冠状动脉旁路移植术后旁路血管狭窄影响因素分析

目的总结冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后旁路血管造影特点,分析相关因素对旁路血管通畅率的影响,并探讨提高旁路血管通畅率的方法。方法2004年4月至2006年4月间CABG术后平均间隔(46.4±39.1)个月,因心绞痛复发再入院行冠状动脉造影(CAG)病人149例,男120例;平均年龄(61.0±10.1)岁。共444支旁路血管,其中左乳内动脉(LIMA)131支,大隐静脉(SV)295支,左桡动脉(RA)15支,右乳内动脉(RIMA)3支。旁路血管造影完全闭塞或狭窄≥75%视为旁路血管病变。结果本组65.1%(97/149例)病人有旁路血管病变。31.1%(138/444支)旁路血管发生病变。LIMA闭塞5.3%(7/131支),狭窄(≥75%)6.9%(9/131支);SV旁路血管闭塞31.9%(94/295支),狭窄7.5%(22/295支);RA旁路血管闭塞33.3%(5/15支);RIMA旁路血管闭塞33.3%(1/3支)。LIMA旁路血管的通畅率明显优于SV。不同靶血管的SV旁路血管通畅率有明显差别。吻合口以远冠状动脉口径(runoff)≥2.0 mm的旁路血管通畅率明显高于<2.0mm者,尤其是SV旁路血管。近端冠状动脉狭窄程度对LIMA-前降支的通畅率影响明显,而对主动脉-SV-后降支通畅率影响不明显。序贯吻合及非体外循环CABG对旁路血管通畅率无明显影响。结论CABG术后旁路血管病变比较常见,是造成术后心绞痛复发的重要原因。不同旁路血管、不同靶血管、runoff大小、近端冠状动脉狭窄程度均明显影响旁路血管通畅率。手术技术不当是术后早期旁路血管病变的主要原因。改进手术技术,术后早期足量抗血小板药物及强化降脂治疗是提高旁路血管通畅率的关键。     

非体外循环与体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植血管中远期通畅率比较

目的 比较非体外循环不停跳与体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植手术后中远期移植血管的通畅率.方法 对同一术者行冠状动脉旁路移植手术后5年以上病例50例.按手术方式分为两组.第1组采用传统体外循环下进行冠状动脉旁路移植(体外循环组,25例);第2组采用非体外循环不停跳技术进行冠状动脉旁路移植(非体外循环组,25例).对所有病例进行冠状动脉造影随访,比较两组移植血管的通畅情况.结果 两组均男21例,女4例.第1组手术年龄(55.4±8.9)岁;随访70～110个月,平均(86.52±12.48)个月;移植血管共83支,其中动脉移植血管41支,静脉移植血管42支,平均移植血管(3.32±0.63)支/例;随访移植血管通畅61支,狭窄6支,闭塞16支,动脉移植物通畅率为78.05%,静脉通畅率69.05%,总通畅率73.49%.第2组手术年龄(58.2±9.09)岁;移植血管共65支,其中动脉移植血管31支,静脉移植血管34支,平均移植血管(2.52±0.71)支/例,随访64～99个月,平均(82.68±12.48)个月;随访移植血管通畅47支,狭窄4支,闭塞14支,动脉移植物通畅率为74.19%,静脉通畅率70.59%,总通畅率72.31%.结论 非体外循环不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植手术移植血管中远期通畅率与传统体外循环手术一致,均可达到较好的中远期疗效.

