化学法和免疫法粪隐血试验对中老年人消化道出血的筛查价值

目的探讨化学法及免疫法两种粪隐血试验对中老年人消化道出血的筛查价值。方法采用化学法（CFOBT）及免疫法（IFOBT）粪隐血试验对1159例军队中老年干部（军队组）和3585例地方中老年人（地方组）进行筛检，结果阳性者进一步检查确诊，比较两种方法的检测结果。结果①军队组与地方组粪隐血试验阳性分别是144例（12．4％）和246例（6．9％），其中CFOBT阳性为63例（43．7％）和227例（92．3％）；IFOBT阳性为118例（81．9％）和109例（44．3％），而双项检查法均阳性分别为37例（25．7％）和90例（36．6％）；军队组与地方组诊断为上消化道出血分别有62例（43．1％）和173例（7n3％），下消化道出血分别为82例（56．9％）和54例（22．0％）。②两组上消化道出血阳性率CFOBT高于IFOBT，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；下消化道出血阳性率IFOBT高于CFOBT，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01或0．05）；CFOBT诊断下消化道出血，地方组阳性率比军队组高（P〈0．05）。结论诊断上消化道出血CFOBT优于IFOBT；诊断下消化道出血IFOBT优于CFOBT。同时采用两种粪隐血试验筛查消化道隐性出血及相关疾病有重要临床意义。     

粪隐血试验筛查中老年人消化道出血性疾病结果分析

目的 探讨采用粪隐血试验筛查中老年人消化道出血性疾病的临床意义.方法 对5655例门诊、住院及常规体检的军队和地方中老年人同时进行化学法粪隐血试验(CFOBT)及免疫法粪隐血试验(IFOBT),阳性者结合病史及临床表现进一步行相关医技检查确诊.结果 本组粪隐血试验阳性548例,其中CFOBT阳性316例,检出率为5.59%,IFOBT阳性232例,检出率为4.10%,经临床、消化道内镜、腹部彩超及其他医技检查证实为上消化道疾病295例,占53.83%,主要有急性胃黏膜病变、消化性溃疡、胃癌等;下消化道疾病201例,占36.68%,主要有痔、结肠息肉、结(直)肠癌等;其他疾病52例,占9.49%,主要有急性胃肠炎、肾功能不全、非消化系肿瘤等.结论 消化道出血性疾病在中老年人中发病率较高,常规用CFOBT和IFOBT 2种方法检测可筛查上、下消化道隐性出血,早期发现相关疾病,及时治疗,改善预后.     

粪隐血试验筛查中老年人消化道出血性疾病结果分析

目的探讨采用粪隐血试验筛查中老年人消化道出血性疾病的临床意义。方法对5655例门诊、住院及常规体检的军队和地方中老年人同时进行化学法粪隐血试验（CFOBT）及免疫法粪隐血试验（IFOBT）,阳性者结合病史及临床表现进一步行相关医技检查确诊。结果本组粪隐血试验阳性548例,其中CFOBT阳性316例,检出率为5.59%,IFOBT阳性232例,检出率为4.10%,经临床、消化道内镜、腹部彩超及其他医技检查证实为上消化道疾病295例,占53.83%,主要有急性胃黏膜病变、消化性溃疡、胃癌等;下消化道疾病201例,占36.68%,主要有痔、结肠息肉、结（直）肠癌等;其他疾病52例,占9.49%,主要有急性胃肠炎、肾功能不全、非消化系肿瘤等。结论消化道出血性疾病在中老年人中发病率较高,常规用CFOBT和IFOBT 2种方法检测可筛查上、下消化道隐性出血,早期发现相关疾病,及时治疗,改善预后。     

粪隐血试验的阳性次数与大肠病变良恶性程度关系的研究

目的:分析粪隐血试验的阳性次数与大肠病变的关系.方法:对319例大肠疾病在肠镜检查前分别进行3次化学法粪隐血试验(CFOBT)和免疫法粪隐血试验(IFOBT),并计算两种方法的阳性次数与大肠病变恶性程度、癌部位和分期、腺瘤大小的关系,分析粪隐血试验阳性次数在正常人中的构成比差异.3次试验只有1次阳性记为1+,2次阳性记为2+,均阳性记为3+.结果:①49例大肠癌CFOBT 和 IFOBT 3+的比率高于2+和1+,高于腺瘤、炎症和痔疮(P＜0.05).②CFOBT 和 IFOBT阳性次数与癌部位无相关性(P》0.05).③CFOBT 和IFOBT在Duke's B、C、D期3+的比率高于Duke's A 期3+的比率(P＜0.05).④CFOBT 和IFOBT在＞1 cm腺瘤中3+的比率高于≤1 cm腺瘤和多发小腺瘤3+的比率(P＜0.05).⑤CFOBT 在未发现器质性疾病者中假阳性数的构成比高于IFOBT(P＜0.05).结论:①无论用哪种方法筛查,大肠恶性病变3+的比率均高,正常和良性病变1+的比率高.②恶性病变1+的概率虽然低,但因大肠恶性病变病灶特点不同,可能出现间断出血,仍需行结肠镜进一步检查.     

