影响疟疾传播的社会经济因素

社会经济因素在疟疾的传播中起着很重要的作用。个体的人口统计学特征和行为生活方式,如年龄、性别、职业、受教育程度、家庭经济状况、家庭住址、是否具有疟防知识及疟防行为等都可能影响疟疾的发生、发展。另外,社会稳定状况、自然灾害和社会经济发展状况对疟疾的传播也起着一定的影响作用。     

自然与社会因素对传疟媒介按蚊生态习性的影响

疟疾广泛流行,严重危害人类健康,不仅造成沉重的疾病负担,而且产生严重的政治、经济和社会影响。研究认为,自然和社会因素可对媒介按蚊的生态习性产生一定程度的影响。现就气候变化、自然灾害等自然因素,杀虫剂滥用、水体污染、快速城市化、开垦荒地、滥伐森林、水库建设与耕作制度改变等社会因素对媒介按蚊生态习性的影响研究和发现进行综述,以便为全球消除疟疾目标顺利实现采取更具针对性的媒介按蚊防控策略和措施。     

1950—2011年无锡市疟疾流行特征和相关因素分析

目的分析1950—2011年无锡市疟疾流行情况及相关因素,对今后疟疾防治给予警示,以巩固疟防成果。方法收集1950—2011年疟疾防治资料,对不同年代疟疾发病率进行统计分析。结果以发病率为1/万为流行与非流行临界线,无锡市疟疾流行可粗略分为前32年(1950—1981年)为流行年,后30年(1982—2011年)为非流行年。流行年无锡市曾出现过2个高峰,分别是1961年(621.22/万)和1972年(34.82/万)。结论在控制流行至基本消灭的过程中,疟疾的发生和流行,除与传染源、传播媒介、易感人群有关外,还受自然灾害、社会政治、经济、政策、文化、地域等因素的影响。     

厄尔尼诺与人类健康

厄尔尼诺-向南摆动(ENSO)现象类似于周期性自然气候变异性,它引起太平洋海面温度(厄尔尼诺)和穿越太平洋流域大气压(向南摆动)的变化 ,对全球天气产生不良影响.厄尔尼诺每2～6年发生一次,导致太平洋周围各国天气极端变化并引起旱涝灾害,致使全球自然灾害增多.有证据证明,由ENSO引起气候异常的一些地区的某些疾病,尤其是疟疾危险的增加与厄尔尼诺有关,其他以蚊和啮齿动物为传媒的疾病也与之有关.事先进行天气模式的季节性预报将有助于早期预测流行病,特别是疟疾的危险.     

百色水利枢纽工程地区疟疾流行现状的基线调查

目的了解百色水利枢纽建设工地及周围居民区疟疾流行的现状,为开展《百色水利枢纽工程对疟疾传播影响及其防制措施研究》和实施全球基金广西流动人口疟疾监测与控制项目评估提供基线数据。方法调查大坝工地施工队及民工的来源、人数和卫生状况;对工地周围3个乡(镇)3个行政村9个自然村部分居民和学生进行疟史、使用蚊帐和疟防知识知晓情况调查,查阅所调查的3个乡(镇)卫生院发热病人血检疟原虫阳性登记、医生开具抗疟药处方和疟疾疫情上报记录,统计走访调查查出的疟疾病人数与卫生院疟疾疫情报告数的符合率。结果2002年右江区疫情报告疟疾发病率为0.15‰0,居民蚊帐使用率98.05%,疟防知识知晓率,中、小学生和居民分别为72.40%、67.22%和27.32%。结论水利枢纽建设工地及周围地区疟疾发病率低,存在疟疾病例漏查漏报和输入疟疾病例的情况。对居民进行健康教育,加强疟疾监测,控制输入疟疾病例传播扩散,是防止工地疟疾暴发流行和巩固防治成果的重要措施。     

厄尔尼诺与人类健康

厄尔尼诺-向南摆动（ENSO）现象类似于周期性自然气候变异性，它引起太平洋海面温度（厄尔尼诺）和穿越太平洋流域大气压（向南摆动）的变化，对全球天气产生不良影响。厄尔尼诺每2-6年发生一次，导致太平洋周围各国天气极端变化并引起旱涝灾害，致使全球自然灾害增多。有证据证明，由ENSO引起气候异常的一些地区的某些疾病，尤其是疟疾危险的增加与厄尔尼诺有关，其他马蚊和啮齿动物为传媒的疾病也与之有关。事先进行天气模式的季节性预报将有助于早期预测流行病，特别是疟疾的危险。     