Abstract：

Objective Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) is used more widely in recent years in China. However, there is an argument on benefits and risks of off-pump surgery. Many studies shown that OPCAB had more benefits in short-term outcomes than conventional coronary artery bypass grafting(CCABG). But evidences from other studies suggested that OPCAB resulted in less long-term graft patency as compared with on-pump surgery. This study examined the longterm graft patency of OPCAB and CCABG performed by one surgeon. Methods 50 patients who had received surgical revascularization by a surgeon for more than 5 years were reviewed, 25 patients received conventional coronary artery bypass grafting ( group 1 ) and 25 patients received OPCAB ( group 2). All patients had angiograms for compareing the graft patency between the two groups. Results Among 25 patients in group 1,21 were male and 4 were female. The mean age of patients at surgery was (55.4 ±8.9) years. 15 cases had unstable angina, 16 patients had old myocardial infarction and 6 cases had diabetes.The ejection fraction (EF) was 0.58 ±0.14. The mean number of bypasses per patient was 3.32 ±0.63. Mean duration of operation was (3.58 ± 0. 82) hours. Mean follow-up duration was ( 86.52 ± 12.48) months. 83 grafts were evaluated for patency ( open vs. closed) and were graded by Fitzgibbon as grade A ( excellent graft), B ( impaired graft, with a stenosis of ≥50%, or a diameter less than 50% of the grafted artery), or O ( completely occluded). The graft patency was 73.49%, 61grafts were graded as Fitzgibbon A, 6 grafts as Fitzgibbon B and 16 grafts as Fitzgibbon 0. 25 patients were in group 2, 21males and 4 females. The mean age of patients at procedure was (58.2 ± 9.09) years, 11 patients had unstable angina, 13 patients had old myocardial infarction and 6 cases had diabetes. The ejection fraction (EF) was 0.59 ± 0. 14. Conclusion No 2011.03.013 difference in long-term graft patency was identified between on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Off-pump oronary artery bypass grafting preformed by an experienced surgeon may gain similar long-term graft patency to that of conventional bypass.     

再次冠状动脉旁路移植术术前静脉桥通畅率的造影分析

目的　比较单一静脉桥与序贯静脉桥在冠状动脉旁路移植 (CABG)术后的通畅率和寿命。方法　收集 30 0例再次CABG病人术前的冠状动脉造影资料。其中 10 6例既有单一桥 (15 9条 ) ,又有序贯桥 (118条 )。结果　 10 6例病人单一桥对序贯桥的堵塞率和狭窄率 (≥ 5 0 % )为 :1年 ,1%和 1%对 2 %和 0 ;5年 ,1%和 0对 2 %和 1% ;10年 ,8%和 7%对 7%和 9% ;15年 ,2 4%和 18%对 2 3%和 2 5 % ;2 3年 ,45 %和 31%对 39%和 42 %。结论　序贯吻合本身不影响静脉桥的通畅率     

左心室收缩功能低下冠心病病人冠状动脉旁路移植术的中远期效果

目的　总结并分析左心室收缩功能低下冠心病病人行冠状动脉旁路移植手术(CABG)的中、远期效果。方法　34例左心室射血分数(LVEF)低于0 30且不伴左心室室壁瘤的冠状动脉粥样硬化心脏病病人行CABG ,平均年龄(5 8 0±9 4 )岁。冠状动脉造影显示LVEF为0 15～0 30 ,平均0 2 7±0 0 4 ,其中2支病变3例,3支病变31例(包括左主干病变4例)。超声心动显示左心室舒张末直径(LVDD)平均为(6 1 5±8 9)mm ,LVEF平均0 2 8±0 0 7。心功能分级平均为2 9±0 7。体外循环下手术2 6例,非体外循环常温手术(OPCAB) 8例。每例旁路移植2～6支,平均(3 9±0 9)支。随访率94 1% ,随访时间平均(3 5±1 9)年。结果　无手术死亡。早期主要并发症为心功能不全。所有病人心绞痛症状明显减轻,左心室舒张末直径平均(5 5 2±7 1)mm ,LVEF平均0 4 7±0 11。心功能分级平均1 9±0 3。以上指标与术前进行统计学比较,差异均具统计学意义。随访3年生存率为91 9% ,5年生存率为85 7%。5年免除心绞痛为81 3% ,心功能分级为1～3级,平均1 4±0 6。结论　伴左心室收缩功能低下的CABG病人的中、远期疗效满意,充分的术前准备是手术成功关键。     