粪隐血试验的阳性次数与大肠病变良恶性程度关系的研究

目的:分析粪隐血试验的阳性次数与大肠病变的关系.方法:对319例大肠疾病在肠镜检查前分别进行3次化学法粪隐血试验(CFOBT)和免疫法粪隐血试验(IFOBT),并计算两种方法的阳性次数与大肠病变恶性程度、癌部位和分期、腺瘤大小的关系,分析粪隐血试验阳性次数在正常人中的构成比差异.3次试验只有1次阳性记为1 ,2次阳性记为2 ,均阳性记为3 .结果:①49例大肠癌CFOBT 和 IFOBT 3 的比率高于2 和1 ,高于腺瘤、炎症和痔疮(P＜0.05).②CFOBT 和 IFOBT阳性次数与癌部位无相关性(P》0.05).③CFOBT 和IFOBT在Duke's B、C、D期3 的比率高于Duke's A 期3 的比率(P＜0.05).④CFOBT 和IFOBT在＞1 cm腺瘤中3 的比率高于≤1 cm腺瘤和多发小腺瘤3 的比率(P＜0.05).⑤CFOBT 在未发现器质性疾病者中假阳性数的构成比高于IFOBT(P＜0.05).结论:①无论用哪种方法筛查,大肠恶性病变3 的比率均高,正常和良性病变1 的比率高.②恶性病变1 的概率虽然低,但因大肠恶性病变病灶特点不同,可能出现间断出血,仍需行结肠镜进一步检查.     

免疫法与化学法便潜血试验对消化道出血性疾病的诊断价值分析

目的探讨免疫法与化学法便潜血试验对消化道出血性疾病诊断价值。方法选取2015年1月至2017年6月本院收治的138例消化道出血患者与选择同期40例健康体检者外健康对照组,所有受检者均采用讨免疫法与化学法进行粪便潜血试验。结果健康对照组化学法阳性率为5.0%(2/40),免疫法阳性率为7.5%(3/40),免疫法+化学法阳性率为2.5%(1/40)。上消化道出血组化学法阳性率为58.8%(40/68),免疫法阳性率为63.2%(43/68),免疫法+化学法阳性率为75.0%(51/68)。下消化道出血组免疫法阳性率为70.0%(49/70),化学法阳性率为74.3%(52/70),免疫法+化学法阳性率为78.6%(55/70)。结论免疫法便潜血试验对消化道出血性疾病的诊断价值一定程度胜于化学法,联合应用价值更高。     

粪隐血检测次数与大肠疾病筛检效率的关系

目的:分析不同次数粪隐血试验筛检大肠疾病的效率.方法:对323例大肠疾病患者在肠镜检查前分别进行3次化学法粪隐血试验和免疫法粪隐血试验,1次隐血试验结果以本次试验结果判定阳性或阴性;2次隐血试验结果判定方法是:前2次试验中只要有1次阳性即判定为阳性,余为阴性;3次隐血试验结果判定是3次试验中只要有1次阳性即判定为阳性,余为阴性.分别计算两种方法对大肠疾病筛检的效率、敏感性和特异性.结果:①化学法粪隐血试验对大肠癌的筛检效率1次和2次无显著差异(P＞0.05),1次和3次,2次与3次比较差异显著(P＜0.05).对出血性肠病的筛检效率1次与2次、3次比较差异显著(P＜0.05),2次与3次比较无显著差异(P＞0.05);正常结肠假阳性率1次与2次比较无显著差异(P＞0.05);②免疫法粪隐血试验对癌的筛检效率1次和2次、1次和3次比较,都有显著差异(P＜0.05),2次和3次比较,无显著差异(P＞0.05);对出血性肠病的筛检效率1次与2次、1次与3次比较差异显著(P＜0.05),2次与3次比较无显著差异(P＞0.05);正常结肠假阳性率1次和2次比较无显著差异(P＞0.05);1次和3次、2次和3次比较,差异显著(P＜0.05).③无论做几次隐血试验,化学法和免疫法对癌检出的敏感性均无差异(P＞0.05),但免疫法均具有较好的特异性(P＜0.05).结论:①粪隐血检测宜宣教先行,提高受检人的依从性,并且正确留取标本.②用化学法,连续做3次粪隐血试验筛检效率最佳;用免疫法,做2次粪隐血试验检测为好.③在经济条件许可的前提下,粪隐血试验宜选择特异性好的免疫法.     

