利培酮与氯丙嗪维持治疗精神分裂症临床观察

目的：观察利培酮用于精神分裂症维持治疗的疗效及安全性。方法：将康复期精神分裂症患者36例以利培酮维持治疗（利培酮组）,氯丙嗪维持治疗36例作为对照（氯丙嗪组）。观察6个月。应用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）及临床疗效总评量表（CGI）评定疗效,同时采用副反应量表（TESS）评定安全性。结果：治疗6个月后两组PANSS总分及各因子分均有显著下降,利培酮组阴性症状评分显著低于氯丙嗪组,不良反应显著较少。结论：利培酮可在精神分裂症维持治疗中应用。     

利培酮与氯氮平维持治疗精神分裂症三年随访对照研究

目的比较利培酮与氯氛平治疗精神分裂症的长期效果。方法对经利培酮与氯氮平治疗出院的精神分裂症患者各58例进行3年随访,以总体印象量表（CGI）、副反应量表（TESS）及社会功能缺陷量表（SDSS）评估两种药物长期维持治疗时的临床疗效、药物副反应及社会功能康复状况。结果CGI中的疗效指数EI：利培酮组高于氯氮平组,两者存在显著差异（P〈0．05）;TESS评分：利培酮组与氯氮平两者无显著差异;SDSS评分：利培酮组与氯氮平组存在显著差异（P〈0．001）。同时,利培酮与氯氮平治疗患者3年内复发率为25．9％和39．6％,再住院率分别为10．6％和53．1％,x2=8．3,P〈0．01,两者间具有显著性差异。结论利培酮比氯氮平更适合精神分裂症患者的长期维持治疗．     

奥氮平和利培酮治疗精神分裂症临床对照研究

目的比较奥氮平和利培酮对精神分裂症的治疗效果和安全性。方法以奥氮平与利培酮对120例精神分裂症患者进行为期6周的对照治疗,采用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定疗效,用副反应量表（TESS）评定副反应。结果奥氮平组显效率76．7％,有效率95％;利培酮组显效率76．7％。有效率93％。奥氮平的主要副反应为嗜睡,利培酮的主要副反应为锥体外系反应。结论两药治疗精神分裂痘均有良好疗效．且安全性较高。     

奥氮平与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症一年随访对照研究

目的前瞻性随访对照研究奥氮平（悉敏）与氯氮平治疗精神分裂的疗效与不良反应。方法研究对象为我院2个治疗病房的患者,奥氮平组84例,氯氮平组88例,评定两组患者入组前阳性阴性症状量表（PANSS）和治疗2,4,12,52周的PANSS量表及副反应量表（TESS）的测定,同时随访血糖、脑电图。结果（1）治疗2周两组PANSS量表均显著下降,以阳性症状改善明显,说明奥氮平与氯氮平对精神分裂症患者急性期的治疗均有效;（2）经随访研究1年后两组PANSS量表阳性、阴性、精神病性症状分均显著下降,奥氮平与氯氮平比较阴性症状改善更显著（P〈0.05）;（3）奥氮平血象、心电图、脑电图异常及嗜睡、便秘发生率均较氯氮平低,差异具有显著性;（4）奥氮平所致的体重增加在12周时与氯氮平比较无差异,随访1年差异显著。结论奥氮平治疗精神分裂症急性期症状疗效与氯氮平相当,随访研究1年对阴性症状的改善优于氯氮平且安全性高。     

奥氮平与氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症急性期的对照研究

目的 比较奥氮平与氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症急性期的疗效和安全性。方法 奥氮平组36例，剂量5—20mg／d；氯丙嗪组32例，剂量100-400mg／d。两组均以PANSS、CGI及TESS量表评定2周。结果两组总体疗效相当，奥氮平组PANSS兴奋激越因子减分在第5天（t=3．47，P〈0．05）、1周末（t=3．21，P〈0．05）及2周末（t=3．64，P〈0．05）优于氯丙嗪组。结论奥氮平治疗精神分裂症急性期的疗效肯定，起效较快，不良反应较小，且安全性良好。     

