双相生物钙磷陶瓷生物相容性及异位骨诱导的实验研究

目的检测运用羟基磷灰石及β-磷酸三钙制备的双相钙磷陶瓷的生物相容性及其异位骨诱导效率。方法采用化学共沉淀法及过氧化氢发泡法,将羟基磷灰石及β-磷酸三钙以6∶4的比例在1 100 ℃条件下烧结3 h获得双相钙磷陶瓷,利用X线衍射评估材料组成成分。分离SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,接种于双相钙磷陶瓷,通过扫描电镜、鬼笔环肽及DAPI染色观察细胞的黏附,CCK8法评估细胞增殖,碱性磷酸酶测定法评估骨髓间充质干细胞的碱性磷酸酶表达活性。将不含骨髓间充质干细胞的双相钙磷陶瓷置入比格犬竖脊肌内,于4、8、12周对样本行大体检测、组织染色,测算新骨生成率,从而评估双相钙磷陶瓷的异位骨诱导效率。结果成功制备双相钙磷陶瓷,X线衍射分析可见羟基磷灰石及β-磷酸三钙特异性的衍射峰。扫描电镜可见双相钙磷陶瓷表面广泛分布大孔及连通孔,孔壁粗糙不平,孔内可见均匀分布的微孔。鬼笔环肽及DAPI染色显示,骨髓充质干细胞在材料表面伸展黏附,共培养后逐渐从不规则形转变为均一的长梭形。CCK8法提示共培养后第1天,细胞活力降低,而第3、4、5、7天,细胞增殖活力逐渐增加。碱性磷酸酶活性检测提示,与对照组相比,共培养后第1、7天,双相钙磷陶瓷组的骨髓间充质干细胞可分泌更多的碱性磷酸酶。双相钙磷陶瓷顺利置入比格犬竖脊肌内,术后8周材料孔隙内可见骨样组织沉积,术后12周大孔成骨比例为0.77±0.11,孔内成骨面积比例为0.71±0.14。结论双相钙磷陶瓷具有良好的生物相容性及异位骨诱导效率。     

Cage containing a biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic (Triosite) for the treatment of cervical spondylosis

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the fusion efficacy and clinical outcomes of a cage containing a biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic (Triosite) in treating cervical spondylosis. METHODS: We randomly divided 100 patients with cervical spondylosis undergoing anterior discectomy with interbody polyetheretherketone (PEEK) fusion into 2 groups in the past 2 years: group A (n = 50), PEEK cage containing a biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic (Triosite), and group B (n = 50), PEEK cage containing an autogenous iliac bone graft. We compared the fusion rate, fusion time, spinal curvature, and neuroforamen size between the 2 groups. We also compared excess operation time, excess blood loss, hospital stay, complications, and neurological recovery status between the groups. RESULTS: The fusion rates were 57%, 67%, 77%, 82%, 92%, and 100% in group A and 81%, 86%, 95%, 95% 100%, and 100% in group B in the first 6 postoperative months. The fusion rate in group A was significantly lower than that in group B in the first 5 months after the procedure (P < .05 and P < .01, respectively), but the fusion rate reached 100% in both groups by the sixth month. Within the first 6 months, as the fusion level increased, the fusion rates reduced and time to fusion was delayed in both groups. There were no donor site complications in group A. However, 3 patients (6%) from group B experienced complications (1, wound infection; 1, numbness of thigh; and 1, subcutaneous hematoma) (P < .001). The hospital stay was shorter in group A (4.43 +/- 2.36 days) than in group B (7.00 +/- 3.77 days) (P = .001). The mean excessive blood loss and excessive operative time for an iliac bone graft in group B were 15 +/- 5 mL and 10 +/- 6 minutes. There was no statistical significance in spinal curve correction, neuroforamen enlargement, and neurological recovery. CONCLUSIONS: A cage containing a biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic resulted in complete fusion by the sixth postoperative month, although the fusion rate was lower than that in a cage containing an autograft during the first 5 months after the operation and the time to fusion was delayed. Using a cage containing a biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic leads to a shorter hospital stay, less blood loss, shorter operative time, and no donor site complications. It seemed to be a good substitute for cervical spondylotic fusion.     