粪隐血检测次数与大肠疾病筛检效率的关系

目的:分析不同次数粪隐血试验筛检大肠疾病的效率.方法:对323例大肠疾病患者在肠镜检查前分别进行3次化学法粪隐血试验和免疫法粪隐血试验,1次隐血试验结果以本次试验结果判定阳性或阴性;2次隐血试验结果判定方法是:前2次试验中只要有1次阳性即判定为阳性,余为阴性;3次隐血试验结果判定是3次试验中只要有1次阳性即判定为阳性,余为阴性.分别计算两种方法对大肠疾病筛检的效率、敏感性和特异性.结果:①化学法粪隐血试验对大肠癌的筛检效率1次和2次无显著差异(P＞0.05),1次和3次,2次与3次比较差异显著(P＜0.05).对出血性肠病的筛检效率1次与2次、3次比较差异显著(P＜0.05),2次与3次比较无显著差异(P＞0.05);正常结肠假阳性率1次与2次比较无显著差异(P＞0.05);②免疫法粪隐血试验对癌的筛检效率1次和2次、1次和3次比较,都有显著差异(P＜0.05),2次和3次比较,无显著差异(P＞0.05);对出血性肠病的筛检效率1次与2次、1次与3次比较差异显著(P＜0.05),2次与3次比较无显著差异(P＞0.05);正常结肠假阳性率1次和2次比较无显著差异(P＞0.05);1次和3次、2次和3次比较,差异显著(P＜0.05).③无论做几次隐血试验,化学法和免疫法对癌检出的敏感性均无差异(P＞0.05),但免疫法均具有较好的特异性(P＜0.05).结论:①粪隐血检测宜宣教先行,提高受检人的依从性,并且正确留取标本.②用化学法,连续做3次粪隐血试验筛检效率最佳;用免疫法,做2次粪隐血试验检测为好.③在经济条件许可的前提下,粪隐血试验宜选择特异性好的免疫法.     

幽门螺杆菌感染与膝骨关节炎病人非甾体类药物使用后上消化道出血的相关性分析

目的探究幽门螺杆菌( Hp)感染与膝骨关节炎( KOA)病人非甾体类药物( NSAID)使用后上消化道出血的关系。方选取 2015年 2月至 2019年 5月遂宁市中心医院收治的 KOA病人 223例作为研究对象。根据 KOA病人是否感染 Hp将病人法分为 Hp阳性组( 161例)和 Hp阴性组( 62例),又将 Hp阳性组分为 Hp阳性治疗组( 102例)和阳性未治疗组( 59例),所有病人均采用常规塞来昔布胶囊(NSAID)治疗, Hp阳性治疗组均采用四联用药方案行 Hp根除治疗。比较 Hp阴性组、 Hp阳性组临床资料;各组病人于治疗后 1个月时随访,比较 Hp阳性治疗组和阳性未治疗组病人 Hp根治效果;比较各组上消化道出血情况、贫血、血红蛋白含量、谷丙转氨酶、血肌酐、凝血酶原时间; logistic回归分析上消化道出血的影响因素。结果 Hp阳性组有吸烟史、消化道史的 KOA病人比例分别为 88/161、43/161,高于 Hp阴性组的 24/62、8/62(P<0.05); Hp阳性治疗组 Hp阴性者比例、血红蛋白含量分别为 96.08%、(129.87±4.96)g/L,高于 Hp阳性未治疗组的 0%、(121.92±2.45)g/L(P<0.05); Hp阳性治疗组 Hp阳性者比例、上消化道出血者比例、贫血发生率分别为 3.92%、1.96%、1.96%,低于 Hp阳性未治疗组的 100.00%、13.56%、10.17%(P<0.05); Hp阴性组病人黑便、呕血、粪便隐血阳性比例分别为 0%、0%、0%,Hp阳性未治疗组病人黑便、呕血、粪便隐血阳性比例分别为 11.86%、8.47%、10.17%,Hp阳性治疗组病人黑便、呕血、粪便隐血阳性比例分别为 1.00%、0%、0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);吸烟史、消化道出血史、 Hp感染均为上消化道出血的独立危险因素( P<0.05)。结论抗 Hp治疗可降低 KOA合并 Hp感染使用非甾体类药物病人上消化道出血风险,有利于改善贫血程度。     

