MRI对腰椎间盘突出症的诊断价值

目的 探讨ＭＲＩ对于腰椎间盘突出病理分型的诊断价值。方法 比较２４２例腰椎间盘突出症例的ＭＲＩ检查结果与手术所见。结果 手术证实２４２名患者中包含型椎间盘突出１２９例,非包含型１１３例。轴位ＭＲＩ区分含民非包含型椎间透突出的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为７７．９％、７２．１％和７４．８％,矢状位为８０．５％、７６．０％和７８．１％。结论 根据ＭＲＩ检查结果区分包含型与非包含型椎间盘突出并不可靠。     

Epidemiology and Impact of Hand and Wrist Injuries in Major and Minor League Baseball

Background: Professional baseball players are at risk of acute and chronic injuries to their upper extremities. Methods: Major League Baseball’s Health and Injury Tracking System, a prospective injury surveillance system, was used to identify and characterize all hand and wrist injuries sustained by all Major League Baseball (MLB) and Minor League Baseball (MiLB) players during the pre-, regular, and postseason throughout 2011-2016. Injuries were included if they resulted in at least 1 day out of play and were sustained during standard baseball activities. Days missed were defined as the time between injury and the first time in which a player was cleared to return to play. Results: During the study period, there were 4478 hand and 1748 wrist injuries throughout MLB and MiLB, which resulted in a total of 105 246 days out of play. This was equivalent to the length of 575 individual MLB player seasons, and the mean days missed per injury was 17 days. Most injuries were traumatic in nature, with 43% (n = 2672) of players injured after being hit by a baseball that mainly occurred during batting (n = 2521; 40%). Injuries that most frequently required surgical intervention were hook of hamate fractures (72%) and scaphoid fractures (60%). Conclusions: Understanding the epidemiology and impact of hand and wrist injuries in MLB and MiLB players may lead to improved management of these injuries and reduce time away from play. Most importantly, preventive measures and/or enhanced protective gear may be developed to minimize these types of injuries in MLB and MiLB.     

椎间孔与椎间孔外腰椎间盘突出的分型及治疗

椎间孔与椎间孔外腰椎间盘突出的临床表现轻重不一，非手术治疗的效果亦不相同。作者发现这种差异可能与腰椎间盘突出相对于椎弓根的位置有关，故依此将其分两型。Ⅰ型：突出椎间盘向头侧移位至椎弓根下缘；Ⅱ型：椎间盘向外侧突出为主伴有轻微的头侧移位。又根据是否合并后外侧突出，将每型分为ａ、ｂ两个亚型。ａ：单纯椎间孔或椎间孔外突出；ｂ：合并有后外侧突出。按此分型，本组２３例中，Ⅰａ型８例、Ⅰｂ型２例，Ⅱａ型７例、Ⅱｂ型６例。Ⅰ型组病情重，保守治疗效果差，均需手术治疗；Ⅱ型组病情较轻，甚至无症状，５０％的患者经保守治疗可愈。故建议对Ⅰ型病例积极手术治疗，Ⅱ型病例宜先予非手术治疗，如无效再予手术。本组采用经峡部外缘入路腰椎间盘切除术１２例，结果表明本法优于传统的手术治疗方式，适用于绝大部分病例。但对Ⅱｂ型以椎间盘后外侧突出为主的病例，仍可采用椎板与部分关节突切除的方法治疗。     

Intraradicular disc herniations in the lumbar spine and a new classification of intradural disc herniations

STUDY DESIGN: A case report of intraradicular disc herniation. Intraradicular disc herniation is a special type of intradural disc herniations. In this report, we present the tenth case of intraradicular lumbar disc herniation and suggest a new classification for intradural disc herniations. CASE REPORT: A 32-year-old male was admitted to hospital having experienced pain in the lower back and right leg for 1 month prior to admission. Neurological examination revealed weakness of the extensor hallucis longus, positive Laségue's sign, decreased ankle reflex in his right lower extremity, and bilateral paravertebral muscle spasm. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a disc herniation with a posterolateral extruded fragment on the right at the level of the L5-S1 space. He underwent L5 laminectomy. During the operation, the right S1 root was found to be swollen and immobile. A longitudinal incision was made in the dura of the right S1 root and an intradural free disc fragment was removed, and the S1 root was relieved. The patient was free of pain postoperatively. CONCLUSION: We suggest a new classification for intradural disc herniations with this unusual case presentation and review the literature for pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment.     

Experiences with lumbar disc herniations in adolescents

AIM: Lumbar disc herniation is rare in adolescents and often misread. The difference of etiology, symptoms and therapy in comparison to adults were investigated and the long-term outcome of conservative and surgically treatment evaluated. METHOD: We analysed informations obtained from the medical records of 51 patients younger than 20 years with 79 lumbar disc herniations. For the long-term follow-up we prepared a questionnaire composed of general questions about the patient's lifestyle, pain level and remaining symptoms. RESULTS: The average period from the beginning of the symptoms to the finding of the right diagnosis took about 14,3 months. We compared disc herniations in adolescents with the current literature of disc herniations in adults and found differences in etiology and symptoms. In 16 % of our patients the beginning of the pain was associated with a trauma, in 12 % the pain began during sports activity (microtrauma). In 49 % we found radiological signs of spinal aberrations. Low back pain and monoradicular sciatica were the main complaints, but findings of neurological deficits were rare. 27 patients were managed conservatively and 24 surgically. On the day of discharge 94 % of patients reported excellent or good results. The outcomes of the follow-up period were similar in both treatment groups. Almost all patients were able to attain a normal activity level and few reported restrictions of their daily life. The success rate of the pain frequency was 85 % and pain intensity was 81 %. CONCLUSION: The etiology of lumbal disc herniations in adolescents has a multifactoral basis. Conservative treatment should be pursued as a mainstay of treatment. Only if conservative treatment fails, surgical treatment should be considered.