进口废物原料集装箱有害生物风险分析

目的通过对惠州碧甲口岸进境废物原料集装箱的检验检疫监管情况进行分析,探讨进口敏感商品有效的创新监管模式,防止疫情疫病的传入传出,确保口岸的安全。方法对2005年经惠州碧甲口岸进境的废物原料集装箱检验检疫监管情况及不合格情况进行分析。结果碧甲口岸进口废物原料数量逐渐增大,集装箱有害生物的检出率达16％；发现进境废物原料集装箱携带医学媒介生物、动植物病虫害、禁止进境物、动植物残留等不符合检验检疫要求的情况。结论口岸检验检疫机构应该依法检疫,严防外来有害生物等通过废物原料集装箱传入中国。     

惠东口岸进口废物原料放射性监测情况调查

目的通过对进口废物原料进行放射性监测,有效地防止境外放射性超标物质输入我国,保护我国的环境卫生和人体健康。方法对惠东口岸进口的来自不同国家和地区、不同品种的废五金、废金属进行放射性检测。结果对来自5个国家和地区4个品种1360批次进口废物原料进行检测,未发现有放射性超标情况,但不同国家、不同品种、不同批次间,监测的结果存在差异。结论在对进口废物原料的日常检验检疫工作中,应加强放射性物质的监测。     

进口废物原料检验检疫实践与探索

目的：为防止进口废物原料影响人体健康和危害生态环境，对检验检疫方式进行探索。方法：分析进口废物原料的进口现状及存在的问题，总结现行检验检疫方式的优点和存在的问题。结果：出入境检验检疫机构应不断探索适应新形势要求的进口废物原料检验检疫方式，扎实做好进口废物原料口岸检验检疫和后续监管工作，为进一步适应进口废物原料的新形势和新要求，应当装备先进的检测仪器，进一步改进监管手段和方法。结论：必须认识到进口废物原料可能带来严重的公共卫生问题，采取有效的检验检疫方式进行控制。     

张家港口岸进口废物原料检验检疫实践与探索

目的为防止进口废物原料影响人体健康和危害生态环境,对进口废物原料的检验检疫方式进行探索。方法分析进口废物原料的进口现状及存在的问题,总结现行检验检疫方式的优点和存在的问题。结果张家港出入境检验检疫局采取了一系列切实有效的措施,不断探索适应新形势要求的进口废物原料检验检疫方式,扎实做好了进口废物原料口岸检验检疫和后续监管工作,但为进一步适应进口废物原料的新形势和新要求,应当装备先进的检测仪器,进一步改进监管手段和方法。结论必须认识到进口废物原料可能带来严重的公共卫生问题,采取有效的检验检疫方式进行控制。     

太仓口岸进口废物原料卫生检疫结果分析

目的梳理太仓口岸进口废物原料卫生检疫结果,分析卫生检疫结果产生的原因,总结工作中应重点加强的关键控制环节。方法对太仓口岸2003—2011年进口废物原料检验检疫台帐和质量分析中的各项记录、统计数据、特殊案例进行整理分析。结果2003—2009年太仓口岸共检疫废物原料1018．19万吨,检出的卫生检疫不合格情况包括医学媒介生物超标、医学媒介生物携带病原体以及放射性超标、夹带生活垃圾、腐烂肉类、大量蝇蛹等。结论进口废纸携带病媒昆虫比例高,但扩散风险小,应继续严格执行先处理后查验的工作制度;进口废纸容易携带鼠类,且有扩散风险,应加强现场查验工作和防疫制度建设;进口废金属有放射性超标风险,应科学检测;实验室能力的建设是提高医学媒介生物及携带的病原体截获水平的有力保障。     

入境可再生废物原料及周围环境微生物污染检测分析

目的 了解入境可再生废物原料及其对周围环境的病原微生物污染状况.国内对入境废物原料的微生物污染状况极少报道,本课题旨在此方面进行有益探索,为后续卫生监管及卫生处理提供基础数据.方法 采集入境废旧五金、废纸、进口原料站场空气中的微生物等样品,常规细菌及真菌检测.结果 进口原料站场空气中细菌和真菌总数数量较大,检出1种罕...     

进境废物原料硫酰氟熏蒸残留浓度测试

目的通过对硫酰氟熏蒸残留浓度与开箱散气时间、货物品种、包装状态等条件之间关系的研究得出合理的开箱散气时间。方法开箱门后在不同温湿度、风速条件下,选择不同废物原料品种及箱子不同部位进行残留浓度测试研究。结果在进行试验的3种废物原料中,装载废塑料的集装箱残留浓度高,需散气较长时间。结论硫酰氟残留浓度与环境温湿度、风速以及集装箱规格关系不大,废塑料散气时间较慢,为以后设定正确开箱散气时间及保障检验人员健康提供科学依据。     