粪隐血试验和转铁蛋白试验在消化道出血中的应用

消化道出血是临床常见症状之一,可以分为上消化道出血和下消化道出血。已知上消化道出血是指屈氏韧带以上的出血,出血量少时肉眼常难以发现,常规粪隐血试验可协助临床医师发现消化道小量出血,从而明确消化道出血原因。但是,由于粪隐血试验的假阴性率较高,致使一部分消化道出血被漏检。消化道出血时,血中的转铁蛋白会漏入到胃肠道,并且随     

Interaction of estrone and estradiol with DNA and protein of liver and kidney in rat and hamster in vivo and in vitro

[6,7-³H] Estrone (E) and [6,7-³H]estradiol-17 (E₂) have been synthesized by reduction of 6-dehydroestrone and 6-dehydroestradiol with tritium gas. Tritiated E and E₂ were administered by oral gavage to female rats and to male and female hamsters on a dose level of about 300 g/kg (54 mCi/kg). After 8 h, the liver was excised from the rats; liver and kidneys were taken from the hamsters. DNA was purified either directly from an organ homogenate or via chromatin. The radioactivity in the DNA was expressed in the units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (mol chemical bound per mol DNA-P)/(mmol chemical administered per kg b.w.). Rat liver DNA isolated via chromatin exhibited the very low values of 0.08 and 0.09 for E and E₂, respectively. The respective figures in hamster liver were 0.08 and 0.11 in females and 0.21 and 0.18 in the males. DNA isolated from the kidney revealed a detectable radioactivity only in the female, with values of 0.03 and 0.05 for E and E₂, respectively. The values for male hamster kidney were < 0.01 for both hormones. The minute radioactivity detectable in the DNA samples does not represent covalent binding to DNA, however, as indicated by two sets of control experiments. (A) Analysis by HPLC of the nucleosides prepared by enzyme digest of liver DNA isolated directly or via chromatin did not reveal any consistent peak which could have been attributed to a nucleoside-steroid adduct. (B) All DNA radioactivity could be due to protein contaminations, because the specific activity of chromatin protein was determined to be more than 3,000 times higher than of DNA. The high affinity of the hormone to protein was also demonstrated by in vitro incubations, where it could be shown that the specific activity of DNA and protein was essentially proportional to the concentration of radiolabelled hormone in the organ homogenate, regardless of whether the animal was treated or whether the hormone was added in vitro to the homogenate.Carcinogens acting by covalent DNA binding can be classified according to potency on the basis of the Covalent Binding Index. Values of 10³–10⁴ have been found for potent, 10² for moderate, and 1–10 for weak carcinogens. Since estrone is moderately carcinogenic for the kidney of the male hamster, a CBI of about 100 would be expected. The actually measured limit of detection of 0.01 places covalent DNA binding among the highly unlikely mechanisms of action. Similar considerations can be made for the liver where any true covalent DNA binding must be below a level of 0.01. It is concluded that an observable tumor induction by estrone or estradiol is unlikely to be due to DNA binding.Paper presented at the Satellite Symposium of the European Society of Toxicology, Rome, March 29, 1983     

Consistency in catecholamine and cortisol excretion in males and females

Data from a series of experiments performed on 24 female and 24 male subjects were used to evaluate the consistency in urinary catecholamine and cortisol excretion. Data were available from 8 laboratory situations of varying activity level and content, spaced at intervals of maximum 3 months. Correlational analyses showed that for cortisol, interindividual consistency was higher for measures obtained on the same day than for measures obtained on different days. Interindividual consistency was generally high in catecholamine and cortisol excretion during non-stressful situations in both sexes. During experimental stress, however, consistency was as high as during nonstress for males, while it was lower for females. Analysis of variance components confirmed these results and showed that in males variation due to interindividual differences was high during both baseline and experimental-stress situations, while in females it was high during baseline situations only. During experimental stress, variation for females was due primarily to interaction. It is suggested that the males showed a more generalized stress response over situations than the females.     

