食管癌行结肠代食管术和胃代食管颈部吻合术的围手术期比较（附59例报告）

本文对33例食管癌患者行结肠代食管术及26例行胃代食管颈部吻合术的围手术期情况，与围手术期相关的几个主要因素进行了比较分析，结果：结肠代食管术较胃代食管颈中吻合术：术前准备工作量大；术中肿瘤易游离切除，切除彻底，术后食管残端癌细胞阳性率低，但手术创伤大，并发症多，尤吻合口瘘发生率高，住院时间长，提出：年龄较小，。体质好，肿瘤长者宜采用结肠代食管术，反之则采用胃代食管颈部吻合术。     

23例结肠代食管手术分析

目的:探讨结肠代食管手术在胸外科的应用。方法:自1984年6月至1995年11月,为23位病人行结肠代食管术24例次。其中腐蚀性食管灼伤19例(其中二次用结肠代食管术1例);先天性食管狭窄2例,均胸骨后途径,食管结肠颈部端侧吻合术;食管胸中下段癌既往胃大部切除史者1例,行颈、左胸、腹部三切口,行肿瘤切除、胸骨后途径,结肠端端吻合术;贲门癌术后吻合口复发1例,行二期手术,一期行肿瘤切除,空肠造瘘加强营养,二期胸骨后途径,食管结肠端端吻合术。结果:无手术死亡,吻合口瘘4例;移植段全结肠坏死2例;喉返神经损伤1例;幽门不全梗阻1例;气胸1例。结论:手术并发症多,应谨慎选择病例;加强围手术期管理能减少术后并发症,移植肠段的选择应由肠管血运决定。     

瘢痕食管切除胃代食管治疗腐蚀伤后瘢痕狭窄

收治食管及胃腐蚀伤１０５例，对病变位于食管中下段１２例采用瘢痕食管切除胃代食管术治疗。术中解剖较松动，出血少，无术后并发症；２例病变明显高于术前估计，切除食管至颈部吻合，手术甚为困难。结论：中下段的瘢痕狭窄可行瘢痕食管切除，胃代食管也甚方便，对中段以上狭窄，仍以旷置狭窄段食管结肠代食管为宜。     

结肠代食管术后远期并发症的观察

目的 探讨结肠代食管术治疗食管良性疾病远期并发症的病因和防治措施。方法577例结肠代食管术中良性疾病组123例,术后106例（86％）随访1～28年。其中11例出现（25例次）严重并发症：结肠冗长、扩张12例次,吻合口重度狭窄4例次,食管巨囊状变2例次,结肠胃吻合口过大4例次,肠段梗阻3例次。根据病变采取狭窄区成形或切除、冗长肠段切除重建、梗阻区松解、吻合口切除重建。结果 经1次手术矫治8例,2次手术2例,3次手术1例。术后恢复正常饮食者9例（9／11）,进食明显改善者2例（2／11）。结论 食管良性疾病结肠代食管术后远期并发症的病因归属于医源性和功能性两大类,其预防措施为术中注意：颈部食管-结肠吻合口〉2．5cm,腹段结肠-胃吻合口加抗反流术,结肠上提通道宽畅无阻,肠管拉直;对出现局限性狭窄或肠段扩张、冗长排空不畅,再次手术矫治为最佳选择。     

结肠代食管重建术

虽然食管切除后胃是首选的替代器官,但当胃已被切除或有病变时,则结肠代食管通常为第一选择。因而,结肠代食管是食管重建不可或缺的手术方式。本文就结肠代食管的历史、解剖、技术要点及应用前景作一阐述,供大家参考。     

分期手术策略在结肠代食管术中的应用分析

目的总结分期手术策略应用于结肠代食管术的临床经验。方法行结肠代食管手术病人35例,均采用了分期手术策略,其中合并胃大部切除术后食管癌病人20例,食管癌术后再发食管癌5例,胸胃癌4例,食管癌病人术后存在并发症4例(气管食管瘘2例,胃坏死2例),食管化学灼伤并瘢痕狭窄放置食管支架导致气管食管瘘2例。其中先行食管病变切除术,择期再行结肠代食管术28例;7例病人先行结肠代食管术,择期行食管病损切除。结果 35例病人均按计划方案顺利完成手术,分期行食管病变切除及结肠食管重建,手术的间隔时间为3～12个月。术后发生颈部吻合口瘘1例,乳糜胸1例,肺部感染2例,均经保守治疗后痊愈出院。随访1年病人均恢复正常饮食,体重较术前明显增加。结论分期手术策略应用于结肠代食管术效果良好,并发症较少。     