冠状动脉CT血管造影评估冠状动脉慢性完全性闭塞

目的 观察冠状动脉CT血管造影(CCTA)评估冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞(CTO)的可靠性。方法 回顾性分析201例经有创冠状动脉造影(ICA)确诊的CTO患者共207处病变的CCTA资料,观察CCTA与ICA显示CTO特征的一致性、差异及符合率,包括冠状动脉闭塞段头端形态(钝形/锥形),闭塞段内有无钙化、纡曲、近端分支及闭塞段长度是否≥20 mm。结果 CCTA与ICA检出冠状动脉闭塞段头端钝形(Kappa=0.50)、闭塞段内有无钙化(Kappa=0.48)、闭塞段近端有无分支(Kappa=0.56)及病变长度≥20 mm(Kappa=0.53)与否的结果具有中度一致性(P均＜0.01),二者判断闭塞段是否纡曲的一致性好(Kappa=0.80,P＜0.01)。CTA与ICA对冠状动脉闭塞段钙化[38.65%(80/207)vs.21.74%(45/207)]及闭塞近端分支[31.40%(65/207)vs.43.48%(90/207)]的检出率差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.01),对闭塞段头端钝形[35.75%(74/207)vs.36.71%(76/207)]、闭塞段纡曲[20.29%(42/207)vs.23.19%(48/207)]及病变长度≥20 mm[38.65%(80/207)vs.41.06%(85/207)]的检出率差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。CCTA与ICA检出冠状动脉闭塞段头端钝形、钙化、纡曲、近端存在分支及长度≥20 mm的符合率分别为76.81%(159/207)、77.29%(160/207)、93.24%(193/207)、79.23%(164/207)及77.29%(160/207)。结论 利用CCTA能可靠评估CTO病变特征。     

64排CT对冠状动脉旁路移植术后桥血管病变的诊断研究

目的 评价64排螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)对冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)术后桥血管病变诊断的准确性.方法 2005年7月至2007年4月,共228例患者于CABG术后复查64-MSCTA,其中31例患者(82支桥血管)因有心绞痛或CT结果提示桥血管损害,进一步行冠状动脉造影(CAG).结果 所有桥血管均获得评价.64-MSCTA共发现13支桥血管闭塞,均得到CAG证实.CAG发现15支桥血管严重狭窄,64-MSCTA发现14处,漏诊1处,误诊1处.64-MSCTA诊断冠状动脉桥狭窄的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和与CAG符合率分别为93.3%、98.1%、93.3%、98.1%和97.1%;诊断桥血管病变的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和与CAG符合率分别为96.4%、98.1%、96.4%、98.1%和97.6%.结论 64-MSCTA可以准确评价术后桥血管通畅情况.     

经胸降主动脉微创冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的 探讨胸腔镜辅助左胸小切口、经胸降主动脉"Y"形旁路血管向心肌供血,实施非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术微创化的临床疗效.方法 66例冠心病病人,经左胸小切口开胸,胸腔镜游离左侧乳内动脉,经胸降主动脉"Y"形旁路血管向心肌供血,实施非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术,用瞬时流量测定仪检测旁路血管的通畅度.结果 平均手术(103,0±18.4)min.术后平均机械辅助呼吸(5.6±3.2)h,平均ICU滞留(37.3±7.6)h,平均胸腔引流量(190±75)ml,平均输血(150±50)ml,移植血管平均流量Qm为(27±7)mi/min,搏动指数(PI)为3.5±1.4,逆向血流百分比(%Insuf)为(7±5)%.全组病人无死亡,均治愈出院.随访12～48个月,病人病情稳定,身体状况良好.结论 该术式是微创冠状动脉旁路移植术的一个新途径.尤其适用于升主动脉存在钙化、扩张或粥样硬化斑块者,可避免升主动脉损伤、附壁斑块松动、脱落导致的脑栓塞或冠状动脉栓塞.安全、有效、创伤小.从真正意义上实现了冠状动脉旁路移植术的微创化.临床疗效显著,近期效果满意,远期效果有待进一步随访观察.     

