are influenced by narrative strategies as well as this tool's limitations are noted. The article focuses particularly on approaches based on, and influenced by, psychology, sociology and social work when conducting narrative research.     

Obtaining pharmacoeconomic data in health care organizations

The article illustrates the process and techniques of obtaining or collecting pharmacoeconomic data in various health care organizations, focusing on hospitals, physicians' offices, and pharmacies as the research settings. The role that pharmacoeconomic data have in the decision-making process as well as the perspective of the decision maker are also discussed. The three primary components needed to conduct a complete pharmacoeconomic analysis (clinical outcomes, humanistic outcomes, and economic outcomes) are described in relation to the health care organization. The strengths, weaknesses, advantages, and disadvantages of such data are discussed. Various databases that are accessible within each organization are also outlined.     

Advances in toxicology and medical treatment of chemical warfare nerve agents

Organophosphorous (OP) Nerve agents (NAs) are known as the deadliest chemical warfare agents. They are divided into two classes of G and V agents. Most of them are liquid at room temperature. NAs chemical structures and mechanisms of actions are similar to OP pesticides, but their toxicities are higher than these compounds. The main mechanism of action is irreversible inhibition of Acetyl Choline Esterase (AChE) resulting in accumulation of toxic levels of acetylcholine (ACh) at the synaptic junctions and thus induces muscarinic and nicotinic receptors stimulation. However, other mechanisms have recently been described. Central nervous system (CNS) depression particularly on respiratory and vasomotor centers may induce respiratory failure and cardiac arrest. Intermediate syndrome after NAs exposure is less common than OP pesticides poisoning. There are four approaches to detect exposure to NAs in biological samples: (I) AChE activity measurement, (II) Determination of hydrolysis products in plasma and urine, (III) Fluoride reactivation of phosphylated binding sites and (IV) Mass spectrometric determination of cholinesterase adducts. The clinical manifestations are similar to OP pesticides poisoning, but with more severity and fatalities. The management should be started as soon as possible. The victims should immediately be removed from the field and treatment is commenced with auto-injector antidotes (atropine and oximes) such as MARK I kit. A 0.5% hypochlorite solution as well as novel products like M291 Resin kit, G117H and Phosphotriesterase isolated from soil bacterias, are now available for decontamination of NAs. Atropine and oximes are the well known antidotes that should be infused as clinically indicated. However, some new adjuvant and additional treatment such as magnesium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate, gacyclidine, benactyzine, tezampanel, hemoperfusion, antioxidants and bioscavengers have recently been used for OP NAs poisoning.