肌肤的20′30′40′

肌肤保养之道千变万化。但是总离不开“阻止衰老”这个经久不衰的课题。以往只有稍大的女士才注重抗衰老的保养。但时到今日，护肤概念已经演化成为延长肌肤青春状态。而且愈早开始行动愈好。     

Goodpasture′s综合征

Ｇｏｏｄｐａｓｔｕｒｅ′ｓ综合征中国医科大学第一临床学院（１１０００１）周希静，王宗谦Ｇｏｏｄｐａｓｔｕｒｅ′ｓ综合征为少见疾病。１９１８年ＥｒｎｅｓｔＧｏｏｄｐａｓｔｕｒｅ首先描述本病特征，此后相继有关类似病例的报道，即肺出血与肾小球肾炎并存。至到...     

2′－5′三聚寡腺苷酸生物学活性研究

２′－５′三聚寡腺苷酸生物学活性研究浙江医科大学传染病研究所（杭州３１０００６）吴南屏，王信子（审校）干扰素具有抗病毒、抗肿瘤、免疫调节等重要作用。２＇－５＇Ｐ３Ａ３是干扰素作用于细胞后产生的三聚腺嘌呤核苷酸，是一种很重要的生物学活性调节物质（１）。...     

F′检验中的一个新q′检验公式的提出

本文分析加权Ｆ′检验中的ＭＳ′误差计算公式，认为该式在Ｆ′检验的两两比较的ｑ值计算的具体运用中，有欠妥之处，故提出商榷的意见。     

慢性病毒性肝炎2′-5′寡腺苷酸合成酶活性研究

ＰＰＰＡ２Ｐ５Ａ２Ｐ５Ａ寡腺苷酸（简称２′－５′Ｐ３Ａ３）是干扰素作用细胞后诱生的２′－５′Ｐ３Ａ３合成酶利用ＡＴＰ为原料合成的物质〔１〕。它具有广泛的生物学活性如抗病毒〔２〕、抗肿瘤、免疫调节及大分子生物合成抑制作用〔３〕。本文选择慢性乙肝病人７４...     

2003′青藏高原光明行动

为实现世界卫生组织“视觉2020”全球战略目标,进一步探索与尝试中国防盲新模式,2003年4月8日,由全国防盲指导组和澳洲中国和平统一促进会主办;卫生部医政司、中国残联康复部、青海省卫生厅和西藏自治区卫生厅支持;中国红十字总会、中国医师协会、中国医学基金会、WHO防盲台作中心和北京同仁医院共同协办的“2003′青藏高原光明行动”启动仪式在北京人民大会堂西藏厅举行。     

Determination of 4,4′-, 3,4′-, and 2,2′-Diaminodiphenylethers in Sediment Samples from the Sea Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A selective method has been developed for determining the concentration of 4,4′-, 3,4′-, and 2,2′-diaminodiphenylethers in sediment samples from the sea, using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). 4,4′-diaminodiphenylether is a suspected toxic compound, and categorized as “Class I Designated Chemical Substance” in Japan. We have investigated the levels of 4,4′-diaminodiphenylether in sediments to evaluate long-term water pollution. The methods detection limits for the 4,4′-, 3,4′-, and 2,2′-diaminodiphenylethers were 2.0, 1.7, and 4.8 ng/g-dry, respectively.     

Taq DNA聚合酶5′~3′外切活性对荧光定量PCR的影响

目的为探讨Taq DNA聚合酶(后简称Taq酶)中5′~3′外切酶活性在Taqman探针法荧光定量PCR中的作用及影响,指导热启动Taq酶性能改造,本文研究了不同热启动Taq聚合酶的5′~3′DNA外切酶活性差异,以及该活性的高低对Taqman探针法荧光定量PCR的影响。方法使用荧光探针为底物,分别测定不同热启动Taq酶的聚合酶活性及外切酶活性,对比在相同聚合酶活性下外切酶活性的差异,以及在荧光定量PCR扩增反应中的差异。结果在聚合酶活性相等的条件下,不同的热启动Taq聚合酶具有不同的5′~3′DNA外切酶活性,经化学修饰的Taq酶的5′~3′DNA外切酶活性分别下降2.7倍和4.55倍,经抗体修饰的Taq酶5′~3′DNA外切酶活性没有变化。在乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)DNA荧光定量PCR检测体系中,加入同等聚合酶活性单位的不同修饰方法制备热启动Taq酶,外切酶活性高的酶比活性低的酶ct值更低。结论在Taqman探针法荧光定量PCR反应中,Taq酶对探针的外切降解过程是反应的限速步骤,提高Taq酶5′~3′DNA外切酶活性有利于提高反应效率。     