700例冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床回顾

作者对阜外医院７００例冠状动脉旁路移植术（ＣＡＢＧ）患者的临床资料和手术结果，按时间分Ａ、Ｂ两组进行对比分析，结果显示合并糖尿病、高血脂症、心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级、左主干病变、广泛三支病变等在患者中所占比例近三年有显著的增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）；合并高血压病（４１．３％）、陈旧性心肌梗塞（６５．０％）、有左室室壁瘤（２４．３％）、术后需使用ＩＡＢＰ（９．４％）发生率高，但两组间无显著性差异。心肌保护方法的改进、冠状动脉充分再血管化技术的提高和内乳动脉的广泛采用，使术后早期死亡率（Ｂ组９．６％，Ａ组２．７％）及围术期心梗发生率（Ｂ组９．０％、Ａ组３．２％，Ｐ＜０．００５）明显下降。     

高龄糖尿病病人的冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的 分析高龄糖尿病病人行冠状动脉旁路移植术的疗效,探讨糖尿病对高龄冠状动脉旁路手术病人的影响.方法 649例70岁以上冠脉旁路移植病人分成糖尿病组及无糖尿病组.统计分析两组术前、术中及术后资料.结果 除糖尿病组合并左主干病变较多外,两组术前病情及手术情况未见差异,术后病死率、并发症、输血等各方面差异也未见统计学意义.结论 高龄病人行冠状动脉旁路移植手术是可行的,糖尿病病人可以获得与非糖尿病者相同的治疗效果.     

不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术在左主干病变病人中的应用

目的 探讨不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术（0PCAB）在左主干病变病人中应用的可行性和特点。方法 2002年5月至2006年5月，97例伴有左主干病变的冠心病病人施行了OPCAB，同期为86例伴有左主干病变的冠心病病人行体外循环下的冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）。对两组病人术前、术后的临床资料进行对比分析。结果 OPCAB和CABG组术前平均年龄（68．1±4．9）岁对（64．3±6．5）岁，P〈0．05；术前慢性阻塞性肺疾病史10．3％对2．3％，P〈0．05；术前肌酐高于正常者5．2％对0，P〈0．05；术前脑梗塞病史12.4％对3．5％，P〈0．05。术后OPCAB和CABG组病死率为1．03％对1．16％，P：0．93；房颤发生率14．4％对27．9％，P=0．02。结论 对伴有左主干病变的冠心病病人行OPCAB临床效果良好。     

非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后的阿司匹林抵抗

目的 通过检测非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)后患者血小板聚集率以及尿11-脱氢-血栓烷B2(11-DH-TXB2)指标，动态观察术后阿司匹林抵抗(AR)的发生情况，探索术后AR的危险因素。方法 冠心病患者290例，首次行OPCAB患者145例(手术组)，接受内科药物治疗患者145例(非手术组)。手术组患者于术前及术后服用阿司匹林后第1、4、10天及6个月，检测血小板聚集率以及尿11-DH-TXB2。非手术组患者于服药前及服药后第1、4、10天检测上述指标。同时记录患者各项临床资料。结果 手术组患者服用阿司匹林后第1天的AR发生46例(32％)(抵抗组)，其余为非抵抗组。用药后第4天和第10天AR患者下降至19例(13％)和5例(3％)。半年随访中未发现有AR患者存在。非手术组患者，服药后第1天，血小板聚集率均下降至20％以下，平均(8.8±6.8)％，未见AR现象出现。手术组患者术后血小板计数显著高于术前(P＜0.05)。Logistic回归分析发现，OPCAB患者中，体重大于75 kg(OR =0.38，95％CI:0.18～0.79)和术后引流量超过500 ml(OR=3.12，95％CI:1.29～7.53)为术后出现AR的危险因素。结论 OPCAB术后早期，阿司匹林的抗血小板作用受到不同程度抑制，部分患者出现AR现象，予以更为积极有效的抗血小板治疗有重要临床意义。     