Screw fixation without bone grafting for scaphoid fracture nonunion

IntroductionWe previously reported the classification of the scaphoid fracture nonunions as linear, cystic, and sclerotic or displaced types based on radiographic findings. We have been treating the linear and cystic type fractures via screw fixation without bone grafting and the sclerotic or displaced type fractures via screw fixation with bone grafting. In this retrospective study, we report the treatment outcomes of the linear and cystic types of scaphoid fracture nonunions.MethodsNineteen patients with linear and cystic type scaphoid fracture nonunions were included. Two patients had linear type and 17 had cystic type fractures. All the patients were male, their mean age was 29.2 years. All patients were treated with screw fixation alone by a single surgeon.ResultsBone union was achieved in 17 cases. The mean time to bone union was 3.7 months. Bone union was not achieved in one case of linear type and one case of cystic type fracture. The former was thought to be due to misdiagnosis of displaced type as linear type fracture; however, no obvious reason could be found for the latter.DiscussionScrew fixation alone could help achieve bone union in linear type scaphoid fracture nonunions. However, if the type of the fracture is difficult to diagnose based on plain radiography, evaluation using computed tomography should be performed. The cystic type fractures may need to be subclassified according to the location or size of the cyst as well as the viability of the proximal bone fragment.     

Incorrect radiographic evaluation after vascularized bone grafting for scaphoid fracture or nonunion

PURPOSE:

The present study is a review of patients with scaphoid non-unions treated with a dorsal vascularized bone graft. The study highlights a subset of patients incorrectly diagnosed as graft failures.

METHODS:

A retrospective review of patients who received vascularized grafts for scaphoid nonunions was performed over a four-year period. The vascularized graft of choice for this group was the dorsal radial extensor compartment artery.

RESULTS:

Five patients from a scaphoid fracture group who were treated with vascularized grafts were diagnosed as being failures (average of five months). None of these patients had tenderness on palpation of the scaphoid, and they were scheduled for revised vascularized grafts. All patients at the time of surgery were found to have healed. These patients were treated with arthrolysis, resulting in healing and full range of motion.

CONCLUSIONS:

Scaphoid vascularized grafts may have a markedly delayed radiographic healing time. Reoperation to perform secondary vascularized procedures may result in unnecessary surgery. Early imaging following a scaphoid vascularized graft may be inaccurate and may demonstrate a continued nonunion.     

Endoscopic bone grafting for management of nonunion of the tuberosity avulsion fracture of the fifth metatarsal

The most common fracture of the proximal fifth metatarsal is the tuberosity avulsion fracture. Most of the time, the fracture is relatively undisplaced and it can be treated conservatively with a hard-soled shoe or walking cast. For painful intra-articular nonunion, internal fixation with or without bone graft is the treatment of choice. We describe an endoscopic approach to treat nonunions of the tuberosity avulsion fracture. Under endoscopic guidance, the nonunion site can be debrided thoroughly and bone grafted without the need of extensive soft tissue dissection. Moreover, the condition of the fifth metatarsal cuboid articulation can be assessed and intra-articular pathology can be dealed with arthroscopically. Finally, the desired position of the screw can be guided by the arthroscopic aiming device.     

Autogeneic bone marrow and porous biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic for segmental bone defects in the canine ulna.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a porous biphasic hydroxyapatite-calcium phosphate ceramic as a modifier and extender of an autogeneic marrow graft for filling a 2.5-cm segmental bony defect. Twenty adult mongrel dogs were surgically treated to create diaphyseal defects in the left ulnae. The defects were (1) filled with autogeneic bone marrow mixed with granular hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate ceramic (granular ceramic); (2) grafted with a solid block of ceramic soaked in autogeneic bone marrow (block ceramic); (3) received no graft (no implant); or (4) were grafted with autogeneic bone marrow alone (bone marrow). All animals were followed clinically and roentgenographically for 24 weeks and then killed. Repair of diaphyseal defects with the block ceramic led to three solid unions and three fibrous unions; with the granular ceramic implants and marrow, the defects of five dogs formed solid unions, and one progressed to a fibrous union. Defects in all five dogs grafted with autogeneic bone marrow united. The three dogs with no implant formed nonunions. Histology showed normal marrow and only a light immune reaction. Complete bridging of the defect in the dogs treated with the granular ceramic occurred significantly earlier than bridging in the dogs grafted with bone marrow alone. Histomorphometry, performed on the block ceramic implants indicated active resorption of ceramic. Clinically, addition of ceramic to a marrow graft improved the handling characteristics of the graft material and accelerated healing according to roentgenographic evaluation.     

