风湿性二尖瓣狭窄并重度肺动脉高压患者的术后监护

目的回顾性总结62例风湿性二尖瓣狭窄并重度肺动脉高压行二尖瓣置换术患者的术后监护经验。方法本组均为在全麻低温体外循环下施行二尖瓣置换术的术后患者,术后入住ICU监护,带呼吸机时间最短10 h,最长72h,平均38h。常规持续动态监测肺动脉压的变化,呼吸机支持呼吸及加强呼吸道管理,心功能的维护及减少肺渗出。结果术后并发肺动脉高压危象5例,心律失常3例,呼吸衰竭并肺部感染2例;经采取积极的治疗和护理措施,全部治愈出院。结论对术后患者持续动态监测肺动脉压的变化,控制肺动脉高压和预防肺动脉高压危象对提高风湿性二尖瓣狭窄并重度肺动脉高压患者的手术成功率起重要作用。     

婴幼儿先天性室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压的术后监护

探讨婴幼儿先天性室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压的术后监护措施,对42例患有先天性室间隔缺损并肺动脉高压的婴幼儿进行矫治术,术后主要采用持续肺动脉压力监测,严密的呼吸系统管理,正确及时应用血管活性药物等监护措施预防和处理术后肺高压危象的发生.42例中有9例术后发生肺高压危象,针对原因采取相应护理措施后均治愈.婴幼儿先天性室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压的术后监护中持续监测肺动脉压力和严密的呼吸系统管理对预防术后肺高压危象的发生十分重要.     

主动脉弓离断伴重度肺动脉高压患儿的术后护理

目的总结主动脉弓离断伴重度肺动脉高压患儿的术后护理经验。方法对2009年10月-2014年10月收治的18例主动脉弓离断伴重度肺动脉高压患儿的术后治疗资料进行回顾性分析。结果术后死亡1例,3例出现肺动脉高压危象,ICU时间3~10 d,机械通气0.8~5 d,出院时上下肢动脉血压相差1.33~2.00 k Pa。结论术后严密观察患者有创动脉血压及血氧饱和度,加强心、肺、肾等脏器功能的监测,注意肺动脉高压的变化指标,及时采取护理措施,预防肺动脉高压危象的发生,对主动脉弓离断伴重度肺高压患儿术后顺利恢复和降低死亡率有重要意义。     

先心病肺高压术后肺高压危象的预防及护理

本文通过对５０例１４岁以下先天性心脏病合并中、重度肺高压的病人围术期瓣临床观察和护理。并对其中９例术后出现肺高压危象的人作了回顾性分析,作者认为术前进行呼吸、咳嗽训练、间歇吸氧、口服克甫定等降低肺动脉压药物。术后给予连续监测和降低肺动脉压,稳定循环系统,合理制定和调整呼吸机参数,正确实施机械通气,适当过度通气,减少对呼吸道的刺激,防治呼吸道感染等护理措施对预防肺高压危象出现有重要意义。     

风湿性二尖瓣狭窄合并重度肺动脉高压患者围术期护理体会

目的：总结11例术前心脏彩超提示为风湿性心脏病,二尖瓣狭窄伴或不伴关闭不全合并重度肺动脉高压患者的围术期护理体会。方法：本组患者术前均给予小剂量枸橼酸西地那非控制肺动脉压力,并予强心利尿,改善通气功能,纠正内环境紊乱。所有患者均在中度低温体外循环下实施二尖瓣置换术。术后早期经漂浮导管严密监测肺动脉压力,持续镇静, FiO2维持于50-80%,轻度过度通气,维持呼吸末正压5-7cmH2O。所有患者早期均给予枸橼酸西地那非,对于肺动脉平均压/主动脉平均压>0.5者雾化吸入伊洛前列素。结果：术前复查心脏彩超提示肺动脉压力较入院时有一定程度降低。手术均顺利,术后并发肺动脉高压危象4例,经上述处理效果良好,低心排综合征并予心脏机械辅助(IABP)1例,快速心房纤维颤动7例。术后正性肌力药物平均使用7?2.3天,呼吸机辅助22?9.6天,所有患者经积极治疗和护理均治愈出院。结论：风湿性二尖瓣病变合并重度肺动脉高压患者围术期常并发肺高压危象而严重影响预后,此类患者在治疗及护理的多个环节采取综合措施控制肺动脉压力,预防肺高压危象,从而提高手术疗效。     

幼儿室间隔缺损并肺动脉高压术后并发症的预防与护理

笔者总结幼儿室间隔缺损并肺动脉高压术后并发症的预防与护理.室间隔缺损并肺动脉高压术后并发症主要在肺部,其次是心律失常和心功能衰竭;肺部并发症最严重的是肺动脉高压危象、肺不张、肺炎、急性呼吸窘迫综合征.预防与护理措施：术前1周加强营养支持,低流量吸氧、肺部理疗或给药物改善心肺功能;术后动态监测肺动脉压、SpO2,充分供氧,预防缺氧及高碳酸血症,护理操作减少对病人的刺激,以免引起烦躁或抽搐,给予镇痛镇静.合理、准确应用血管活性药物.认为加强幼儿室间隔缺损并肺动脉高压术后并发症的预防与护理,可避免或及时发现、纠正肺动脉高压危象、低心排血量综合征、心律失常及肺不张等并发症的发生.     

