31例肝局灶性结节状增生的影像学检查结果对比分析

【目的】分析肝局灶性结节状增生超声、CT、核磁共振影像学结果,明确各种检查的诊断价值,提高肝局灶性结节状增生诊断的准确率,避免不必要的手术治疗。【方法】回顾性分析31例（33个病灶）经病理证实的肝局灶性结节状增生患者的超声、CT、核磁共振影像检查的结果。【结果】31例患者（33个病灶）中,二维灰阶超声诊断为良性病变18个病灶,彩色多普勒超声诊断为良性病变26仓病灶,22个病灶CT诊断为良性病变．共有26个病灶MRI诊断为肝局灶性结节状增生;其中行超声造影者9例,8例均诊断为肝局灶性结节状增生。【结论】彩色多普勒超声与MRI对肝局灶性结节状增生的良恶性诊断大体一致,但是MRI对肝局灶性结节状增生的定性诊断明显高于彩超;而超声造影是所有影像定性诊断中最准确的方法。     

肝脏局灶性结节增生的超声诊断

目的探讨肝脏局灶性结节增生(focalnodularhyperplasia,FNH)的超声特征,观察不同检查方法对病变的表现形式。方法经二维灰阶超声和彩色多普勒超声检查的61例FNH患者共68个病灶中,25例25个病灶进行了超声造影检查,造影剂为声诺维,使用低机械指数连续成像技术对比脉冲序列。结果灰阶超声显示82.4%(56/68)的病灶位于肝右叶,73.5%(50/68)为等或稍低回声。彩色多普勒超声检查92.6%(63/68)测得动脉血流信号,其中95.2%(60/63)为连续条状血流信号,70.0%(42/60)表现为轮辐状。血流峰值流速(47.8±26.9)cm/s(14.4～113cm/s),阻力指数0.56±0.09(0.4～0.7)。超声造影25个病灶(100%)动脉期全瘤高增强,96.0%(24/25)的病灶在门静脉期和延迟期仍为高增强或等增强。24.0%(6/25)的病灶可见中央瘢痕。结论FNH在灰阶超声和彩色多普勒超声上有一定特点,超声造影可更显著地表现病变特征,有助于诊断与鉴别诊断。     

彩色多普勒超声检查、超声造影、增强CT诊断肝脏局灶性结节样增生的比较

目的探讨肝脏局灶性结节样增生(FNH)的彩色多普勒超声检查、超声造影、增强CT表现及其诊断价值。方法 2006～2009年经手术及病理证实的10例FNH患者共14个病灶均行彩色多普勒超声检查,其中8个病灶行超声造影检查,4个病灶行增强CT检查。结果 14个病灶中,彩色多普勒超声检查显示5个病灶(5/14,35.71%)内有轮辐状血流信号,最大血流速度平均为(0.59±0.19)m/s,阻力指数平均为0.46±0.16。超声造影显示5个病灶(5/8,62.50%)出现动脉期早期迅速全瘤强化,其他3个病灶(3/8,37.50%)呈轮辐状离心性快速强化,门脉期及延迟期回声稍高于肝实质或与肝实质等回声,有2个病灶(2/8,25.00%)于延迟期见低回声中央星状瘢痕。增强CT显示4个病灶平扫均呈低密度,动脉期显著均匀性强化,门脉期强化接近于肝实质密度,有2个病灶(2/4,50.00%)于动脉期及门脉期见低密度星状瘢痕。结论彩色多普勒超声、超声造影、增强CT这3种方法结合可大大提高FNH的确诊率。     

肝脏局灶性结节性增生的超声影像特征

目的探讨肝脏局灶性结节性增生(focal nodular hyperplasia,FHN)的超声影像特征。方法经病理诊断或其他增强影像学检查及随访证实的35例FNH患者共45枚病灶,均行二维灰阶超声和彩色多普勒超声检查,其中20例患者的20枚病灶进行了超声造影检查。结果二维灰阶超声表现主要为肝内低回声或偏低回声局灶性病灶(88.9%),而且界限显示欠清;彩色多普勒超声检查43枚(95.6%)显示病灶内的血流信号,37枚(86.0%)可见连续条状血流信号,25枚(67.6%)表现为"轮辐状";超声造影检查动脉早期20枚病灶均表现为整体高增强,其中14枚(70%)表现为轮辐状增强,门脉期11枚(55%)病灶中央或偏心部位出现无增强瘢痕的征象;延迟期15枚(75%)表现为等增强,4枚(20%)表现为高增强,1枚(5%)表现为低增强。结论二维灰阶超声和彩色多普勒超声联合应用可检测出典型病灶的部分特征,但都无法检测FNH的微血管灌注情况,而超声造影可检测到病灶动脉早期、门脉期、延迟期显著的病变特征,明显提高诊断准确性。     