纳米磷酸钙陶瓷人工骨的临床应用研究

目的：探讨纳米磷酸钙陶瓷人工骨移植治疗骨缺损的安全性和临床效果。方法：2005年3月至2007年11月应用纳米陶瓷人工骨治疗四肢骨缺损病例32例（人工骨组）,男19例,女13例;年龄17～63岁,平均31.4岁。同期骨折内固定患者36例（内固定组）,男21例,女15例;年龄16～65岁,平均32.6岁。两组患者于术后第1、2周及第1、3、6个月检测外周静脉血中Ca、P、BALP、IgG、IgA、IgM、CIC、C3、SL2R及CD4＋/CD8＋的比值。并随访用Enneking标准评价肢体功能。结果：两组患者伤口术后均顺利愈合,各项免疫学检查无明显差异（P〉0.05）,均未引起血清中钙和磷的明显增高,术后两组B-ALP均升高,3～6个月后内固定组恢复至正常水平,人工骨组仍维持较高水平。随访9～24个月,平均15个月,两组患者均获得了较好的肢体功能,Enneking评价无明显差异（P〉0.05）。结论：所用纳米陶瓷人工骨无免疫原性,未引起排斥反应,不影响血液中钙、磷水平,并有一定的成骨活性,临床用以修复腔隙性骨缺损效果肯定。     

Autologous bone grafting without screw fixation for tibial defects in total knee arthroplasty

We evaluated 30 knees with autologous bone grafts, performed without screw fixation, for tibial defects in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The tibial defects were classified into three types: contained, flat peripheral, and slant peripheral. The resected femoral condyle was fixed with a combination of bone cement and the tibial component, without using screws. The patients were followed for an average of 6 years and 10 months. In all knees except 1, the grafted bone united and formed good continuity with the tibial floor. Autologous bone grafting without screw fixation is a simple and effective method to deal with the tibial defects in primary TKA, especially for contained and flat peripheral defects. Received: November 24, 2000 / Accepted: June 25, 2001     

多孔双相钙磷陶瓷在脊柱后路融合中成骨作用和降解特性的组织学观察(附20例活检分析)

[目的]了解多孔双相钙磷陶瓷在人体脊柱后路融合中的成骨变化及降解过程。[方法]对20例脊柱后路融合的双相钙磷陶瓷活检标本行不脱钙硬组织切片检查。观察陶瓷周围和内部的新生组织、陶瓷的形态改变、降解颗粒及伴随的细胞吞噬反应。其中14例标本行组织形态计量，根据患者的年龄、植入时间及临床结果分组比较成骨及材料降解的速度。[结果]所有的双相钙磷陶瓷标本均可见新生骨组织，与自体骨接触越多，陶瓷内的新生骨组织越多。绝大部分陶瓷内可见降解颗粒，部分颗粒位于巨噬细胞内。不同标本的新生骨和材料降解速度差异较大。陶瓷内的新生骨随植入时间的增加而增多，但随患者年龄的增大而减少。陶瓷的降解率随患者年龄的增大而减少，但不受植入时间的影响。后路融合成功组的活检标本的新生骨量高于融合失败组，但材料降解率则反之。[结论]多孔双相钙磷陶瓷是一种骨传导材料，但植入体内降解缓慢，不能被新生骨组织完全替代。植入时必须将陶瓷与自体骨充分混合以获得良好的骨长入。陶瓷产生的降解颗粒及诱发的细胞吞噬反应必须引起注意。     