冠状动脉竞争血流对乳内动脉旁路血流及NO、ET含量影响的实验研究

目的研究冠状动脉旁路移植（CABG）术后,未完全闭塞冠状动脉的竞争血流对左乳内动脉（加雌）旁路血流量、方向及旁路血流中一氧化氮（NO）、内皮素（ET）含量的影响。方法15只猪行㈣术建立不同程度狭窄的冠状动脉左前降支（LAD）与LIMA旁路血管竞争血流动物模型,并检测LIMA旁路血流中NO、ET含量。结果LAD近端狭窄程度越轻,LIMA旁路平均血流量越小,且收缩期逆向血流越大,IAD近端30％狭窄、50％狭窄时LIMA旁路的血流量均明显低于90％狭窄时（P〈0．01）。IAD近端30％和50％狭窄时旁路血流NO含量均明显低于IAD近端90％狭窄时（P〈0．05）;LIMA旁路血流中ET含量均较移植前高（P〈0．05）。结论CABG术后,来自未完全闭塞冠状动脉的竞争血流导致加雌旁路血流量下降并产生双向血流,进而引起旁路血流中NO含量显著下降,可能是早期LIMA血管旁路闭塞的主要机制。     

Endoscopic sphincterotomy for cholangitis after recent coronary artery bypass graft surgery

It is particularly attractive to perform endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with sphincterotomy for cholangitis due to common bile duct stone because of the increased morbidity and mortality of the alternative therapy of choledochal exploration. The safety of therapeutic ERCP after recent myocardial injury is unknown since there are only five previously reported cases. Three patients underwent therapeutic ERCP after recent coronary artery bypass graft surgery for indication of recent cholangitis due to choledochal stones. Initially, the cholangitis was managed medically in all patients. Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) was performed 11, 17, and 14 days after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The calculi were successfully extracted by sweeping the choledochus with a balloon-tipped catheter or basket in all cases. During ERCP the vital signs remained stable; no cardiac arrhythmias, hemorrhage, or pulmonary complications occurred. Our study demonstrates that therapeutic ERCP is not absolutely contraindicated after recent myocardial injury and suggests that ES is preferable to surgery for cholangitis due to common bile duct stones.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后早期紧急再次手术

目的 探讨冠状动脉旁路移植(CABG)术后围术期急性心肌缺血的病因和外科治疗.方法 2001年1月至2009年1月,28例CABG术后早期进行了紧急再次手术.其中男18例,女10例.平均年龄54岁.主要病因包括早期移植物栓塞、乳内动脉(IMA)异常、靶血管吻合口异常,桡动脉(RA)痉挛、心肌血管化不完全.首次手术到再次手术时间间隔1～48 h,平均8 h.紧急再次手术中仅2例选择非体外循环不停跳手术,余均在体外循环心脏停跳下CABG.再次手术包括:对异常移植物尽可能去除,选择重新吻合或远端加一旁路血管.对RA持续痉挛者拆除后用静脉再次行旁路手术.再次手术中给予充分再血管化.结果 手术死亡2例.术后1～14天死亡8例.16例术后放置主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)辅助,其中2例同时进行体外膜式氧合器(ECMO)辅助,2例同时选择左心辅助装置(LVAD).18例生存者均无严重并发症.结论 CABG术后早期急性严重心肌缺血病死率高.早期诊断和及时外科处理可以提高生存率.强调术前、术后预防的重要性.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the cause of acute myocardial ischemia early after coronary artery bapass graft (CABG) and surgical management on it. Methods From 2001 to 2009, 28 patients underwent urgent reoperation early after CABG due to acute myocardial ischemia. The incidence of reoperation is about 0.02%. The cause of reoperation inclouded early graft occlusion (10 cases) ,IMA damage or injury during harvesting(9 cases), inexactitude distal anastomosis(2 cases)and radial artery spasm(4 cases). The mean interval time between two operations was 8 hours. Reoperation was done under offpump bypass in 2 patients and on-bypass used in other patients. Unsatisfactoey graft were substituted with new graft material and thrombotic was removed. If LIMA was the reson for myocardial ischemia, an additional vein graft was inserted. The spasm radial artery were substituted with new vein graft. Completely revascularization was used in re-do CABG. Results Two patients died during reoperation. 8 patients was died between 1 day and 14 days after reoperation. IABP was used in 16 patients,which 2 patients received ECMO suppord and 2 patient received LVAD suppord at mean time. Conclusion There have very high mortality in acute myocardial ischemia early after CABG. The early diagnosis and correct surgical management can improve the rates of survival. The active prevent should be emphasized during the first CABG.     