Metabolic interaction between imipramine and carbamazepine in vivo and in vitro in rats

Summary The pharmacokinetic consequences of the combination of carbamazepine with imipramine in male Wistar rats have been investigated. It was found that a 2-week treatment with the combination resulted in the increase of the concentrations of the parent compounds and a simultaneous decrease in their metabolites in blood plasma i.e. carbamazepine inhibited imipramine demethylation in the side chain while imipramine inhibited carbamazepine 10,11-epoxidation. The velocity of imipramine 2-hydroxylation and 10,11-epoxy-carbamazepine hydration did not seem to be changed by the combination. On the basis of studies in vitro it is concluded that the observed metabolic interaction between carbamazepine and imipramine is due to the competition of the drugs for the active centre of cytochrome P 450 and to a certain qualitative alteration of the enzyme by imipramine as can be deducted from the decrease of carbamazepine binding to the cytochrome. Send offprint requests to K. J. Netter     

Nicotine metabolism and urinary elimination in mouse: in vitro and in vivo

This study aimed at elucidating the in vivo metabolism of nicotine both with and without inhibitors of nicotine metabolism. Second, the role of mouse CYP2A5 in nicotine oxidation in vitro was studied as such information is needed to assess whether the mouse is a suitable model for studying chemical inhibitors of the human CYP2A6. The oxidation of nicotine to cotinine was measured and the ability of various inhibitors to modify this reaction was determined. Nicotine and various inhibitors were co-administered to CD2F1 mice, and nicotine and urinary levels of nicotine and four metabolites were determined. In mouse liver microsomes anti-CYP2A5 antibody and known chemical inhibitors of the CYP2A5 enzyme blocked cotinine formation by 85–100%, depending on the pre-treatment of the mice. The amount of trans-3-hydroxycotine was five times higher than cotinine N-oxide, and ten times higher than nicotine N-1-oxide and cotinine. Methoxsalen, an irreversible inhibitor of CYP2A5, significantly reduced the metabolic elimination of nicotine in vivo, but the reversible inhibitors had no effect. It is concluded that the metabolism of nicotine in mouse is very similar to that in man and, therefore, that the mouse is a suitable model for testing novel chemical inhibitors of human CYP2A6.     

Buprenorphine and naloxone alone and in combination in opioid-dependent humans

Subjective, physiological and behavioral effects of subcutaneously administered hydromorphone (6 mg), naloxone (0.2 mg), buprenorphine (0.2 and 0.3 mg), and two buprenorphine-naloxone combinations (buprenorphine 0.2 mg plus naloxone 0.2 mg and buprenorphine 0.3 mg plus naloxone 0.2 mg) were assessed under double-blind conditions in six opioid-dependent volunteers. Physiologic measures and subject- and observer-rated behavioral responses were measured before dosing and for 120 min after drug administration. Hydromorphone decreased pupil diameter and respiration, increased blood pressure and increased scores on subjective measures indicating opioid-like effects. Buprenorphine given alone had no significant effect on any variable measured. Naloxone given alone produced opioid abstinence-like effects which were measurable on subject- and observer-rated behavioral measures and physiological measures. Buprenorphine in combination with naloxone somewhat attenuated the naloxone-precipitated withdrawal response. Overall, the naloxone-buprenorphine combinations produced effects which were qualitatively similar to the effects of naloxone alone, suggesting a low potential for abuse of the combination product by opioid-dependent individuals.Supported by a grant from Reckitt and Colman Pharmaceutical Division and USPHS Grants DA-00050 and DA-04089 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse     

Strain-dependency in motor activity and in concentration and turnover of catecholamines in synchronized rats

Circadian rhythm in motor activity was studied with an Animex motimeter in six strains of rats (ACI, BH, BS, DA, LEW, TNO) synchronized by a 12 hr light: 12 hr dark cycle. ANOVA revealed significant interstrain differences in motor activity as well as in the concentration and turnover of central noradrenaline and dopamine. Strain-dependent differences were also found with regard to tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition on motor activity. However, no significant interstrain correlations were found between endogenous concentration and/or turnover rates of the catecholamines and motor activity in normal and drug-treated rats.     