食管癌切除结肠代食管术44例

我们于１９８９年３月至１９９３年８月间，为４４例食管癌病人行食管癌切除、结肠代食管术。包括上段癌２３例，中段癌１８例，下段癌３例；其中上段癌病变长于７ｃｍ者６例，中段癌病变长于８ｃｍ者５例及下段癌中２例既往曾行胃大部切除术且病变长于９ｃｍ者均先行术前放疗，放疗剂量为３０～４０Ｇｙ。４０例（９０．９％）以结肠左动脉升支供血的横结肠行顺蠕动方向吻合，结果手术死亡１例，颈部吻合口瘘９例（２０．４５％）。我们认为本术式对中、上段癌病人疗效较满意，建议多采用以结肠左动脉为血供的横结肠作为移植段行顺蠕动方向吻合，为减少术后并发症，应注意加强病人围手术期的处置和护理。     

横结肠代食管全机械吻合在食管癌根治术中的应用

食管癌切除后,胃、空肠和结肠等器官均可用于食管重建。在不能用胃代食管的情况下,结肠代食管是一种理想的术式。2001年5月至2010年1月间淮安市第一人民医院对14例既往接受过胃大部切除术的食管癌患者．施行胸腹两切口食管癌根治结肠代食管胸内吻合术．均获成功．现报告如下。     

食管切除胃代食管后胸胃功能的研究现状

食管切除胃代食管后胸胃功能的研究现状陈克能师晓天综述杨国梁程邦昌审校食管部分或全部切除是当今治疗食管恶性肿瘤的主要手段［１～３］。食管切除后消化道的主要重建器官是胃，其次是结肠或空肠。结肠代食管能很好地恢复患者的吞咽功能，术后返流发生率低，这已为多数...     

结肠代食管在食管切除术后消化道重建中的应用

目的 探讨结肠代食管用于食管切除术后消化道重建的安全性。方法回顾性分析1992年10月至2010年10月在四川省肿瘤医院胸外科接受结肠代食管手术的136例食管癌患者的临床资料。结果136例患者中118例利用左结肠动脉升支供血实施横结肠间置肠段顺蠕动：18例利用结肠中动脉供血,其中12例取右半横结肠和部分升结肠做成顺蠕动,6例取左半横结肠和部分降结肠做成逆蠕动。围手术期并发症发生率26．4％（36／136）,死亡率12．5％（17／136）．其中移植结肠穿孔5例,死亡4例;胸内吻合口瘘5例,均死亡;颈部吻合口瘘10例,无死亡病例：重症肺部感染10例,死亡4例;急性呼吸窘迫综合征7例,死亡3例;不明原因全身感染1例,死亡。术后远期并发症中,吻合口狭窄2例,反流2例,食物运行障碍3例。结论尽管结肠代食管术操作复杂、创伤较大、术后并发症发生率和死亡率均较高,但对于不能使用胃代食管的患者。结肠代食管仍是一种较好的选择。     

食管腐蚀性烧伤后严重狭窄的外科治疗

目的探讨食管腐蚀性烧伤后狭窄的外科治疗经验及胃或横结肠代食管重建手术的应用价值。方法对98例食管腐蚀性烧伤后狭窄的患者中72例广泛食管狭窄、病变超过食管中段以上者采用横结肠代食管、保留结肠左动脉升支、胸骨后顺蠕动吻合,其中横结肠咽腔吻合18例,横结肠食管颈部吻合54例,胸段食管旷置不切除;26例狭窄位于中下段,经胸切除瘢痕段食管用胃重建食管,胃食管胸内吻合。结果结肠食管重建72例中,术后死亡4例（5．56％）,发生颈部吻合口瘘14例（19．44％）,后期出现颈部吻合口狭窄7例,经治疗后均痊愈。胃重建食管26例无手术死亡,术后发生胸内吻合口狭窄3例,经扩张治愈。结论食管腐蚀性烧伤后狭窄在伤后20～24周可积极采取食管重建术,根据食管狭窄段严重程度及位置决定是否行狭窄段食管切除、选择食管重建替代物及吻合的位置。可采用横结肠食管颈部吻合或结肠咽腔吻合术,胸内胃食管吻合术。     

Use of revascularized jejunum as a free graft for cervical esophagus

The recent advent of the small vessel suturing apparatus made possible the use of free intestinal segment for reconstruction of the resected cervical esophagus which has been one of the most difficult procedures. In the present communication, successful use of revascularized jejunal segment with Inokuchi’s vascular stapler in 13 cases of upper esophageal cancer was reported. Histological examination of the 10 resected specimens revealed that cancer invasion beyond the esophageal adventitia as well as risky cancer remnant at the resected margins were more frequently present when the tumor extended more than 5 cm longitudinally. Therefore esophageal cancer localized within the neck and extending less than 5 cm may well be indicated for the free intestinal transplantation. Details of the operative technique are described.     