利培酮与氯丙嗪治疗难治性精神分裂症对照研究

目的：比较利培酮与氯丙嗪治疗难治性精神分裂分裂症的疗效。方法：将符合入组条件的病人随机分为2组,分别服用利培酮或氯丙嗪治疗12周,用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）和副反应量表（TESS）评定疗效和副反应情况。结果：利培且总有效率为71．4％,明显高于氯丙嗪组42．9％,经统计学处理差异有显著性（P＜0．05）,结论：利培酮对难治性精神分裂症的 疗效优于氯丙嗪,对阴性症状效果更佳。     

氯氮平合并利培酮与氯氮平合并舒必利治疗难治性精神分裂症的对照研究

目的：研究对比氯氮平合并利培酮与氯氮平合并舒必利治疗难治性精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法：把住院的60例难治性精神分裂症患者，随机分为A，B两组，A组应用氯 平合并利培酮治疗，B组应用氯氮平合并舒必利治疗，观察8周，分别在治疗前与治疗后用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）和不良反应症状量表（TESS）评定。结果：A组治疗8周后总有效率为70％，B组治疗8周后总有效率为63．3％，两组间疗效无显著差异（P＞0．05），TESS总分两组间有显著差异（P＜0．05），B组副反应大。结论：对难治性精神分裂症病人，氯氮平合并利培酮与氯氮平合并舒必利治疗均取得了较好的效果，A组副反应轻。     

奥氮平治疗精神分裂症临床观察

目的：探讨奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的疗效与安全性。方法：对123例精神分裂症患者随机分成两组,奥氮平组61例,氯氮平组62例,于治疗前和治疗1、2、4、6、8周末进行阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）及副反应量表（TESS）评定疗效及不良反应。结果：奥氮平与氯氮平总的疗效差异无显著性;在认知因子和阴性症状方面,以奥氮平显著较好。奥氮平主要不良反应明显低于氯氮平。结论：奥氮平是一种安全、有效的非典型抗精神病药。     

奥氮平与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症的对照研究

目的 评价奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的疗效和副作用。方法 将39例精神分裂症患者随机分成2组，分别给予奥氮平与氯氮平治疗8周，采用PANSS．CGI评价临床疗效，TESS评价不良反应。结果 奥氮平组与氯氮平组之间疗效无显著性差异，奥氮平组治疗前后PANSS减分率45．7％，有效率78．90％；氯氮平组治疗前后PANSS减分率44．9％，有效率75．0%；氯氮平组副反应明显高于奥氮平组。结论 奥氯平是一种安全有效的新型抗精神病药。     

利培酮、氯氮平与氯丙嗪的疗效和不良反应及相关因素的研究

目的　比较利培酮、氯氮平与氯丙嗪的疗效和不良反应 ,探讨有关的实验室检查和药物浓度相互关系。方法　将符合CCMD 2 R诊断标准的精神分裂症患者 ,根据临床情况和入院顺序 ,分别进入利培酮组、氯氮平组与氯丙嗪组 ,观察 8周。以PANSS、CGI、TESS和ESRS量表评定药物的疗效和不良反应。同时测定血清泌乳素和药物浓度。结果　治疗 8周后 :①利培酮组、氯氮平线和氯丙嗪组的PANSS量表总分、阴性分量表、一般精神病理学分量表和CGI量表病情严重程度评分均下降 ,而利培酮组和氯氮平组减分较氯丙嗪组明显 (分别P <0 0 1,P <0 0 5 ) ,TESS及ESRS量表的评分也与氯丙嗪组有显著性差异 (分别为P <0 0 1,P <0 0 5 )。②利培酮组、氯氮平组与氯丙嗪组肝功能、心电图检查组间差异有非常显著意义 (均P <0 0 1)。③氯氮平的剂量与去甲氯氮平、氯氮平浓度呈显著相关 ,9 羟利培酮浓度与PRL、利培酮有效率呈显著性相关 ,氯丙嗪浓度与PRL呈显著性相关 (rs=0 .2 6 1,P =0 .0 15 )。结论　利培酮、氯氮平具有较强抗精神病作用 ,相对氯丙嗪更为有效和全面。利培酮的安全性相对较好。     