氯胺酮复合丙泊酚及氯胺酮复合咪达唑仑在小儿麻醉中的麻醉效果对比

目的研究氯胺酮分别复合丙泊酚和咪迟唑仑在小儿麻醉术中及术后的麻醉效果。方法 40例2⁸岁拟在全身麻醉下行择期下腹部手术患儿,不拘性别。随机数字表法分为氯胺酮复合丙泊酚组(A组),氯胺酮复合咪达唑仑组(B组),每组备20例(n=20),比较两组镇痛、镇静效果及躁动、恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制等并发症的发生率。结果两组镇痛及镇静效果均满意,但B组躁动、恶心呕吐的发生率明显高于A组,且A组比B组苏醒时间明显缩短。结论氯胺酮复合丙泊酚用于小儿麻醉效果更加安全圾效。     

Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of artesunate and amodiaquine alone and in combination in healthy volunteers

Objectives  The WHO recommends artemisinin-based combination therapies for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. At least 15 African countries have adopted artesunate plus amodiaquine as treatment policy. As no pharmacokinetic data on this combination have been published to date, we investigated its pharmacokinetic interactions and tolerability in healthy volunteers in Africa. Methods  In a randomized, three-phase, cross-over study, amodiaquine (10 mg/kg) and artesunate (4 mg/kg) were given as single oral doses to 15 healthy volunteers. Artesunate was given to all volunteers on day 0. On day 7 they received either amodiaquine or amodiaquine plus artesunate and the alternative regimen on day 28. The pharmacokinetics of artesunate and amodiaquine and their main active metabolites dihydroartemisinin and desethylamodiaquine were compared following monotherapy and combination therapy using analysis of variance. Results  Thirteen volunteers completed the study, and pharmacokinetic parameters could be determined for twelve volunteers. When given in combination, the mean AUC was lower for dihydroartemisinin [ratio 67% (95% CI 51–88%); P = 0.008] and desethylamodiaquine [ratio 65% (95% CI 46–90%); P = 0.015] when compared with monotherapy. Adverse events of concern occurred in four volunteers (27%): grade 3 transaminitis (n = 1), neutropaenia (n = 2), and hypersensitivity (n = 1). Conclusion  The total drug exposure to both drugs was reduced significantly when they were given in combination. The clinical significance of these interactions is unclear and must be studied in malaria patients. The frequency and nature of adverse events among the healthy volunteers were of concern, and suggest laboratory monitoring would be needed in malaria patients treated with artesunate plus amodiaquine.     

Evaluation of pharmacokinetic interactions between bicyclol and co-administered drugs in rat and human liver microsomes in vitro and in rats in vivo

1. Bicyclol is a new synthetic anti-hepatitic drug and primarily metabolized by CYP3A. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic interactions between bicyclol and co-administered drugs including metformin, pioglitazone, atorvastatin, fenofibrate, Cyclosporin A (CsA), and tacrolimus in rat and human liver microsomes (RLMs/HLMs) in vitro and in rats in vivo.

2. The depletion rate of bicyclol in RLMs was significantly inhibited by 44.8% and 35.5% after preincubation with pioglitazone and fenofibrate while the metabolite formation rate of bicyclol in HLMs was inhibited by 26.1% and 23.9% after preincubation and coincubation with tacrolimus, and by 20.2% after preincubation with CsA. Conversely, preincubation and coincubation with bicyclol significantly inhibited the depletion rate of pioglitazone in RLMs by 34.1% and 27.1%, respectively, and the formation rate of para- and ortho-hydroxy atorvastatin in RLMs and HLMs by 20.6–36.2%. There were no significant pharmacokinetic interactions between bicyclol and pioglitazone in rats after a single or multiple oral treatment.

3. As the selected inhibitory drug concentrations in vitro were significantly higher than those in clinical settings and the maximum inhibition rate did not exceed 50%, the clinically significant interaction between bicyclol and these co-administered drugs in humans is predicted less likely to happen.

     

Arsenic induced changes in growth development and apoptosis in neonatal and adult brain cells in vivo and in tissue culture

Arsenic at a nonlethal level in drinking water consumed over a period of time has been reported to produce chronic toxicity and various types of health problems ranging from skin cancer to disturbance in memory. Neurotoxic effects have been reported in clinical cases with chronic exposure to arsenic. Physiological detoxication of arsenic occurs partially through methylation. Arsenic and its methylated derivatives are distributed in different organs and systems. The present study examined the possible interference in the neuronal development and differentiation due to the exposure to arsenic during gestation. The experiments were carried out to examine short and long term effects of arsenic on brain explants and cells grown and maintained in tissue culture system. The effects of arsenic exposure showed changes in brain cell membrane function indicated by generation and release of reactive oxygen-nitrogen intermediates. On the morphological aspect the explants' growth was reduced, ground matrix was lost and neural networking was inhibited. Cells showed signs of apoptotic changes. Arsenic toxicity may induce damage to brain cells prior to more visible clinical conditions. The deleterious effects also pass from the maternal to fetal tissue across the transplacental barrier.