先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压围术期的护理

总结30例先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压患者加强围手术期护理，术前护理的要点是心理护理、积极控制呼吸道感染、降低肺动脉压力；术后护理的要点是：呼吸管理、胸部体疗、肺动脉高压危象的观察、循环系统监测和防治感染。认为做好精心的围术期护理是促进先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高血病人早日康复的重要保证。     

重度肺动脉高压患者全身麻醉下行肺叶切除术的护理

总结了1例重度肺动脉高压患者在全身麻醉下行肺叶切除术的护理经验.对患者进行严密的围术期护理,留王肺动脉导管监测肺血流动力学,应用伊洛前列素等肺血管扩张剂预防肺动脉高压危象的发生,对已发生的肺动脉高压危象进行积极处理,患者恢复,顺利出院.     

婴儿先心病合并肺动脉高压的术后监护

目的总结婴儿先心病合并中、重度肺动脉高压的术后监护经验。方法应用呼吸机辅助呼吸,持续心电监护,定期监测动脉血气分析,给予有效的镇静,维持良好的心功能,合理的应用降低肺动脉压的药物,保持气道通畅,加强营养支持。结果3例死亡,病死率5.9%。结论做好术后的监护可以降低病死率,减少肺动脉高压危象的发生,有利于患儿心功能的恢复,促进患儿顺利康复。     

先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压的外科治疗

目的探讨先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压外科治疗经验。方法2002年9月至2007年9月共手术治疗先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压患者79例，围术期采用综合性降肺动脉压措施，注意保护心肺功能，术后合理使用呼吸机及前列腺素E1，保持呼吸道通畅。结果早期死亡6例（7．59％），术后出现肺动脉高压危象8例（10.12％）。随访62例，所有肺动脉高压均降至中度以下。结论术前准确判断肺动脉高压性质并行降肺动脉压治疗、围术期注意维护心肺功能，合理应用肺血管扩张药物，有利于降低死亡率，减少并发症。     

肺动脉高压心脏手术后发生肺高压危象的影响因素分析

目的探讨影响肺动脉高压心脏手术后发生肺高压危象的因素。方法对可能导致肺动脉高压心脏手术后发生肺高压危象的影响因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果 229例肺动脉高压心脏手术患者,术后发生肺高压危象26例,死亡6例,死亡率为23.08%。术前呼吸道感染、术前吸氧、术前使用卡托普利、手术时间、通气频率、再次插管和术后一氧化氮(nitrogen monoxidum,NO)吸入对肺动脉高压患者术后发生肺高压危象具有一定的影响(均P<0.05)。术前呼吸道感染、手术时间和再次插管为肺动脉高压手术后患者发生肺高压危象的危险因素;手术前吸氧、满足通气频率和NO吸入等为保护因素。结论在对肺动脉高压心脏手术后患者的护理过程中,应尽量避免发生危险因素,以及加强保护因素的措施,对术后预防肺高压危象的发生具有重要的意义。     

心脏疾病伴肺动脉高压术后患者呼吸道的护理

目的总结心脏疾病伴肺动脉高压患者术后的呼吸道护理经验。方法对32例心脏疾病伴肺高压患者在围手术期进行针对性的护理,术后合理应用呼吸机,保持有效供氧,加强肺高压监护和呼吸道护理。结果 30例患者术后肺动脉压力控制理想,治愈出院。2例死亡,死亡原因为严重低心排出量综合征和肺部感染。结论术后加强呼吸道管理,保证有效供氧,可以降低心脏疾病伴肺动脉高压术后死亡率和并发症发生率。     

大动脉调转术治疗复杂先天性心脏病术后监护及治疗效果评价

目的探讨大动脉调转术治疗年龄>6个月完全性大动脉转位或Taussig-Bing畸形合并肺动脉高压患者术后监护及治疗的效果。方法 86例完全性大动脉转位或Taussig-Bing畸形合并肺动脉高压行大动脉调转术患者,肺动脉收缩压50～97mm Hg,术后给予深度镇静、过度通气、持续吸入一氧化氮等监护治疗,观察术后并发症及预后。结果术后6例发生院内死亡,病死率6.98%,存活患者发生各类并发症23例。结论年龄>6个月伴有肺动脉高压患者大动脉调转术后采用综合治疗措施,进行有效的心肺支持,可取得满意效果。     

Diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in internal medicine

130 inpatients (94 males and 36 females, mean age 51.8 +/- 9.1 years) with suspected obstructive sleep apnoa (OSA) were examined clinically, were questioned and underwent night cardiorespiratory monitoring. A definite OSA diagnosis was made in 83 patients. Sleep continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was applied in 40 patients who had moderate and severe sleep respiratory impairment. The treatment was effective in 31(77%) patients who stopped snoring, improved sleep quality and daytime sleepiness. In half of the hypertensive patients elimination of apnoa lowered blood pressure without drugs in day hours. Patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency improved gas exchange. In pulmonary hypertension CPAP therapy reduced pressure in the pulmonary artery. It is concluded that diagnosis and effective individual therapy of most CPAP patients can be provided in therapeutic hospital departments.     