Biological Activity and Physicochemical Parameters of Marine Halogenated Natural Products 2,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-Heptachloro-1′-Methyl-1,2′-Bipyrrole and2,4,6-Tribromoanisole

Physicochemical parameters (vapor pressure, water solubility, Henrys law constant) and biological activities of two halogenated natural products frequently detected in marine samples and food were determined. Synthetic 2,3,3,4,4,5,5-heptachloro-1-methyl-1,2-bipyrrole (Q1) and 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (TBA) were available in pure form. The physicochemical parameters were in the range of anthropogenic chlorinated compounds of concern. The aqueous solubilities at 25°C (S_w,25) of Q1 and TBA were 4.6 g/L and 12,200 g/L, respectively, whereas subcooled liquid vapor pressures were 0.00168 Pa (Q1) and 0.06562 Pa (TBA) as measured by the gas chromatographic–retention time technique. Q1 was negative by established test systems for the determination of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) induction and by sulforhodamine B assay. EROD induction potency was at least 10^–7 times lower than that of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). At a relatively high concentration (20 M), Q1 inhibited specific binding of 2 nM [³H]TCDD to the in vitro-expressed human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) by 18%; lower concentrations showed no effect. Molecular modeling showed that Q1 is nonplanar, consistent with its relatively modest affinity as an AHR ligand. When tested for cell-growth inhibitory/cytocidal activity in human tumor cells, Q1 was only marginally, if at all, active with an IC₅₀ value >50 M compared with five to ten times lower IC₅₀ values for potent cytotoxins tested in the test system used. Furthermore, standard pesticide tests on insecticidal, herbicidal, and fungicidal activity did not provide any significant activity at highest concentrations. For TBA, the results in all tests were comparable with Q1. The SRB assay was also applied to the halogenated natural product 4,6-dibromo-2-(2,4-dibromo)phenoxyanisole, but no toxic response was found. Although it was apparent that Q1 and TBA had been proven to have relatively low biological activity in all tests performed, further research is necessary to clarify whether metabolites of the compounds eventually may possess a risk to humans or other living organisms. Nevertheless, the role of Q1 in nature remains uncertain.     

Embryotoxicity of 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachloroazobenzene and 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachioroazoxybenzene in the chick embryo

The toxicity of 3,3,4,4-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB) and 3,3,4,4-tetrachloroazoxybenzene (TCAOB) to chick embryos was examined. TCAB or TCAOB was dissolved in corn oil and injected into the air cell of fertile chicken eggs. The time of injection had a major effect on embryo mortality as eggs injected with TCAB or TCAOB on the fourth day of incubation had a higher incidence of embryo mortality than eggs injected on days 11–13. Both TCAB and TCAOB were more toxic than all other chemicals that have been tested in the chick embryo with the exception of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Comparing the potency of the two compounds, TCAOB was more potent than TCAB in the chick embryo with an estimated LD₅₀ of 12 ng and 44 ng respectively. Rump edema was the major abnormality observed in embryos treated with either TCAB or TCAOB. Other malformations included altered feather pattern and lack of down, hemorrhage, external viscera, reduced body size, failure to withdraw the yolk sac, beak malformation, dilation of blood vessels, and monomicropthalmia. The results of this investigation suggest that both TCAB and TCAOB are teratogenic in the chick embryo.This work was presented in part at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology, San Diego, CA, March 1–5, 1981.     

Comparative toxicokinetics of 2,2′- and 4,4′-dichlorobiphenyls in the pond snailLymnaea stagnalis (L.)

Pond snails (Lymnaea stagnalis (L.)) were treated with 2,2-dichlorobiphenyl (DCB) or 4,4-DCB, to examine the toxicokinetic profile of these compounds. Snails were treated orally with 210 g 4,4-DCB (impregnated on food) for 14 hr, or snails were injected with 50 g of 2,2-DCB or 4,4-DCB in the foot. At different times after starting feeding or injection, tissues (albumen gland, digestive gland and digestive tube, central nervous system, remainder parts), hemolymph and faeces were analyzed for unchanged 2,2- or 4,4-DCB. The results showed that in case of oral administration of 4,4-DCB after 144 hr, 97.5% of the dose was excreted unchanged in the faeces. During the first 48 hr 4,4-DCB was found in all tissues. Thereafter, an exponential elimination was found (the rate constant of elimination (k_el) varied from 0.010–0.021 per hr, t_1/2 from 33–60 hr and the apparent clearance from 0.02–0.3 g/hr for the different tissues). After injection, the compounds were found in all the above mentioned tissues, especially in the digestive gland. There was a clear difference between snails injected with 2,2- and 4,4-DCB. Firstly, k_el for 2,2-DCB was higher (0.028 per hr vs 4,4-DCB: 0.001 per hr). Secondly, 2,2-DCB was lethal; 63% of the animals died after 72 hr.     