原料乳中金黄色葡萄球菌风险评估基础研究

<正>近年来,食品安全问题频频发生,食源性疾病,特别是生物性食源性疾病已经引起了世界各国的广泛关注。风险评估作为有效的评估食品安全的工具,已经得到了越来越多的发展。     

进境废物原料集装箱硫酰氟残留浓度与环境条件关系的测试研究

目的通过对硫酰氟熏蒸残留浓度与开箱散气时间、货物品种、包装状态等条件之间关系进行研究以得到合理开箱散气时间。方法开箱门后在不同温湿度、风速条件下,选择不同废物原料品种及箱子不同部位进行残留浓度测试研究。结果在进行试验的3种废物原料中,装载废塑料的集装箱残留浓度高,需散气较长时间。结论硫酰氟残留浓度与环境温湿度、风速以及集装箱规格关系不大,废塑料散气时间较慢,为以后设定正确开箱散气时间及保障人员安全提供科学依据。     

入境可再生废物原料及环境中的微生物检测研究进展

随着中国改革开放并加入WTO,可再生资源作为一种经济环保的资源,受到国内众多企业的青睐;中国每年都要从发达国家进口一大批可再生资源(废旧物资),进口废物原料在弥补国内资源不足的同时     

A framework for prioritizing fragrance materials for aquatic risk assessment

More than 2,100 chemically defined organic chemicals are listed in the Research Institute of Fragrance Materials/Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association (RIFM/FEMA) Database that are used as ingredients of fragrances for consumer products. An approach was developed for prioritizing these fragrance materials for aquatic risk assessment by first estimating the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of these fragrance materials in the aquatic environment based upon their physicochemical properties and annual volume of use. Subsequently, an effect level was predicted with a general quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) for aquatic toxicity, and a predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) was calculated from this effect level by using an assessment factor (AF) that accounts for uncertainty in the toxicity QSAR prediction. A conservative AF of 10(6) was applied to the endpoint predicted by the QSAR to provide an adequate margin of safety in the calculation of the PNEC. The PEC was compared to the PNEC to characterize the risk to freshwater aquatic organisms (e.g., Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas). If the ratio of PEC to PNEC was below one, the material was considered to have negligible environmental risk and to be acceptable for the aquatic environment at current use levels. If this ratio exceeded one, the PNEC was refined by using more specific QSAR models (Ecological Structure-Activity Relationships [ECOSAR]). If the ratio continued to exceed one, the material became a candidate for further aquatic risk assessment procedures, which involve iterative steps to refine the PEC, the PNEC, or both by using measured ecotoxicological endpoints. Prioritization for this latter process can be based upon the magnitudes of the estimated PEC:PNEC ratios. When using the first tier of this approach, only 568 of 2,141 fragrance materials (26.5%) in the RIFM/FEMA Database had PEC:PNEC ratios greater than one. This percentage decreased to only 164 materials (7.7%) when PNECs were derived with ECOSAR. Comparison of predicted PECs and PNECs with those based upon measured data confirmed the conservatism and low risk for type I errors associated with the framework. These combined exercises demonstrated the ability of this highly precautionary risk-based screening approach to quickly prioritize a large number of materials without benefit of experimental ecotoxicological or fate data.     

浙江省埃博拉出血热输入及本地传播风险评估

埃博拉出血热是由埃博拉病毒引起的一种发生于人类和非人灵长目动物（猴子、大猩猩和黑猩猩等）的急性传染病。2014年2月份以来,埃博拉出血热在西非国家大肆蔓延,并造成上千人死亡,8月8日世界卫生组织将其列为“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”。本文通过专家会商法对浙江省埃博拉出血热输入传播风险开展快速评估,为各部门采取有效防控措施提供依据。     

Carcinogenic risk assessment for emissions from clinical waste incineration and road traffic

The most significant potentially carcinogenic substances arising from a state-of-the-art clinical waste incinerator (CWI) and vehicle emissions were identified as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, 1-butadiene, arsenic, cadmium, chromium and nickel. Long-term exposures of the notional maximum exposed individual (MEI) in the local environment, together with aggregate emissions from transport of clinical waste, were estimated. Mass emission rates of PAHs from the CWI to air were compared with previously published estimates of mass emissions to land from CWI bottom ash.

Aggregate emissions from road transport of clinical waste were of a similar order to stack emissions from incineration. Mass emissions of PAHs to landfill generally greatly exceeded those from stack emissions. Emissions associated with operation of the CWI present a negligible contribution to overall cancer risk from PAHs and other carcinogens. Uncertainty in the quantitative risk estimates presented here is discussed in the context of these findings.     