双钢板内固定结合自体髂骨植骨治疗股骨干骨折术后无菌性骨不连疗效分析

目的探讨双钢板内固定结合自体髂骨植骨治疗股骨干骨折术后无菌性骨不连疗效。方法回顾性分析2017年1月—2018年12月西安交通大学附属红会医院收治的73例股骨干骨折术后无菌性骨不连患者的临床资料,其中男性42例,女性31例,平均年龄40.63岁,年龄范围30~58岁。按手术方式不同分为对照组(n=33)和观察组(n=40),对照组采用更换髓内钉治疗,观察组采用双钢板内固定结合自体髂骨植骨术治疗。比较两组患者围手术期一般指标(术中出血量、手术时长、术后引流量)、骨不连愈合情况、手术疗效;通过门诊随访,随访时间(15.24±4.72)个月,随访截止时间2019年12月。术后6个月时评估关节功能、关节活动度、视觉模拟评分法(VAS)和Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)的情况。计量资料以均数±标准差(Mean±SD)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;计数资料以百分比(%)表示,独立样本采用χ2检验。等级资料采用Mann-Whitney U非参数检验。结果两组患者均获得随访。观察组术中出血量、手术时长及术后引流量[(201.6±38.4)mL、(138.7±22.7)min、(25.8±6.9)mL]显著少于对照组术中出血量、手术时长及术后引流量[(278.5±40.6)mL、(171.4±20.1)min、(43.2±8.5)mL],两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后骨不连愈合情况比较,观察组愈合时间(5.15±0.42)个月明显短于对照组愈合时间(6.31±0.58)个月,观察组愈合率(100%)明显高于对照组愈合率(90.1%),两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后随访6个月,两组患者关节功能优良率比较,观察组膝关节优良率(97.50%)及髋关节优良率(97.50%)显著优于对照组膝关节优良率(78.79%)及髋关节优良率(81.81%),两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者关节活动度比较,观察组膝关节活动度[伸展角度(0.64±0.14)°、屈曲角度(138.72±6.37)°]及髋关节活动度[内收角度(35.13±9.44)°、外展角度(74.38±5.22)°]明显优于对照组膝关节活动度[伸展角度(0.48±0.21)°、屈曲角度(113.57±5.43)°]及髋关节活动度[内收角度(21.57±8.63)°、外展角度(69.57±6.37)°],两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者术后2周及术后4周VAS、ODI的疗效评分[(3.24±0.43)分、(23.45±4.77)分]明显优于对照组评分[(4.64±0.71)分、(27.25±4.38)分],两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论双钢板内固定结合自体髂骨植骨术在治疗股骨干术后无菌性骨不连中疗效较为理想及显著,同时具有手术创伤小、术后恢复快、关节功能明显好转等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

Infection following the use of porous hydroxyapatite ceramic as a bone defect filler in articular fractures

Summary This article is a preliminary report focussed on infection after implantation of porous hydroxyapatite (Endobon®) as a bone defect filler. Eighteen adults received Endobon® implants for cancellous bone defects after trauma, tumoral excision or for arthrodesis. Four patients exhibited osteoarthritis. Infections required debridementand removal of osteosynthesis material and implants. Relevant infectious organisms were Staphylococcus and Enterobacteria. The incidence of postoperative infection, the nature of the organisms and indications are discussed. Further investigations are required in order to understand the causes of infection and undertake their prophylaxis.     

仿生双相磷酸钙生物陶瓷支架的Micro-CT评价

[目的]体外用Micro-CT(Micro-computed tomography)图像对仿生双相磷酸钙生物陶瓷支架的三维结构进行计算机重建和评价.[方法]犬股骨头的松质骨样本行Micro-CT扫描,提取图像信息;三维凝胶叠层成型法制备出具有仿骨小梁结构的双相磷酸钙仿生生物陶瓷支架.随后用Micro-CT对支架扫描,以三维结构参数对支架和松质骨样本作三维评价和比较.三维参数包括:骨体积分数(Bone Volume Fraction,BVF,BV/TV)、骨表面积体积比(Bone surface/bone volume ratio,BS/BV)、骨小梁厚度(Trabecular thickness,TbTh)、骨小梁数目(Trabecular number,TbN)、骨小梁间隙(Trabecular spacing,TbSp)、结构模型指数(Structure Model Index,SMl)和各向异性程度(degree of anisoropy,DA).[结果]与犬股骨头松质骨样本相比,用本方法制备出的BCP支架具有相似的三维空间结构,二者的BV/TV、TbTh、TbN无显著差别(P＞0.05).小梁结构呈板状模型.[结论]本研究制备的BCP多孔支架的小梁具有一定的取向性,力学强度和良好的适于血管长入的空间结构.     