3，3′，5，5′-四甲基联苯胺现场测定游离余氯的质控

用3，3′，5，5′-四甲基联苯胺替代邻联甲苯胺测定游离余氯，测定控制的条件也发生了一些变化。如何在现场测定时控制这些条件，既方便又能保证测定结果的准确性，是我们进行这次比对实验的目的。本实验按照《生活饮用水卫生规范》(下称规范)、GB5750—85《生活饮用水卫生标准检验方法》(下称标准)的要求，对两种方法进行比     

Sublingual targeting of STING with 3′3′-cGAMP promotes systemic and mucosal immunity against anthrax toxins

Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis, a zoonotic bacterial pathogen affecting humans and livestock worldwide. The current human anthrax vaccine, anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA), is an injected vaccine with a cumbersome administration schedule and fails to promote mucosal immunity. Bacterial enterotoxins, which stimulate production of the cyclic nucleotide cAMP are effective experimental mucosal vaccine adjuvants, but their inherent toxicity has precluded their use in humans. We investigated whether cyclic dinucleotides that target Stimulator of Interferon Gamma Genes (STING) in mammalian cells could represent an alternative to bacterial enterotoxins as adjuvant for sublingual immunization and promotion of mucosal immunity and secretory IgA responses in addition to systemic immunity. We found that sublingual immunization of mice with Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) and the STING ligand 3′3′-cGAMP promotes PA-specific serum IgG Ab responses of the same magnitude as those induced after immunization with PA and the experimental adjuvant cholera toxin (CT). Interestingly, this STING ligand also promoted serum anti-PA IgA and IgA-producing cells in the bone marrow. Furthermore, the saliva of mice immunized with the STING ligand exhibited similar levels of PA-specific IgA Abs as groups immunized with CT as adjuvant. The adjuvant activity of 3′3′-cGAMP was associated with mixed Th1, Th2, and Th17 responses. This STING ligand also induced rapid IFN-β and IL-10 responses in sublingual tissues and cervical lymph nodes, and TGF-β responses in the cervical lymph nodes, which could contribute to promoting IgA responses after sublingual immunization.     

胎儿Down′s综合征的产前筛选

应用母体血清生化评价孕早期产前筛选胎儿Down′s综合征,1984年始于低甲胎蛋白(AFP)水平和Down′s综合征有关的观察,1987～1988年进一步成功的应用其它生化参数如hCG、游离hCGα-亚单位,非结合E_3(uE_3)和妊娠特异糖蛋白(SP_1)提高检测率,其中hCG是最有效的指标。尽管在AFP和hCG处加上第三个指标(uE_3)进行评价似可稍改善检测率,减少假阳性率,但1990年仍有人质疑。但指出hCGα-亚单位评估的应用大约改善15%检测率。White等(1989)指出AFP/hCG比值的应用将改进检测率,应用这种建议评价作者的资料产生一种不能接受的假阳性率。在本刊Kratzer等1991年报道的根据多种生化指标的相对差异所建立的Down′s综合征危险“非整倍体指     

Vergiftungserscheinungen bei dicyclohexyl-methan-4-4′-diisocyanat-exposition

Zusammenfassung Vergiftungen durch organische Isocyanate (OI) sind schon seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg bekannt.Die bekanntesten OI sind Toluylen-Diisocyanat (TDI), Diphenyl-Methan-Diisocyanat (MDI), Naphtylen-Diisocyanat (NDI) and Hexamethylen-Diisocyanat (HDI). Alle oben erwdhnten organischen Isocyanate werden für verschiedenartige Zwecke zu Polyurethane polymerisiert.Das Dicyclohexyl-Methane-4-4-Diisocyanate (DMDI) wird zur Zeit für Flaschenüberzüge in Japan and Israel benötigt, um so evtl. Verletzungen durch Glasscherben zu verhindern.Elf von 15 Arbeitnehmern, die zuerst DMDI exponiert waren, zeigten vier bis sieben Tage nach Beginn der Exposition verschiedenartige Hautaffektionen im Bereich der unbedeckten Körperteile. Sechs litten an Vertigo mit oder ohne Kopfschmerzen und vier zeigten obstruktive Ventilationsstörungen, Tachykardie und Hypotension (EKG-Normal-Befund). Alle werden oral mit Antihistaminica und lokal mit Steroiden mit gutem Erfolg behandelt. Es konnten keine Unterschiede zwischen den Arbeitern der atopischen und der nicht-atopischen Gruppe festgestellt werden. Alle Zeichen der Vergiftung verschwanden nach 10 bis 14tägiger Behandlung. DMDI scheint nicht die Atemwege so stark anzugreifen wie TDI. Mögliche chronische Schädigungen werden diskutiert. Die Schwierigkeiten, DMDI in der Luft zu messen, werden festgestellt (MAK = 0,003 ppm).     

