三七总皂甙对大鼠脑出血灶周围神经元线粒体超微结构的影响

目的:研究三七总皂甙对大鼠脑出血后神经元线粒体超微结构的保护作用。方法:用鼠脑立体定位仪将肝素化Ⅶ型胶原酶注入实验大鼠基底节区制备大鼠脑出血模型;用透射电镜观察线粒体超微结构并对其进行体视学分析;用免疫组织化学方法检测Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达;利用神经功能评分标准检测各组大鼠的神经行为学变化。结果:神经行为学检测,模型组大鼠的神经功能评分分值升高,治疗组大鼠分值较模型组下降(P0.01);线粒体体视学分析,治疗组线粒体的比表面积、比膜面积、体密度、数密度均较模型组增大,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);与模型组比较,治疗组Bax的阳性表达降低(P0.01)、Bcl-2的阳性表达升高(P0.01),Bcl-2/Bax蛋白比值增高。结论:三七总皂甙能够保护脑出血后神经元线粒体,促进神经功能恢复。     

大鼠脑出血后神经元线粒体的体视学分析及黄芪的神经保护作用研究

目的　探讨黄芪对大鼠脑出血后神经元线粒体的保护作用。 方法　用Ⅶ型胶原酶脑内注入法制作大鼠脑出血模型,利用Narrow-alley Test检测各组大鼠的神经行为学指标;用透射电镜观察各组大鼠脑出血灶周围神经元线粒体的超微结构并对其进行体视学分析;用免疫组织化学方法检测Caspase-3蛋白表达。 结果　神经行为学检测,模型组大鼠的不对称分值明显升高,治疗组大鼠不对称分值较模型组明显下降;神经元线粒体体视学分析,与模型组相比,治疗组线粒体的体密度、数密度、比表面积和比膜面积均较模型组增大,差异有显著性（P＜0.05);与模型组比较,治疗组Caspase-3的阳性表达明显降低（P＜0.01)。 结论　黄芪能够减轻出血后神经元线粒体的损伤,抑制神经元凋亡,促进神经功能恢复。     

辛伐他汀对大鼠脑出血后热休克蛋白70及细胞凋亡的影响

目的:观察辛伐他汀对大鼠脑出血模型血肿周围热休克蛋白70(HSP70)及细胞凋亡的影响。方法:应用Ⅶ型胶原酶诱导法建立脑出血大鼠模型,72只SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为假手术组(Sham组)、脑出血组(ICH组)、辛伐他汀组(SIM组)。分别于6、12、24、48 h对各组大鼠进行神经功能评分后处死留取脑组织,采用干/湿重法检测脑组织含水量;免疫组织化学法检测HSP70、Bax和Bcl-2阳性产物的分布情况;Western Blot检测HSP70、Bax和Bcl-2蛋白表达量,并计算Bcl-2/Bax的比值。结果:与假手术组相比,脑出血组大鼠脑组织含水量及神经功能评分增加(P0.05),血肿周围HSP70、Bax和Bcl-2表达明显上调(P0.05),且HSP70、Bax和Bcl-2三种蛋白的表达高峰分别出现在48 h、24 h及12 h,Bcl-2/Bax比值降低。与脑出血组相比,辛伐他汀治疗组脑组织含水量与神经功能评分显著降低(P0.05),血肿周围HSP70和Bcl-2表达进一步上调(P0.05),而Bax表达下调(P0.05),但三种蛋白的表达趋势未发生改变,Bcl-2/Bax比值增加。结论:辛伐他汀可以促进脑水肿及神经功能的恢复,其可能通过增加血肿周围HSP70表达,抑制脑组织细胞凋亡而发挥神经保护作用。     

三七总皂甙对大鼠脑出血后神经可塑性的影响

目的:探讨三七总皂甙对大鼠脑出血后神经可塑性的影响。方法:制作脑出血模型;将120只大鼠随机分成假手术组、模型组、三七总皂甙治疗组;免疫组化检测Nestin、Shank1表达;电镜观察突触超微结构并定量分析;对大鼠进行神经功能评分。结果:假手术组超微结构正常,模型组神经突触及细胞器溶解破坏,治疗组突触结构趋于正常,与模型组比较突触数量、界面曲率及突触后致密区均增大,突触间隙变窄,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。与模型组比较,治疗组Shank1及Nestin蛋白阳性表达升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。假手术组神经功能基本正常;模型组评分升高;与模型组比较,治疗组评分降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:三七总皂甙可增强神经可塑性,保护大鼠神经功能。     