经济发展与疟疾

疟疾和其它传染病一样,与社会、经济和政治有着密切的关系。在过去的数十年里,随着社会生产力的不断提高,经济的不断发展,为疟疾的控制提供了强有力的物质基础和财力保障,然而经济发展又确实给疟疾的控制带来了许许多多的问题。协调经济发展与疟疾控制的关系,已引起全面重视。 一、经济发展对疟疾控制的影响 1、疟疾的流行,阻碍了经济发展。据国外有关资料报道,通过经济发展水平的纵向比较表明,在疟疾流行没有得到控制的国家,国民生产总值(GNP)最低,原来为低疟区和防治水平较高的国家,GNP持续增长,疟疾流行未控制的国家,GNP的年均增长率最低,消灭疟疾的国家,GNP年平均增长率最高。     

深圳市移民疟疾流行状况研究

深圳市移民疟疾流行状况研究程锦泉李耀培周丽自１９７９年成立深圳经济特区以来，外来人员急剧增加，出现疟疾爆发流行。为揭示移民对疟疾流行的影响，探讨移民疟疾流行规律，我们对特区成立以来移民疟疾流行情况进行了系统分析研究。１．材料与方法：人口资料来源于深圳...     

2015年驻马店市输入性疟疾病例分析

目的掌握2015年驻马店市输入性疟疾的流行病学特征和发展趋势,有效预防和控制输入性疟疾在本市的影响。方法材料来源于中国疾病预防控制信息系统,对每个病例的详细资料进行分析。结果9例患者均由非洲国家的疟疾流行区输入,其中7例恶性疟和2例间日疟。9例疟疾病人经过规范治疗后痊愈,治愈率为100%。结论非洲输入性疟疾患者多为恶性疟疾,早发现,早治疗对恶性疟疾的救治非常重要。     

厄尔尼诺现象对卫生的影响

本文报道最近一次厄尔尼诺现象及其对卫生工作的影响，不少研究已证实两者有密切关联。下面简单介绍１９９７～１９９８年厄尔尼诺现象对虫媒传播性疾病（疟疾、裂谷热）和流行性腹泻病（霍乱、痢疾）的影响情况。１疟疾：厄尔尼诺现象对疟疾的影响是使全球许多地区疟疾发...     

灾后流动人口传染病的流行及危险因素研究

近年来自然灾害日渐增多,而灾后往往发生大量的人口流动以及由此导致传染病的发生和流行.了解灾后流动人口的传染病流行特点对预防和控制其发生和流行至关重要.此文对近年来国外灾后流动人口传染病的流行及其危险因素进行综述.     

Chronically unprepared: emergency preparedness status among US medically vulnerable populations

Journal of Public Health - The prevalence of large-scale natural and biological disasters has increased in recent years and can have detrimental impacts on health. Some populations are more...     

Methodological problems and amendments to demonstrate effects of temperature on the epidemiology of malaria. A new perspective on the highland epidemics in Madagascar, 1972-89

There is a growing consensus that changes in climate will have major consequences for human health through a reduction in the availability of food and an increasing frequency of natural disasters. However, the contribution of higher temperatures to vector-borne diseases, particularly malaria, remains controversial despite the known biological dependence of both vector and pathogen on climate. Misconceptions and inappropriate use of variables and methods have contributed to the controversy. At present there appears to be more support for non-climatic explanations to account for the resurgence of malaria in the African highlands, e.g. the deterioration of malaria control and the development of drug resistance. An attempt is made here to show that dismissing temperature as a driving force in the case of malaria is premature. Using a de-trended time-series of malaria incidence in Madagascar between 1972 and 1989 indicated that a minimum temperature during 2 months at the start of the transmission season can account for most of the variability between years (r2 = 0.66). These months correspond with the months when the human-vector (Anopheles gambiae sensu lato) contact is greatest. The relationship between El Ni?o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and temperature (r = 0.79), and ENSO and malaria (r = 0.64), suggests that there might be an increased epidemic risk during post-Ni?o years in the Madagascar highlands and therefore warrants increased vigilance and extended control efforts in the first half of 2003. This review suggests that the rejection of climate-disease associations in studies so far published may not have used biologically relevant climate parameters. It highlights the importance of identifying more relevant parameters during critical periods of the transmission season in order to aid epidemic forecasting and to assess the potential impact of global warming.     

常见危重病患者人群并发创伤后应激障碍研究进展

既往对创伤后应激障碍(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,PTSD)的研究主要集中于战争、自然灾害和人为灾害相关的创伤事件。近年来,人们逐渐开始认识到危及生命的疾病同样可视为导致PTSD的应激源。一些危重病并发PTSD不仅不利于患者危重病自身的治疗,还严重影响其生存质量。为尽可能降低危重病并发PTSD的可能性,提高危重病患者的生存质量,本文就一些常见危重病诱发PTSD进行初步探讨,以期对危重病患者并发PTSD进行早期预警及早期干预。     

Meeting report: WHO consultation on malaria vaccine development,Geneva, 15–16 July 2019