固相时间分辨荧光免疫分析螯合剂(Ⅰ)中间体—4,4′-二溴-6,6′-二甲基2,2′-联吡啶的合成

目的:合成固相时间分辨荧光免疫分析螯合剂的中间体-4,4′-二溴-6,6′二甲基2,2′-二吡啶。方法:根据自行设计的合成路线,以2-氨基6-甲基吡啶为原料,经重氮化、乌尔曼偶联合成6,6′-二甲基-2,2′-二吡啶,再经氧化、硝化、溴化、脱氧等合成4,4′-二溴-6,6′二甲基2,2′-二吡啶。结果:经元素分析、红外光谱,核磁共振波谱等方法证明:成功的合成了4,4′-二溴-6,6′二甲基2,2′-二吡啶。结论:通过自行设计路线完成了4,4′-二溴-6,6′二甲基2,2′-二吡啶的合成,为固相时间分辨荧光免疫分析的应用提供了有价值的中间体和制备方法。     

丙型肝炎病毒3′非编码区准种研究

目的获得中国大陆1b型丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)3′非编码区(3′UTR)全长序列,探讨在丙型肝炎病毒3′非编码区(高变区)是否存在复杂的准种特性。方法利用逆转录套式聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)限制性内切酶长度多态性分析(RFLP)初步筛选出6例1b型HCV感染者,采用半套式RT-PCR法扩增出约400 bp的cDNA片段,每例选择12~15个克隆测序。结果每例获得了5~8株全长1b型HCV3′非编码区克隆,由高变区,Poly(u)区,Poly(u/c)区及98碱基区四部分组成;各克隆中序列变异位点主要分布于高变区,Poly(u/c)区,核苷酸同源性0.2%~2.1%,呈现明显的准种分布特征。结论在丙型肝炎病毒3′非编码区(高变区)存在复杂的准种特性。     

Fabry′s病肾脏损害1例报告

Fabry′s (法布里 )病是一种罕见的性连锁显性遗传的弥漫性血管角质瘤及糖鞘脂贮积症。发病率 1∶40 0 0 0男性人群。其致病基因定位于X染色体长臂中段Xq2l至Xq2 4 ,该基因突变导致溶酶体α -半乳糖苷酶A缺乏 ,使N -脂酰鞘氨醇三己糖苷 (globotriaosylceramide)及相关的糖鞘脂 (glycosphingolipids)进行性积聚至体内 ,而引起肾脏、心脏和脑微血管等多器官病变。本文报告 1例临床误诊为原发性肾炎的Fabry′s病患者。1　临床资料患者 ,1 6岁 ,男 ,因反复肉眼血尿 5年 ,加重伴浮肿半个月于 2 0 0 1年 3月入院。以往 5年内多次就诊 ,但未做肾…     

Toxicities of 2,2′,4,4′- and 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyls to house flies at different ages and enzyme levels

Two tetrachlorobiphenyls (2,2,4,4-tetraCB and 3,3,4,4-tetraCB) had different effects on the longevity of adult female house flies (Musca domestica), depending on enzyme levels at dosing. Twenty-four-hour acute toxicities of the two tetrachlorobiphenyls were also compared with one trichlorobiphenyl (2,2,5-triCB) at different enzyme levels. 2,2,4,4-tetraCB killed more than 90% of the flies within 12 h at the highest dose (1,667 ppm, g/g); however, the toxicity of the moderate dose (1,250 ppm) was age-dependent and greater in 1- and 15-day-old flies and lower in 5-day-old flies. Daily mortality patterns of the lower doses (390 and 833 ppm) were similar to the control. LT₅₀s (time for 50% death) were also different in different age groups at the moderate dose. The toxicity of 3,3,4,4-tetraCB was similar to the control in all age groups, with a slight increase in the early mortalities and a decrease in the LT₅₀s at the highest (1,200 ppm) dose.The twenty-four-hour lethality of 2,2,4,4-tetraCB was very high, even at the lower doses in 1- and 15-day-old flies. Lower doses were least toxic at day 5, when the levels of cytochrome P₄₅₀ enzymes were at the highest. On the other hand, the acute toxicity of 2,2,5-triCB increased from 5 and 15% in 1- and 15-day-old flies, respectively, to about 50% in 5-day-old flies, suggesting bioactivation of 2,2,5-triCB. The acute toxicity of 3,3,4,4-tetraCB was negligible in all ages of house flies.