西地那非治疗婴幼儿先天性心脏病术后肺动脉高压

[目的]观察西地那非对婴幼儿先天性心脏病(简称先心病)手术后严重肺动脉高压的疗效.[方法]总结本院2009年1月至2010年6月应用西地那非治疗婴幼儿室间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压共33例.本组术毕停体外循环后置管测定肺动脉压力仍超过体动脉压力(桡动脉置管测定外周动脉压)50%以上,术后1d给予鼻饲西地那非,初始剂量0....     

Effects of tolazoline and prostacyclin on pulmonary hypertension in infants after cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hemodynamic effects of tolazoline and prostacyclin in infants with pulmonary vasospasm after cardiac surgery. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Pediatric ICU. PATIENTS: The cohort consisted of 42 infants and children with congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension who underwent corrective surgery and were monitored postoperatively using pulmonary artery catheters. Fourteen infants (2 to 12 months old) in this group required postoperative treatment with tolazoline or prostacyclin. INTERVENTIONS: Tolazoline was administered as a bolus of 0.5 mg/kg for treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension or acute pulmonary hypertensive crisis. If its effectiveness was proved after 30 mins by hemodynamic measurements, a continuous iv infusion of 0.5 mg/kg/hr was established. Higher doses of tolazoline were avoided. If tolazoline treatment did not fulfill the criteria for pulmonary vasodilation, prostacyclin was given by continuous iv infusion at a starting rate of 5 ng/kg/min, followed by 10 ng/kg/min. In three patients, the infusion rate was increased to 15 ng/kg/min. RESULTS: Bolus administration of tolazoline resulted in a distinct pulmonary vasodilation in seven infants: mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance decreased by an average of 35% and 45%, respectively. In these patients, tolazoline was infused over the following 12 to 72 hrs. One infant who received tolazoline for 72 hrs developed a clinically important gastrointestinal hemorrhage. In seven nonresponders to tolazoline, prostacyclin (PGI2) at an infusion rate of 5 ng/kg/min led to pulmonary vasodilation in five patients, at an iv infusion rate of 10 ng/kg/min in all seven infants studied. The latter dose of PGI2 reduced the mean pulmonary artery pressure by an average of 37%, and pulmonary vascular resistance by 43%. Transient withdrawal of prostacyclin in five infants demonstrated its short half-life and clinical effectiveness. Apart from a facial flush, no side-effects were encountered using PGI2 as an infusion over durations ranging from 12 to 504 hrs. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that, if tolazoline in a relatively low dose proves to be inefficient, prostacyclin can still be used as a safe and effective drug for treatment of pulmonary vasospasm. Prostacyclin offers more than a pharmacologic alternative to increased tolazoline dosages.     

Differential diagnosis and treatment of vertigo in hypertensive patients

AiM: To study causes of vertigo in hypertensive patients and specify approaches to its treatment. Material and methods. Prevalence and causes of vertigo were analysed in 285 patients with arterial hypertension (AH). The examination included 24-h monitoring of arterial pressure (APM) and MR-tomography of the head. RESULTS: The majority of patients (78%) hospitalized with the diagnosis "hypertensive crisis" were diagnosed to have other diseases (headaches of tension, stroke, Meniere's syndrome and disease, etc.) the development of which was accompanied with hypertension and simulated a hypertensive crisis. Vertigo occurs in 20% hypertensive patients and is unrelated to elevated blood pressure. It is rather due to associated neurological, peripheral vestibular and other diseases. APM shows that vertigo occurs in hypotension after intake of hypotensive drugs. In hypertensive patients treatment of vertigo should not be directed only to management of elevated pressure but demands treatment of underlying disease. Vertigo plus mnestic disorders are effectively corrected with tanakan in a dose 120-160 mg/day. CONCLUSION: Vertigo in hypertensive patients is not caused by elevated pressure but related with concomitant neurological or peripheral vestibular diseases as well as hypotension. Hypertensive patients with vertigo need correction of the condition causing it.     

先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者介入手术围术期的护理

目的总结和分析先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者介入手术围术期的护理要点。方法手术前后进行心理疏导,做好术前准备;术后严密监测患者肺动脉高压和生命体征的变化情况,做好并发症的观察及预防和输液管理。结果本组18例患者术后均康复出院,未出现严重并发症。结论围术期良好的护理是保证先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者治疗效果和减少术后并发症的重要环节。