黄芪注射液对缺氧缺糖/复氧复糖大鼠海马神经元Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响

目的: 观察黄芪注射液对缺氧缺糖/复氧复糖大鼠海马神经元凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax及其mRNA表达的影响。方法: 取原代培养8 d的大鼠海马神经元,随机分为4组:正常对照组、模型组(缺氧缺糖/复氧复糖组)、溶剂对照组(缺氧缺糖/复氧复糖+黄芪注射液溶剂处理组)和黄芪注射液处理组(缺氧缺糖/复氧复糖+黄芪注射液处理组)。除正常对照组外,各组均进行缺糖缺氧0.5 h,再分别于复氧复糖后0 h、0.5 h、2 h、6 h、24 h、72 h和120 h采用Western blotting法检测海马神经元Bcl-2和Bax蛋白的表达,RT-PCR法检测海马神经元bcl-2和bax mRNA的表达。结果: Western blotting结果显示:与正常对照组比,模型组Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达明显升高,而Bcl-2/Bax比值下调(P<0.05);与模型组比,黄芪注射液处理组Bcl-2蛋白表达升高,Bax蛋白表达明显降低,Bcl-2/Bax比值升高( P<0.05),而溶剂对照组Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达及Bcl-2/Bax比值则无显著变化(P>0.05)。bcl-2 mRNA、bax mRNA表达趋势同蛋白。结论: 黄芪注射液可提高缺氧缺糖/复氧复糖大鼠海马神经元Bcl-2表达及Bcl-2/Bax比值,抑制Bax表达,从而抑制缺氧缺糖/复氧复糖引起的海马神经元凋亡。     

黄芪注射液对大鼠脑出血灶周围神经元超微结构的影响

目的:研究黄芪对大鼠脑出血灶周围凋亡神经元的保护作用.方法:将雄性SD大鼠分为黄芪治疗组,出血对照组和正常对照组;其中黄芪治疗组又分成出血后0、 6、 24h治疗组.各组均于出血后72h处死.电镜观察不同时间点大鼠脑出血灶周围凋亡神经元的超微结构.结果:出血对照组可见大部分神经元胞体缩小,核膜凹陷,核固缩,染色质边集,核仁少见;部分线粒体大小不均,呈致密型改变,多数线粒体肿胀、体积增大、嵴断裂、空泡样变性;粗面内质网扩张.黄芪治疗组神经元线粒体,核仁,核膜,粗面内质网等结构损伤程度明显好于出血组.其中出血后0、 6h治疗组的神经元超微结构好于出血后24h治疗组.结果:黄芪注射液能保护脑出血灶周围的神经元,减缓大鼠脑出血后神经元的凋亡,并且早期用药效果明显.     

脑室注射链脲佐菌素对大鼠海马神经元凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响

目的 观察App17肽对脑室注射链脲佐菌素的大鼠海马神经元凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响,探讨胰岛素信号转导通路障碍对神经元存活的作用.方法脑室注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)制作大鼠痴呆模型.3周后,皮下注射App17肽.4周后取脑组织做Bcl-2、Bax、CytoC免疫组织化学染色及Western blotting半定量分析.结果 模型组大鼠海马内Bax、CytoC阳性反应神经元细胞数目多,胞质深染,细胞计数与正常组及治疗组有显著性差异(P＜0.01);模型组大鼠海马内Bcl-2阳性细胞数目少,胞质染色淡,细胞计数与正常组及治疗组有显著性差异(P＜0.01).Western blotting半定量分析可见、Bcl-2、Bax、CytoC出现清晰的条带,组间可见较明显的差异(P＜0.01).结论 脑室注射STZ的大鼠海马内促进凋亡的Bax、CytoC表达增加;抑制凋亡的Bcl-2表达降低.App17肽可影响上述蛋白的表达,使之接近正常.胰岛素信号转导通路对神经元存活有一定作用.     