Considerable progress has been made in malaria control in the last two decades, but progress has stalled in the last few years. New tools are needed to achieve public health goals in malaria control and elimination. A first generation vaccine, RTS,S/AS01, is currently being evaluated as it undergoes pilot implementation through routine health systems in parts of three African countries. The development of this vaccine took over 30 years and has been full of uncertainties. Even now, important unknowns remain as to its future role in public health. Lessons need to be learnt for second generation and future vaccines, including how to facilitate early planning of investments, streamlining of development, regulatory and policy pathways.A number of candidate vaccines populate the current development pipeline, some of which have the potential to contribute to burden reduction if efficacy is confirmed in conditions of natural exposure, and if they are amenable to affordable supply and programmatic implementation. New, innovative technologies will be needed if future malaria vaccines are to overcome important scientific hurdles and induce durable, high level protection.WHO convened a stakeholder consultation on the status of malaria vaccine research and development to inform the recently reconstituted Malaria Vaccine Advisory Committee (MALVAC) which will assist WHO in updating its current guidance and recommendations about priorities and product preferences for malaria vaccines.     

Malaria on the move: human population movement and malaria transmission

Reports of malaria are increasing in many countries and in areas thought free of the disease. One of the factors contributing to the reemergence of malaria is human migration. People move for a number of reasons, including environmental deterioration, economic necessity, conflicts, and natural disasters. These factors are most likely to affect the poor, many of whom live in or near malarious areas. Identifying and understanding the influence of these population movements can improve prevention measures and malaria control programs.     

浅议公共卫生事件中医院的应急管理

近年来,自然灾害的频繁发生及传染病等其他各类公共事件的日益增加,促使人们对应急管理的认识不断提高。而医院在突发公共卫生事件中担负着极其重要的角色,笔者就医院在处理应对公共卫生事件中的相关理论及工作定位做了简要分析,并就医院如何提高应急管理能力提出了建议与要求。     

Methodological problems and amendments to demonstrate effects of temperature on the epidemiology of malaria. A new perspective on the highland epidemics in Madagascar, 1972-1989

There is a growing consensus that changes in climate will have major consequences for human health through a reduction in the availability of food and an increasing frequency of natural disasters. However, the contribution of higher temperatures to vector-borne diseases, particularly malaria, remains controversial despite the known biological dependence of both vector and pathogen on climate. Misconceptions and inappropriate use of variables and methods have contributed to the controversy. At present there appears to be more support for non-climatic explanations to account for the resurgence of malaria in the African highlands, e.g. the deterioration of malaria control and the development of drug resistance. An attempt is made here to show that dismissing temperature as a driving force in the case of malaria is premature. Using a de-trended time-series of malaria incidence in Madagascar between 1972 and 1989 indicated that a minimum temperature during 2 months at the start of the transmission season can account for most of the variability between years (r² = 0.66). These months correspond with the months when the human-vector (Anopheles gambiae sensu lato) contact is greatest. The relationship between El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and temperature (r = 0.79), and ENSO and malaria (r = 0.64), suggests that there might be an increased epidemic risk during post-Niño years in the Madagascar highlands and therefore warrants increased vigilance and extended control efforts in the first half of 2003. This review suggests that the rejection of climate-disease associations in studies so far published may not have used biologically relevant climate parameters. It highlights the importance of identifying more relevant parameters during critical periods of the transmission season in order to aid epidemic forecasting and to assess the potential impact of global warming.     

Malaria vectors: from the field to genetics. Research in Africa

Only about 60 Anopheline species transmit malaria among more than 3,000 mosquito species recorded in the world. In Africa, the major vectors are Anopheles gambiae,An. arabiensis, An. funestus, An. nili and An. moucheti. They all belong to species complexes or groups of closely related species that are very difficult to set apart on morphological grounds, but which may have highly variable behaviours and vectorial capacities. Understanding this complexity is of major importance in vector control programs or for implementing any public health intervention program such as drugs or vaccine trials. Among the seven species of the complex,Anopheles gambiaes.s. shows a huge chromosomal polymorphism related to adaptation to specific natural or anthropic environments, from equatorial forested Africa to dry sahelian areas. Recent studies conducted in West and Central Africa suggest an incipient speciation into 2 molecular forms provisionally called M and S. A similar evolutionary phenomenon is observed in An. funestus, in which sympatric populations carrying specific chromosomal paracentric inversions showed restricted gene flow. Distribution of species from An. nili group and An. moucheti complex is restricted to more humid regions of Africa. However in some areas these species play the major role in malaria transmission. Comprehensive knowledge of transmission cycles and of behavioural and underlying genetic heterogeneities that exist within and among natural vector populations will thus benefit the whole area of malaria control and epidemiology. Molecular and genetic studies, as well as in depth monitoring of vector biology, have been recently facilitated by advances in functional and comparative genomics, including recent publication of the nearly complete genome sequence of An. gambiae. Challenge for the next years is to answer to the very simple question: why is an insect a vector?