肺癌患者行三维适形放射治疗的护理

目的探讨三维适形放射治疗肺癌患者的临床观察及护理。方法采用Ctsim系统精确定位及TPS计划系统将扫描图像进行三维重建,从而获得理想剂量分布,每天1次分割剂量220～300 cGy/d,每天2次分割剂量150 cGy/次,总剂量6 000～7 500 cGy/次。结果全组获CR20例。结论肺癌患者行三维适形放射治疗,临床症状得到明显改善,取得了较好的近期效果。     

10例盆腔肿瘤后装或适形放射治疗后直肠出血的研究

目的评价盆腔恶性肿瘤放射治疗后直肠出血的发生率及治疗效果,以减少直肠出血的发生。方法1997年3月至2004年12月共有81例盆腔肿瘤患者行后装或适形放疗,照射方法为外照射DT46~56Gy 后装治疗500~800 cGy/3次;外照射DT46~50Gy 三维适形放疗800cGy/4~6次或2000cGy/10~15次。常规照射、后装治疗及三维适形放疗照射野均包括直肠。10例出现晚期直肠出血,给予对症治疗。结果根据RTOG/EORTC后期胃肠道反应评分标准评价直肠副反应,其中2级4例,3级5例,4级1例。激素和止血药灌肠治疗后7例直肠出血明显好转。结论外照射 后装治疗及外照射 三维适形放疗剂量高时直肠出血的发生率高。减少直肠受照射的体积可以防止直肠损伤及出血。激素和止血药灌肠治疗直肠出血有效。     

脊椎骨转移癌常规与适形放疗疗效分析

目的回顾性比较脊椎骨转移癌椎体三维适形放疗和常规放疗的近期疗效。方法将46例脊椎骨转移癌患者分为适形组26例和常规组20例,分别采用三维适形放疗和常规放疗．三维适形放疗采用总剂量4000～4600cGy／20～23次、每周5次的分割方式,常规放疗采用总剂量3000～3600cGy／10。12次、每周5次的分割方式。结果全组46例患者有效率为9113％（42／46）,两组有效率分别为适形组92．3％（24／26）,常规组90．0％（18,20）。两组止痛效果比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。周围危及器官放疗剂量适形组脊髓最大剂量平均为（3967．34＋68．13）cGy．常规组脊髓最大剂量平均为（4260．31~91．54）cGy,两组周围危及器官脊髓最大剂量比较,差异有统计学意义（尸〈0．05）。结论脊椎骨转移癌局部放疗是一种有效的止痛治疗手段,三维适形放疗与常规放疗的短期疗效无差异．但三维适形放疗可改善靶区剂量分布,减少周围危及器官脊髓剂量,提高治疗增益比。     

三维适形放疗72例食管癌患者近期疗效观察

目的 观察三维适形放疗对食管癌患者的疗效及其急性毒副反应。方法 初治食管癌患者72例,全部接受三维适形放射治疗,治疗剂量为6000～7000 cGy,中位处方剂量为6400 cGy,200 cGy/次,1次/天,5次/周。评价三维适形放疗的效果及其可能的急性毒副作用。结果 全组患者完全缓解(CR)45例;部分缓解(P...     

食管癌三维适形放疗和常规放疗对比分析

目的评价三维适形放疗在食管癌放射治疗中的近期疗效和放射反应。方法将35例食管癌患者分为适形放疗组(15例)和常规放疗组(20例),分别采用三维适形放疗和常规放疗进行治疗。处方剂量6000～6600cGy,分割剂量180～200cGy,1次/天,5次/周,照射剂量参考线为90%为等剂量曲线。结果三维适形放疗组CR40.0%(6/15),PR46.7%(7/15),近期有效率86.7%;常规放疗组CR35.0%(7/20),PR60.0%(12/20),近期有效率95.0%,两组无显著差异,P>0.05。适形放疗组1年生存率80.0%(12/15),常规放疗组85.0%(17/20),组间无显著差异,P>0.05。急性放射性食管炎三维适形放疗组发生率53.3%(8/15),小于常规放疗组65.0%(13/20)。结论三维适形放疗用于食管癌治疗是可行的,急性放射损伤较轻,但近期疗效与常规放疗比较未见明显提高,长期疗效有待进一步研究。     

食管癌优化放疗方案的临床研究

目的 探讨食管癌放疗优化方案的临床效果.方法 选取60例食管癌患者,将其随机分为后程常规分割三维适形放疗组（对照组）和后程加速超分割三维适形放疗组（加超组）.放疗方法均在前2/3疗程普通模拟机定位常规放疗40 Gy,后1/3疗程加超组改为CT模拟定位加速超分割三维适形放疗（剂量为1.5 Gy/次,2次/d,共计24 ～ 30Gy,总剂量为64 ～ 70Gy,36 ～ 40次,全疗程为38 ～ 42d）;对照组采用常规分割三维适形放疗（剂量为2.0 Gy/次,1次/d,总剂量为64～70Gy）.结果 加超组近期疗效明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;治疗后两组患者不良反应、并发症和1年生存率比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 常规放疗后进行后程加速超分割三维适形放疗治疗食管癌的近期疗效明显提高,且不良反应未有增加,值得临床推广应用.     