Use of revascularized jejunum as a free graft for cervical esophagus.

The recent advent of the small vessel suturing apparatus made possible the use of free intestinal segment for reconstruction of the resected cervical esophagus which has been one of the most difficult procedures. In the present communication, successful use of revascularized jejunal segment with Inokuchi's vascular stapler in 13 cases of upper esophageal cancer was reported. Histological examination of the 10 resected specimens revealed that cancer invasion beyond the esophageal adventitia as well as risky cancer remnant at the resected margins were more frequently present when the tumor extended more than 5 cm longitudinally. Therefore esophageal cancer localized within the neck and extending less than 5 cm may well be indicated for the free intestinal transplantation. Details of the operative technique are described.     

Microvascular "supercharged" cervical colon: minimizing ischemia in esophageal reconstruction

Traditional colonic reconstruction of the esophagus is performed by cervical transposition of an isolated segment of colon with the vascular supply derived from one of the mesenteric colic vessels. The transposed cervical portion of the colon is farthest from the vascular supply and is at risk of ischemic injury. Despite notable risk of ischemic complications to the colonic neoesophagus, reports advocating a "supercharged" microvascular augmentation of the vascular supply to the cervical portion of the colon remain few in number. Herein, the ischemic complications associated with traditional transposition of the colon for esophageal reconstruction are reviewed, and avoidance by microvascular "supercharging" of the cervical colon is advocated under particular circumstances. The authors present a case of colonic interposition for esophageal replacement requiring a cervical microvascular anastomosis for survival of the transferred colon.     

Combination of a free jejunal flap and a Roux-en-Y colojejunostomy for reconstruction of esophageal stricture secondary to a distant blast injury: a case report

Pneumatic perforation of the esophagus caused by blast injury is very rare. Our patient presented with esophageal stricture in the context of a previous reconstruction of an esophageal rupture secondary to a distant air-blast injury. The ruptured esophagus was initially reconstructed with a left pedicled colon interposition in an antiperistaltic pattern. However, dysphagia developed 4 years later because of severe reflux-induced stenosis at the junction of the cervical esophagus and the left pedicled colon segment. A free isoperistaltic jejunal flap was performed to replace the cervical esophagus, with an anti-reflux Roux-en-Y colojejunostomy between the caudal segment of the left pedicled colon and the jejunum. The patient was discharged uneventfully 29 days later with smooth esophageal transit and no further reflux, as shown by scintigraphic scan. Esophageal reconstruction in an isoperistaltic pattern using a free isoperistaltic jejunal flap combined with an anti-reflux Roux-en-Y colojejunostomy has never been reported in the literature and appears to be an effective method to provide smooth passage of food and prevent restenosis of the esophagus.     

结肠或胃重建食管治疗食管烧伤后瘢痕狭窄100例

目的 总结结肠或胃重建食管治疗食管烧伤后瘢痕狭窄的临床经验及疗效。方法回顾分析100例应用结肠或胃重建食管烧伤后食管瘢痕狭窄的临床资料。74例未切除瘢痕段食管，结肠经胸骨后隧道上提至颈部或咽部吻合；26例经胸切除瘢痕段食管，行食管胃胸内吻合23例，颈部吻合3例。结果结肠重建食管死亡5例（6．8％），术后发生颈部吻合口瘘14例（18．9％），吻合口狭窄5例（6．8％）。26例胃重建食管者无死亡，术后发生吻合口狭窄2例，脓胸1例。结论食管烧伤后高位的广泛狭窄可旷置瘢痕段食管采用结肠重建，中下段病变能在主动脉弓下吻合者可切除瘢痕段食管用胃重建，提高外科技术可明显降低结肠重建食管的并发症。     

食管化学烧伤后狭窄的手术治疗

目的 探讨食管化学烧伤后狭窄的外科治疗及横结肠代食管手术的应用价值。方法 106例食管化学烧伤后狭窄的病人均采用横结肠代食管手术、保留结肠左动脉升支、胸骨后顺蠕动吻合，除横结肠咽腔吻合32例外，均横结肠食管颈部吻合。结果 无手术死亡。手术后发生颈部吻合口瘘12例、吻合口狭窄8例、气管切开3例，经治疗后均痊愈。结论 食管化学烧伤后应积极采取胸骨后横结肠代食管术，行横结肠食管颈部吻合或结肠咽腔吻合都是适宜的。     