Risperidone augmentation for schizophrenia partially responsive to clozapine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

RATIONALE: Risperidone augmentation of clozapine in refractory schizophrenia has theoretical but only inconsistent support from clinical trials. OBJECTIVES: To examine if adding risperidone to stable yet symptomatic schizophrenia outpatients on optimized clozapine monotherapy improves psychopathology. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind placebo-controlled parallel-group trial of a fixed dose of 4 mg/day risperidone added for 6 weeks in 24 outpatients with schizophrenia. RESULTS: Subjects who received risperidone showed a non-significant decrease in PANSS total score. The PANSS disorganized thought subscale improved significantly (beta=-3.3079, p=0.047). CONCLUSIONS: Our trial does not support the routine addition of risperidone to clozapine in refractory schizophrenia patients. However, much larger trials are needed to conclusively settle the question of added efficacy from this combination.     

抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的：比较利培酮和氯氮平对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法：对58例精神分裂症患者随机分成两组,分别给予利培酮、氯氮平治疗8周。治疗前和治疗8周末分别进行简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、韦氏成人记忆量表修订本(WMS-RC)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)和数字划销测验(CT)评定,比较利培酮和氯氮平对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。结果：两组8周后,各项检查项目均有显著好转。结论：利培酮和氯氮平均能改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能。     

Clozapine-induced neutropenia in children: management with lithium carbonate

Clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic, is the most effective medication for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, but its use is limited by the high risk of neutropenia and agranulocytosis. In children, the rate of clozapine-induced neutropenia is even higher than in adults. We report two cases of children 7- and 12-years old diagnosed with very early onset schizophrenia, who developed neutropenia when treated with clozapine. In both cases addition of lithium carbonate elevated the white blood count (WBC) allowing clozapine rechallenge. WBC and total neutrophil count remained stable long-term with coadministration of clozapine (400-425 mg per day) and lithium with the blood level of 0.8-1.1 microg/mL. This report supports the use of adjunct lithium for clozapine-induced neutropenia as a safe and successful strategy in children.     

利培酮与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症对照研究

目的 评价利培酮治疗精神分裂症的疗效和副作用。方法 将５９例精神分裂症住院病人随机分配到利培酮１组,利培酮２组和氯氮平组（２０例）,治疗８周。用阳性与阴性症状量表（ＰＡＮＳＳ）评定疗效,用副反应量表及锥体外系副反应量表评定副反应。结果 利培酮两个剂量组与氯氮平组之间疗效无显著性差异。在认知因子,阴性因子,ＰＡＮＳＳ总分减分率方面,利培酮组与氯氮平组有显著性差异,利培酮的副反应有锥体外系反应、失眠、     

奥氮平与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症的双盲对照研究

目的评价奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的有效性及安全性。方法采用随机双盲对照试验．奥氮平组30例(男13例，女17例)，剂量范围5～20mg／d；氯氮平组31例(男16例，女15例)，剂量范围为25～400mg／d．结果奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的显效率为60％，有效率为77％；而氯氮平的显效率为55％，有效率为74％，两药的疗效无显著性差异。奥氮平的副反应较少，未发现白血胞减少及直立性低血压。结论奥氮平是一有效而安全的非典型抗精神病药物，对精神分裂症阴性阳性症状均有效。     

奥氮平联合氯氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症患者的疗效观察

目的：观察奥氮平联合氯氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症的疗效和不良反应。方法：50例难治性精神分裂症患者随机分为合用药组和单用药组各25例。合用药组给予奥氮平合并小剂量氯氮平治疗,单用药组仅给予奥氮平治疗。疗程12周。采用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）及治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）于治疗前及治疗4、8、12周分别评定疗效和不良反应。结果：治疗后两组PANSS总分、阳性症状及阴性症状分均较治疗前明显降低（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,以合用药组显著低于单用药组（P〈0.05）。两组不良反应比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：奥氮平联合氯氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症疗效好,不良反应少且依从性好。     

长期服用氯氮平血浆药物浓度的稳定性研究

目的：了解长期服用氯氮平患者的血浆药物浓度的稳定性及其影响因素.方法：对305例稳定使用氯氮平治疗1年以上的精神分裂症住院患者,检测3次氯氮平血浆药物浓度.结果：3次氯氮平血浆药物浓度之间波动：〉20.0%者210例,其中〉25.0%者127例,〉50.0%者50例,〉100.0%者7例,有1例波动达到404.2%.在性别、吸烟、联合用药、氯氮平剂量等与氯氮平血浆药物浓度的稳定性有显著关系.结论：长期服用氯氮平的血浆药物浓度的稳定性也可能因性别、吸烟、合并用内科药、氯氮平剂量等的不同而变化.     