自固化磷酸钙人工骨修复骨缺损的临床应用

目的:探讨自固化磷酸钙人工骨(CPC)填充修复骨缺损的临床效果。方法:骨缺损94例,男59例,女35例;年龄11~72岁,平均39.4岁。骨缺损部位:胸腰椎38例,跟骨25例,胫骨15例,股骨7例,肱骨近端3例,桡骨远端5例,近节指骨1例。骨缺损原因:骨折塌陷复位后骨缺损63例,骨髓炎20例,骨囊肿6例,骨纤维异常增殖症4例,内生软骨瘤1例。骨缺损范围为1cm×1cm~4cm×20cm,用CPC填充修复,CPC充填量为3~42g,其中单纯CPC填充修复74例(胸腰椎骨折行椎体成形38例,骨折复位后空腔充填25例,良性骨肿瘤病灶刮除后充填11例),载药CPC填充修复骨髓炎20例。结果:所有患者均获随访,随访时间14~48个月,平均29.6个月。全部患者术后未见过敏或毒性反应,无皮疹或高热,血钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶均正常,切口无瘙痒感。随访时X线片显示,植入CPC与宿主骨接触紧密,界面处未见间隙存在,骨缺损处的解剖形状完全或大部分恢复,未见脱落现象,随访时部分患者CPC部分降解成骨。9例发生术后伤口渗出,为淡黄色清亮稀薄分泌物,细菌培养阴性,经换药后伤口愈合良好。结论:CPC填充修复骨缺损安全有效,并发症少,是理想的骨替代品,载药CPC是治疗骨髓炎的理想方法。     

The treatment of atrophic,recalcitrant long-bone nonunion in the upper extremity with human recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-7 (rhBMP-7) and plate fixation: A retrospective review

IntroductionRecombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 (rhBMP-7) has been shown to promote fracture healing in both clinical studies and basic science models, however, there is little information from large-scale studies of its use for human nonunion. The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of rhBMP-7 in the treatment of atrophic human long-bone nonunions in the upper extremity.Patients and methodsThis was a single center, retrospective, longitudinal cohort study of patients treated with compression plating and the application of rhBMP-7 in isolation to a long-bone nonunion. Patients over sixteen years of age with an atrophic, aseptic nonunion of a humerus, radius, ulna or clavicle were eligible for inclusion.ResultsWe identified seventy eligible patients who were treated with rhBMP-7 for a long-bone nonunion between July 1997 and April 2012. The mean age of the patients at the time of treatment with rhBMP-7 was 50.7 years (range, 20-92 years). Five patients were lost to follow-up prior to definitive clinical or radiographic union. During the one-year post-operative period fifty-six patients had achieved union and two patients developed a stable fibrous union after the index procedure. Two patients had early implant failure and five patients had persistent nonunion. Thus, the union rate following initial surgery was 89% (58/65) and four of the five nonunion patients went on to heal following revision open reduction and internal fixation.ConclusionWe found that the application of rhBMP-7 for upper extremity nonunion was an effective method (89% union rate) of treating this challenging pathology. Additionally, if not initially successful, further reconstruction was not compromised by rhBMP-7 use.     

Vascularized genicular osseous-periosteal flap for pseudarthrosis of the proximal phalanx of the little finger: a case report

This study describes pseudoarthrosis of the proximal phalanx of the little finger and its successful treatment using a free vascularized genicular osseous-periosteal flap. Since this thin and pliable flap can be harvested as a small vascularized unit, it is ideal for the treatment of phalangeal pseudoarthrosis.     