Bcl-2抑制剂对黄芪注射液降低缺氧缺糖/复氧复糖大鼠海马神经元caspase-3表达的影响

目的:观察Bcl-2抑制剂对黄芪注射液降低缺氧缺糖/复氧复糖大鼠海马神经元caspase-3表达的影响。方法:取体外原代培养8 d的海马神经元,随机分为6组:正常对照组、模型组(缺氧缺糖/复氧复糖组)、黄芪注射液组、黄芪注射液溶剂(无菌去离子水)对照组、Bcl-2抑制剂组和Bcl-2抑制剂+黄芪注射液组。除正常对照组外均进行缺氧缺糖0.5 h再复氧复糖,各组均于复氧复糖后24 h进行指标检测:采用细胞免疫化学染色法观察细胞形态和caspase-3阳性细胞率,Western blotting法检测海马神经元Bcl-2和cleaved caspase-3蛋白的表达,RTPCR法检测海马神经元caspase-3 mRNA的表达。结果:与正常对照组相比,模型组细胞caspase-3阳性率、Bcl-2、cleaved caspase-3蛋白及caspase-3 mRNA表达均明显增强(P0.05);与模型组相比,黄芪注射液组Bcl-2表达明显增加,细胞caspase-3阳性率、cleaved caspase-3蛋白及caspase-3 mRNA表达均明显降低(P0.05);而黄芪注射液溶剂对照组、Bcl-2抑制剂组及Bcl-2抑制剂+黄芪注射液组则无明显差异;黄芪注射液溶剂对照组Bcl-2表达较正常对照组无明显变化,而Bcl-2抑制剂组及Bcl-2抑制剂+黄芪注射液组显著下降(P0.05)。结论:Bcl-2抑制剂可对抗黄芪注射液降低缺氧缺糖/复氧复糖大鼠海马神经元caspase-3表达的作用,黄芪注射液通过Bcl-2发挥对缺氧缺糖/复氧复糖大鼠海马神经元凋亡的抑制作用。     

C57black/6小鼠全脑缺血模型脑内Bax和Bcl-2的表达

本研究采用C57black/6小鼠制备全脑缺血模型,观察脑缺血后多个脑区Bax和Bcl-2基因的表达。双侧颈总动脉夹闭(bilateral common carotid artery occlusion,BCCAO)15min,造成全脑缺血,24h后取脑组织进行Bax和Bcl-2免疫组织化学染色。结果显示:Bax阳性细胞广泛分布在大脑皮层、丘脑和杏仁核,阳性产物主要位于胞质内。除丘脑外,其他各部位Bax阳性神经元的密度缺血组均显著高于假手术组(P<0.05);缺血组各区域细胞染色灰度值均显著低于假手术组(P<0.01)。Bcl-2阳性细胞在大脑皮层和丘脑均有表达,缺血组大脑皮层内Bcl-2阳性神经元的密度显著高于假手术组(P<0.05);缺血组各区域细胞染色灰度值均显著低于假手术组(P<0.01)。以上结果表明双侧颈总动脉夹闭法致C57black/6小鼠全脑缺血模型可致多脑区Bax和Bcl-2的广泛表达,提示Bax和Bcl-2可能介导了缺血所致的神经元损伤。     

神经调节素对实验性痴呆大鼠的干预作用和可能机制

目的探讨神经调节素1β(NRG1β)对实验性老年痴呆大鼠神经元凋亡及Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响。方法成年健康雄性Wistar大鼠30只,随机分为假手术组、模型组、治疗组各10只,经左侧脑室微量注射淀粉样蛋白β1-40(Aβ1-40)建立实验性痴呆模型,经右侧脑室注射NRG1β干预治疗,Y型电迷宫检测大鼠的认知功能,原位缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测神经细胞凋亡,免疫组织化学法检测Bcl-2和Bax表达。结果造模成功后,模型组大鼠较对照组认知能力明显下降,TUNEL阳性细胞数明显增多,神经细胞Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达增强(P0.05)。经NRG1β治疗后,治疗组大鼠较模型组认知能力显著改善,TUNEL阳性细胞显著减少,Bcl-2表达增强,Bax表达减弱(P0.05)。结论 NRG1β可能通过调节Bcl-2和Bax表达而抑制神经细胞凋亡,从而改善实验性痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.