Combination of clozapine and ziprasidone in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: an open clinical study

OBJECTIVES: Therapeutic options for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia are limited. In such patients, combined application of atypical antipsychotic drugs is an often-used strategy. The authors tested the hypothesis that the combination of ziprasidone and clozapine would lead to an improvement in this patient group. METHODS: Nine patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia participated in this open clinical trial and received a combination regimen of ziprasidone and clozapine. Patients had to have remained on a stable dose of clozapine for at least 6 months to ensure a reasonable opportunity to respond to clozapine monotherapy. Clinical status was evaluated at baseline, and at 3 and 6 months' follow-up using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). RESULTS: All patients completed the 6-month combination treatment. The mental state of 7 patients (77.8%) was improved and there was a significant reduction in the mean BPRS score over the 6 months treatment. The coadministration of ziprasidone in clozapine-treated patients did not result in a corresponding increase in side effects. The combination allowed a 18% reduction of the daily clozapine dose. CONCLUSION: The combined application of clozapine and ziprasidone follows a neurobiologic rationale and appears to be safe and well tolerated without increasing the risk of side effects.     

利培酮与氯氮平对精神分裂症患者认知功能影响的对照研究

目的：观察利培酮与氯氮平对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法：将80例精神分裂症住院患者随机分为两组,并分别予以利培酮与氯氮平治疗12周,于入组前及治疗结束时测查威斯康星卡片分类测验,韦氏记忆测验,阳性和阴性症状量表,并与正常人比较,借以分析两药对认知功能的影响。结果：两组间在威斯康星卡片分类测验,韦氏记忆测验,阳性和阴性症状量表中的认知因子分上并无显著性差异,治疗前后比较利培酮组（40例）在记忆,阳性和阴性症状量表中的认知因子分及威斯康星卡片分类测验中的完成分类数和概念的水平,其百分数有显著差异,而氯氮平组（33例）仅在阳性和阴性症状量表中的认知因子及威斯康星卡片分类测验中的概念水平,其百分数有显著差异,在威斯康星卡片分类测验中完成第一个分类的次数有增加趋势。结论：利培酮对认知功能障碍的治疗作用优于氯氮平。     

Phenylpropanolamine appears not to promote weight loss in patients with schizophrenia who have gained weight during clozapine treatment

BACKGROUND: Weight gain is a common side effect of clozapine treatment and may expose patients to obesity-associated health risks. We proposed that concomitant treatment with an appetite suppressant such as phenylpropanolamine (PPA) would lead to a decrease in appetite and therefore loss of weight. METHOD: This was a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of PPA, 75 mg/day, in outpatients with treatment-refractory schizophrenia (DSM-IV) who were stable on clozapine treatment for at least 4 months and had gained > 10% of their baseline body weight since starting clozapine. Patients were evaluated for adverse effects and weighed weekly. A Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) assessment, a short dietary quiz, and blood indices were completed monthly. RESULTS: Sixteen patients were equally randomly assigned to receive PPA or placebo. The groups did not differ in mean age, baseline weight, dose of clozapine, baseline PANSS scores, or the percent of weight gained since the start of clozapine. There was no significant effect of treatment on weight (t = 0.219, df = 10, p = .831). There was no significant change in either the total PANSS scores (t = -0.755, df = 10, p = .468), the positive or negative symptom cluster scores, or any of the remaining variables. CONCLUSION: Phenylpropanolamine 75 mg/day was well tolerated but was not effective in reversing established weight gain associated with clozapine treatment in stable outpatients with schizophrenia.