三维适形放疗治疗原发性肝癌26例疗效观察

目的探讨三维适形放疗治疗原发性肝癌的临床效果。方法 26例原发性肝癌共35个病灶接受三维适形放疗。肿瘤平均大小(6.9±3.1)cm,治疗总剂量为35~48Gy,分5~12次完成,分割剂量为4~7Gy。结果肿瘤治疗的总有效率为62.9%。14例AFP≥200ng/mL的患者,治疗后2例降至正常,6例下降50%以上。患者1、2、3年生存率为57.7%、30.8%、23.1%,中位生存时间是14个月。急性毒副作用包括轻度肝功能受损(10例),血液毒性(4例),晚期毒副反应有十二指肠溃疡及胃溃疡(3例)。结论三维适形放疗治疗原发性肝癌效果良好。     

介入治疗联合适形放射治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌

目的研究局部晚期非小细胞肺癌介入化疗联合三维适形放射治疗疗效及副反应。方法对96例经病理和/或细胞学证实的非小细胞肺癌分为A组(三维适形放疗组)和B组(三维适形放疗+介入化疗组)。放疗设备采用瑞典医科达电子直线加速器,治疗计划系统为Precise2.03,采用剂量体积直方图、等剂量线图、二维等剂量线和云图综合评价确定治疗计划。DT180cGy/次,每天1次,每周5次,总剂量65～70cGy。B组:采用A组同样三维适形放射治疗方案,放疗前进行二次介入化疗,分别在放射治疗前第4周、第1周进行。选择肿瘤供血动脉进行灌注化疗。化疗药为顺铂DDP60～80mg、表阿霉素40～60mg、5-Fu0.75～1.00g、去甲长春花碱40～60mg,根据病情选二联或三联应用。结果两组患者的总有效率分别为54.5%和80.9%,其中完全缓解率分别为20.5%和38.3%,显示三维适形放疗联合介入化疗近期疗效明显优于单纯三维适形放疗。A、B两组患者1、3、5年总生存率分别为41.3%(19/46)、11.4%(5/44)、13.6%(6/44)和58.0%(29/50)、80.8%(38/47)、34.1%(15/44)。三维适形放疗联合介入化疗组比单纯三维适形放疗组1、3年生存率高出十多个百分点,中位生存期亦比其高出9.0个月。结论三维适形放疗+介入化疗组显示提高局部控制可使患者的长期生存获益。5年生存率虽无统计学意义,因观察时间有限,远期疗效和并发症有待进一步随访。     

后期大分割三维适形放射治疗非小细胞肺癌临床疗效观察

目的:观察常规放疗加后期大分割三维适形放疗局部推量的方法治疗非小细胞肺癌(N SCLC)的疗效。方法:回顾分析后期大分割三维适形放疗局部推量的方法治疗N SCLC 87例,每次4~8 G y,每周3~5次,2~3周完成。放射剂量DT 26~36G y。结果:完全缓解(CR)14例(16.1%),部分缓解(PR)57例(65.5%),近期总有效率(CR+PR)81.6%,全组1、2、3年总生存率分别为71.2%、56.3%、28.7%,中位生存时间18个月。结论:常规放疗加后期大分割三维适形放疗局部推量的方法治疗N SCLC副作用轻,对急性反应可以耐受,能提高局部控制率,从而提高生存率。     

食管癌110例三维适形放射治疗的疗效观察

目的:观察三维适形放射治疗食管癌的疗效.方法:采用放射治疗食管癌110例,200cGy/次,1次/天,总量为6000～7000cGy/32～35次.三维适形治疗60例,常规治疗50例.结果:三维适形放射治疗与常规放疗治疗食管癌的1、2、3年局部控制率分别为78.3％、66.7％、56.6％和54％、46％、30％,差异有统计学意义(x2=7.05,P＜0.05).1、2、3年生存率分别为78.3％、66.7％、45％和51％、41％,27％,差异有统计学意义(x2=6.34,P＜0.05).结论:三维适形放射治疗食管癌近期疗效较常规放疗疗效好.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.