Surgical treatment of aseptic nonunion in long bones: review of 193 cases

The surgical treatment of aseptic nonunion often represents a more challenging situation for the orthopaedic surgeon than treatment of the primary fracture. In fact, it may be necessary not only to "rivitalize" the nonunion area, but also to exchange the bone fixation devices and to place some refill material in the bone gap. Several surgical techniques and different kinds of bone gap refills have been reported in the literature for the treatment of long bone nonunion. We present the results of 193 cases of long bone nonunion that have been treated in a period of 11 years (1992–2003) by a mostly open approach to the nonunion site with or without autologous bone graft interposition. The site (27 humerus, 44 forearm, 48 femur, 74 tibia) and the type of nonunion (179 atrophic, 19 hypertrophic) were considered in the surgical planning as were the mechanic and biological problems. New osteosynthesis was performed in 139 cases: with plate and screws in 82 cases, with intramedullary nails in 31 cases, with external fixators in 15 cases and with other devices in 11 cases (e.g. interfragmentary screws, k-wires). Cancellous or corticocancellous bone graft, always autologous from the iliac crest or from the anterior tibial tuberosity, was used in 183 cases (94.8%). Healing of the nonunion was successful in 179 cases (92.7%) in a mean time of 5.8 months. 14 patients (7.2%), all atrophic nonunion, healed with further surgery in a mean time of 19.2 months. Best results were obtained by the use of the intramedullary nail (31 cases): 99% healed in 5.2 months for the lower limb and 100% healed in 7.4 months for the upper limb. Good results have been achieved by plate (82 cases): 89.5% healed in 4.5 months for the lower limb and 94.1% in 6 months for the upper one. The worst results were observed with external fixation (15 cases). However, this device was used in the most complex situations, when severe soft tissue sufference was present. In this group, the mean healing time was 7.1 months (69.2% of cases) in the lower limb and 8 months (50%) in the upper one. Bone graft alone (54 cases) led to healing in 34 of 35 cases (97%) in the lower limb in 6 months and in 17 of 19 cases (89.4%) in 6.4 months in the upper limb.     

组织工程骨修复山羊胫骨大段缺损的三年效果观察

目的 观察用组织工程方法修复中国青山羊胫骨大段骨与骨膜缺损3年后的远期效果。方法 中国青山羊3只，制备单侧胫骨20mm的骨与骨膜缺损模型，缺损内植入组织工程骨珊瑚羟基磷灰石／骨髓基质干细胞（CHAP／BMSCs），术后3年采用普通x线片、组织学观察以及血管铸型等方法对其进行远期观察检测，与健侧正常骨对照，观察其成骨及血管化效果。结果 X线片骨吸光度测定与健侧比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；血管灌注后大体解剖观察示组织工程骨血管来源于周围软组织、髓腔血管及两端正常皮质骨；灌注后未脱钙骨磨片显示组织工程骨内微血管沿哈佛管和伏克曼管分布交织成网状，横切面磨片采用图像分析仪分析与正常骨血管相对面积比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。脱钙后的组织切片HE、硫堇染色示组织工程骨具有与正常骨一致的显微结构。结论 CHAP／BMSCs具有良好的修复山羊胫骨大段骨缺损能力，其远期显微结构和血管化效果与正常骨生理无异。     

应用桡动脉茎突返支为蒂的桡骨骨瓣或骨膜瓣移植治疗腕舟骨骨折不连接

目的观察以桡动脉返支为蒂的桡骨骨瓣或骨膜瓣移植对腕舟骨骨折不连接的治疗作用.方法20例腕舟骨骨折骨不连,应用桡动脉返支为蒂的桡骨骨瓣移植加桡骨茎突切除治疗12例,应用桡动脉返支为蒂的桡骨骨膜瓣移植加桡骨茎突切除治疗8例.测量手术前后腕关节屈伸和尺桡偏活动度、握力,应用腕舟评分对患者的自觉功能恢复情况进行评定.结果20例腕舟骨骨折骨不连均愈合,愈合时间平均为7±0.2周(6～12周).腕舟骨评分结果为:优16例,良3例,可1例.结论以桡动脉返支为蒂的桡骨骨瓣或骨膜瓣移植加桡骨茎突切除是治疗腕舟骨骨折骨不连的有效方法.