Surgical management of carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus: analysis of 209 cases

BACKGROUND: Free jejunal transfer has become the standard technique for reconstruction of the pharynx and hypopharynx, especially with proximal neoplastic lesions, whereas gastric tube interposition is the technique of choice for reconstruction of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus when resection extends below the thoracic inlet. HYPOTHESIS: Surgical ablation is a viable option for advanced hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal neoplasms, with stomach interposition a safe and preferred method of reconstruction. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: University hospital that is a regional referral institution for esophageal cancer treatment and complex digestive reconstructions after esophagectomy. PATIENTS: We reviewed the records of 209 patients who underwent total pharyngolaryngectomy between May 1982 and July 1999. The majority of patients had advanced cancer: hypopharyngeal in 131 cases and cervical esophageal in 78 cases. INTERVENTIONS: Pharyngolaryngectomy and total esophagectomy with pharyngogastric anastomoses (n = 127); pharyngolaryngectomy, cervical esophagectomy, and reconstruction with free jejunal transplant (n = 77); and pharyngolaryngectomy and total esophagectomy with pharyngocolic anastomoses (n = 5). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Postoperative mortality and morbidity, long-term survival, and prognostic factors influencing survival. RESULTS: The postoperative in-hospital mortality rate was 4.8% (10 patients), with a postoperative morbidity rate of 38.3%. Alimentary continuity was achieved using the stomach (127 patients), colon (5 patients), or free jejunal autograft (77 patients). The 1-year and 5-year survival rates were 62% and 24%, respectively. There was no significant difference with regard to the survival between gastric transposition and free jejunal autograft, but there were fewer complications in the gastric pull-up group (33% vs 47%, P<.05). The significant adverse factors affecting survival were tumor cervical localization, postoperative complications, disease stages pT3 and pT4 for the cervical esophageal tumors, microscopic pharyngeal penetration, or incomplete resection. The significant beneficial factors were tumor hypopharyngeal localization and postoperative radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical ablation is a viable option for advanced hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal neoplasms, with stomach interposition the preferred method of reconstruction. Although the prognosis is poor, satisfactory short-term palliation can be achieved. The significant adverse factors affecting survival should be taken into account to select the candidates for surgery.     

胃大部切除术后胸内横结肠间置的临床应用

目的 探讨胃大部切除术后食管下段癌和贲门癌术后局部复发的消化道重建方式。方法 从1999年3月至2001年12月，手术治疗3例胃大部切除术后食管下段癌、3例贲门癌术后吻合口局部复发、1例胃癌侵犯食管下段的患。均采用横结肠以逆蠕动方式作胸内间置，间置结肠置于食管床。食管结肠吻合均在主动脉弓下缘水平完成。结果7例患的肿瘤都得到了完全切除，无切端阳性记录。本组无结肠坏死和吻合口瘘发生。1例术后2周死于肺部感染、呼吸衰竭，2例术后早期有进食时呃逆和轻度反流，余均达到满意效果。随访9～38个月，1例9个月后死于肿瘤广泛转移；1例术后15个月至今存活；4例术后生存2年以上，其中1例至今已生存38个月。结论 对于胃大部切除术后的食管下段癌和贲门癌术后局部复发等疾病的治疗，胸内横结肠间置是一种相对简单而又安全可靠的消化道重建方法。     

Current best surgical procedure for reconstruction after cervical esophagectomy

Currently, chemoradiotherapy offers the possibility of larynx-preserving treatment. Therefore, the surgical procedure for reconstruction involves not only reconstruction of the alimentary tract but also needs to be selected considering postoperative swallowing function. In larynx-preserving surgery, it is necessary to pay attention to the elevation of the larynx and the prevention of reflux, considering the narrow space of recipient laryngeal space. Free jejunal interposition is the best method for cervical esophageal reconstruction and the free jejunum plus gastric roll or ileocolic reconstruction technique is appropriate for total esophageal substitution. In patients undergoing combined resection of the larynx, there is no need to consider aspiration, but it is important for postoperative quality of life to prevent reflux. Therefore, the free jejunum plus gastric roll or ileocolic reconstruction technique is used for total esophageal substitution. For cervical esophageal reconstruction, the free jejunal graft is slightly better than the free colon graft in terms of simplicity and lower rates of postoperative infection.