苯职业暴露健康风险评价研究及应用

目的对苯暴露的非致癌效应与致癌效应进行职业健康风险的定量评价,为我国职业病危害因素的控制以及职业性肿瘤等严重职业病的预防和管理提供科学依据。方法以某大型化工企业苯乙烯装置为研究对象,采用美国环境保护署(EPA)推荐的健康风险评价四步法,即危害辨识、暴露评价、剂量-反应评价和风险表征,对苯乙烯装置作业工人的苯职业暴露进行健康风险评价。分别以吸入单位风险、参考浓度表示化学毒物的致癌效应、非致癌效应的剂量-反应关系,以危害指数HI(hazard index)、致癌超额风险值(Risktumor)分别对非致癌风险、致癌风险进行表征;针对暴露与风险的不确定性,采用水晶球软件蒙特卡洛模拟方法分析概率分布规律。结果该装置工人84.65%情况下苯导致淋巴细胞计数减少的非致癌效应危害指数HI高于安全阈值1;69.37%的情况下苯导致白血病的超额风险超过了可接受风险水平1.0×10-4。提示风险不可接受,需要采取相应的风险应对措施,降低工人职业健康风险。结论利用职业健康风险评价四步法及蒙特卡洛模拟可以得到非致癌风险、致癌风险值的概率分布及其统计学分布特征,从而为风险管理者提供更准确的信息。     

进口固体废物检疫工作探讨

目的探讨进口固体废物检疫工作。方法从口岸工作实际出发,通过剖析进口固体废物检疫问题产生的原因,列举工作中的典型案例,分析其潜在的巨大风险,进行各个角度的分析和讨论。结果针对进口固体废物检疫工作中存在的问题提出了相应的建议。结论有必要从现场查验、熏蒸效果评价、员工业务培训等方面进一步加强进1：7废物原料检疫工作。     

Indoor concentrations of VOCs in beauty salons; association with cosmetic practices and health risk assessment

Background

The use of cosmetic products in beauty salons emits numerous kinds of toxic air pollutants. The objectives of this study were to measure the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde in 20 large beauty salons in Tehran and relate the observed concentrations to environmental and occupational characteristics of the salons.

Methods

Samples were collected from inside and outside air of 20 selected salons located in different areas of the city. Several additional parameters were recorded during the sampling process including surface area, number of active employees, type of ventilation, type of ongoing treatments, temperature, humidity. Deterministic and stochastic health risk assessment of the compounds were performed.

Results

Indoor concentrations of each pollutant were significantly higher than its outdoor concentrations. Health risk assessment showed that benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde represent a possible cancer risk in the beauty salons. In addition, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene had negligible non-carcinogenic risks. Ventilation with air purifier, and fan with open window were more effective than using just a fan. Concentrations of benzene and toluene were affected by the number of hair dying treatments. The concentration of xylene was affected by the number of hair styling. The concentration of formaldehyde was affected by the number of hair styling and number of nail treatments.

Conclusion

With improved ventilation and requirements for reformulated cosmetic, concentrations of toxic air pollutants in beauty salons could be reduced.

     

Effect of leachability on environmental risk assessment for naturally occurring radioactive materials in petroleum oil fields

Elevated concentrations of naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM), including 238U, 232Th, and their progeny found in underground geologic deposits, are often encountered during crude oil recovery. Radium, the predominant radionuclide brought to the surface with the crude oil and produced water, co-precipitates with barium in the form of complex compounds of sulfates, carbonates, and silicates found in sludge and scale. These NORM deposits are highly stable and very insoluble under ambient conditions at the earth's surface. However, the co-precipitated radium matrix is not thermodynamically stable at reducing conditions which may enable a fraction of the radium to eventually be released to the environment. Although the fate of radium in uranium mill tailings has been studied extensively, the leachability of radium from crude oil NORM deposits exposed to acid-rain and other aging processes is generally unknown. The leachability of radium from NORM contaminated soil collected at a contaminated oil field in eastern Kentucky was determined using extraction fluids having wide range of pH reflecting different extreme environmental conditions. The average 226Ra concentration in the samples of soil subjected to leachability testing was 32.56 Bq g(-1) +/- 0.34 Bq g(-1). The average leaching potential of 226Ra observed in these NORM contaminated soil samples was 1.3% +/- 0.46% and was independent of the extraction fluid. Risk assessment calculations using the family farm scenario show that the annual dose to a person living and working on this NORM contaminated soil is mainly due to external gamma exposure and radon inhalation. However, waterborne pathways make a non-negligible contribution to the dose for the actual resident families living on farmland with the type of residual NORM contamination due to crude oil recovery operations.     

职业危害风险评估与预警研究

探讨国内外的职业危害风险评估模型和预警系统,比较评估模型和预警系统的优点和局限性,分析职业危害风险评估模型和预警系统的关系,确定与国情相适应的职业危害风险评估方法,构建与经济发展相适应的职业危害监测预警与防控体系。     

Issues on health risk assessment at hazardous waste sites and resource recovery facilities in Region II

This paper examines the issues involved in health risk assessments at hazardous waste sites and resource recovery facilities in Region II and emphasizes the programmatic aspects of the problem and the integration of risk assessment into the permitting process for these facilities. Suggestions for the R&D agenda and policy needs to support a risk assessment strategy in this area are also discussed.