Prognostic importance of automated ST-segment monitoring after coronary artery bypass graft surgery

Background : Automated ST-segment monitors are widely used in cardiac surgery units. The purpose of this study was to determine if cardiac morbidity and mortality, after CABG surgery, are predicted by ECG ST-segment changes on automated monitors.
Method : One hundred patients, who underwent CABG, were included in this prospective study. ST-segment deviations were recorded by an automated ST monitor, in the ICU, for 24 h after surgery. A reversible ST depression of more than 0.1 mV or a ST elevation of more than 0.2 mV and for at least 1 min were considered as significant episodes. Adverse cardiac outcomes were defined as: myocardial infarction (MI), severe left ventricular failure, ventricular fibrillation (VF) and cardiac-related death.
Results : Sixty patients (group 1) presented significant episodes of ST deviation (6δ5 episodes per patient). Forty patients (group 2) were free from ST changes. Eight patients from group 1 had postoperative adverse cardiac outcomes: 5 MI, 2 VF and 1 cardiac-related death. Patients from group 2 were all free from adverse cardiac outcomes. Automated ST-segment analysis during the first 24 h had a positive predictive value of 13% and a negative predictive value of 100%.
Conclusion : Automated ST analysis is a non-invasive, sensitive and very easy-to-use monitoring system to screen patients who may develop myocardial ischemia and cardiac complications after CABG surgery.     

Comparison of patency of single and sequential radial artery grafting in coronary artery bypass

Open in a separate window OBJECTIVESSequential radial artery (RA) grafting has the potential to enhance arterial revascularization compared to single grafting. Sequential RA grafting was performed predominantly with a single side-to-side anastomosis. The study aimed to assess if sequential RA grafting improved long-term graft patency compared to single RA grafting. In addition, the anastomotic patencies of side-to-side and end-to-side anastomoses in sequential RA grafting were assessed.METHODSTwo hundred nineteen patients underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting with skeletonized RA conduits between 2005 and 2016. Of these, 208 patients underwent radiological graft assessment; thus, 125 and 83 patients underwent single and sequential RA grafting, respectively. The graft and anastomotic patency rates were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method.RESULTSThe median follow-up period was 9.1 years, and the radiological assessment lasted 5.1 years. The overall RA graft patency rates at 1, 5 and 10 years were 99.4%, 92.7% and 88.1%, respectively. The RA graft patency rate for sequential grafting was similar to that for single grafting (88.7% vs 87.4% at 10 years; P = 0.88). In the stratified analysis of anastomotic patency, the patency rate of side-to-side anastomoses of sequential RA grafting was significantly better than that of end-to-side anastomoses (100% vs 88.7% at 10 years; P = 0.01).CONCLUSIONSThe long-term RA graft patencies of sequential and single grafting were equally high. The anastomotic patency of side-to-side anastomoses of sequential RA grafting was remarkably high. Considering these findings, the RA can be effectively used for multiple arterial coronary revascularizations.