肝局灶性结节性增生的超声造影血流动力学研究

目的 探讨肝局灶性结节性增生的实时灰阶超声造影表现及其诊断价值.方法 对经手术病理证实的34例肝局灶性结节件增生(FNH)患者共36个病灶进行超声检查,观察病灶的常规超声表现和超声造影增强方式及表现并进行分析.结果 36个病灶多为低回声,39%(14/36)病灶周围见低回声环.65%(20/31)病灶内显示特征性的星状或轮辐状彩色血流.超声造影后动脉相观察到3种增强形式:整体型增强28%(10/36),泉涌状增强44%(16/36)和放射状增强28%(10/36).超声造影中搬痕出现率17%(6/36),而对照病理标本瘢痕检出率为40%(6/15).若以超声造影出现其中一种征象(泉涌状增强、放射状增强或瘢痕)作为FNH的诊断指标,则超声造影诊断FNH的符合率达78%(28/36),明显高于常规超声的诊断符合率(28%,10/36).结论 超声造影对诊断FNH有很大价值.     

彩超对肝脏囊性病变的鉴别诊断价值

目的　探讨彩色多普勒超声在肝脏囊性病变鉴别诊断中的价值。方法　对临床和病理证实的 2 0例肝脏囊性恶性肿瘤、 2 4例肝脓肿和 4 8例肝脏囊性良性肿瘤 (肝囊肿 )的灰阶超声及彩色多普勒超声表现进行了分析。对每类病灶的大小、形态、边界、囊壁回声、囊内分隔及彩色血流的有无、部位、性质进行统计比较。结果　灰阶超声和彩色多普勒超声可以反映肝脏囊性病变的结构特征及血流特征。肝脏囊性恶性肿瘤中 ,囊壁及囊壁结节内检出血流信号、囊内出现分隔、囊壁有结节或乳头的比例显著高于肝脓肿和肝囊肿 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,以囊内检出血流信号为标准 ,鉴别肝囊性恶性肿瘤的敏感性、特异性分别为 85 .0 %和 94 .4 %。结论　灰阶超声在肝脏囊性病变的鉴别诊断中有一定的意义 ,彩色多普勒在囊壁、分隔或乳头上检出血流信号对肝脏囊性恶性肿瘤诊断具有很高的特异性和敏感性     

超声对肝局灶性结节样增生的诊断价值

目的探讨肝局灶性结节样增生(FNH)的超声表现及其诊断价值.方法 28例均行超声及生化检查,并均经手术及病理证实.结果 28例FNH中共有30个病灶,超声全部检出.二维超声多表现为低或稍低回声(83%),多发生于近肝缘处(79%);13例彩色多普勒显示动脉频谱者占69%,呈轮辐状血流信号者占23%.生化检查发现所有病例AFP均阴性.结论常规超声结合彩色多普勒超声和AFP阴性可提高FNH的诊断准确性.     

彩色多普勒超声检查对经典型肝局灶结节增生的诊断价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声检查对经典型肝局灶结节增生的诊断价值。方法对43例48个经手术病理证实的肝局灶结节增生进行彩色多普勒超声检查,根据有无中心血流分为经典型与非经典型。将超声分型与病理分型进行对照研究。结果 48例肝局灶结节增生病理诊断为经典型36例,其中彩色多普勒超声检查检出中心血流27例。彩色多普勒超声检查对经典型肝局灶结节增生敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、诊断准确率分别为75.0%、91.7%、96.4%、55.0%、79.2%。结论彩色多普勒超声对经典型肝局灶结节增生诊断特异性较高,诊断可靠,敏感性略低,尚有部分病例超声检查不能显示中心血管,需进一步检查。     

肝脏局灶性结节增生的彩色超声多普勒表现

目的 探讨肝脏局灶性结节增生(FNH)在彩色多普勒中的表现，以进一步提高彩色超声多普勒诊断的准确性。方法 回顾分析14例经病理证实的FNH的资料。结果 病灶直径1—8cm，平均大小为3．5cm，形态多不规则，无明显包膜，以低回声结节为主，结节内回声不均。所有病例彩色多普勒均显示从病变中央辐射至周围滋养动脉，呈车轮状，于瘤内记录到丰富的低阻力动脉频谱。结论 彩色超声多普勒可充分反映FNH的血供特点和病理特征，在诊断与鉴别诊断中具有很大的价值。     

CPS及CCI灰阶超声造影成像技术诊断肝脏局灶性病变应用价值

目的探讨灰阶超声造影成像(CE-GUS)诊断肝占位性病变的应用价值.方法应用CPS及AD-CCI成像技术检查39个肝脏局灶性病变,32个病灶同期检查基波彩色多普勒增强超声(CE-CDFI). 结果 CE-GUS病灶内部血流信号显示率97.44%,高于CE-CDFI(P<0.05).CE-GUS诊断符合率为92.3%(36/39),明显高于常规超声检查(23.1%)及CE-CDFI(50%),P<0.05.结论 CPS及CCI灰阶超声造影成像技术能清楚显示肝脏及肝肿瘤血液灌注,对肝脏局灶性病变的鉴别诊断有实用价值.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.