从自由基学说看水果蔬菜的抗衰老作用

自由基引起的氧化损伤是引起机体老化及多种老年病的主要因素。大量流行病学研究表明,经常食用水果及黄绿色蔬菜能够预防多种与增龄有关的退行性病变。推测其作用机理可能与蔬菜水果中所含的抗氧化成份有关。但是,有研究表明,通过补充已知的抗氧化营养素如ＶＣ、ＶＥ和β—胡萝卜素不能达到预期的效果,因此还需要进一步加强水果蔬菜中抗氧化成分的研究,尤其是要关注过去未给予充分重视的某些成分及其可能的重要作用,此外还应加强对延寿和改善机体功能方面的研究。     

Increasing fruits and vegetables in midlife women: a feasibility study

The positive link between bone health and fruit/vegetable consumption has been attributed to the lower renal acid load of a diet high in alkaline-forming fruit/vegetables. Other important dietary determinants of bone health include micronutrients and bioactives found in fruit/vegetables. We hypothesized that increased intake of fruit/vegetables to 9 or more servings a day would lower net endogenous acid production (NEAP) significantly (~20 mEq/d) and increase urine pH (0.5 pH units). This 8-week feasibility study investigated if 21 midlife women (age, 40-65 years) currently consuming 5 or less servings a day of fruit/vegetables could increase their intake to 9 or more servings a day to substantially lower NEAP and include specific vegetables daily. Three-day diet diaries were completed at baseline and the end of the study and assessed for NEAP (estimated) and number of servings from all food groups. Urine pH dipsticks were provided for the participants to assess and record their fasting urine pH daily (second void). Seventy-six percent of women achieved the study aim, which was to increase to 9 or more servings of fruit/vegetables for at least 5 d/wk. There was a reduction in the number of bread/cereal servings. Net endogenous acid production (estimated) was reduced significantly, with a mean urine pH increase of 0.68 pH units (95% confidence interval, 0.46-1.14); however, daily urine pH measures showed high variability. This study demonstrated that a group of midlife women can change their diet for 8 weeks by significantly increasing fruit/vegetable servings and include specific “bone friendly” vegetables daily, resulting in a significant decrease in estimated dietary NEAP and an increase in urine pH.     

2013年中国25岁及以上人群水果摄入不足的归因死亡分析

目的 分析2013年我国≥ 25岁人群归因于水果摄入不足的死亡情况及其对期望寿命的影响。方法 利用2013年中国慢性病及其行为危险因素监测调查数据计算分性别和地区的水果摄入量,采用潜在影响分值（PIF）分析归因于水果摄入不足的相关疾病死亡数、死亡率及对期望寿命的影响情况。结果 2013年,我国≥ 25岁人群的水果摄入量平均为（113.3±168.9）g/d[男性为（103.6±160.1）g/d,女性为（122.7±176.6）g/d）],城市居民的水果摄入量明显高于农村地区,东部地区高于中部和西部地区;总死因中的15.21%是由于水果摄入不足造成的,水果摄入不足对相关疾病的PIF均约为35.00%。农村地区（16.50%）全死因的PIF高于城市地区（13.88%）,东部（15.48%）及中部（16.27%）全死因的PIF高于西部地区（13.75%）;归因于水果摄入不足导致死亡数约为134.84万,相关疾病死亡数依次为缺血性心脏病（47.25万）、出血性中风（33.88万）、缺血性中风（25.90万）、肺癌（20.84万）、食管癌（6.07万）、喉癌（0.54万）和口腔癌（0.36万）;城市的全死因及相关疾病的归因死亡数明显低于农村地区,中部地区的全死因归因死亡数（45.27万）高于东部（53.11万）及西部地区（36.46万）,我国因水果摄入不足造成期望寿命损失1.73岁（男性损失1.80岁,女性损失1.58岁）,农村高于城市,中部高于东部和西部地区。结论 我国水果摄入量与推荐标准相差甚远,水果摄入不足导致相关疾病的PIF较高,且对居民期望寿命的影响较为严重。     

Processes underlying young women''s decisions to eat fruits and vegetables

OBJECTIVE: To relate the use of identified processes that college women use to eat enough fruits and enough vegetables to their stages of readiness to change and their fruit and vegetable (F/V) intakes. METHOD: A cross-sectional assessment of college women 18-24 years of age (n = 236) was conducted to assess stage of readiness to eat F/V. Use of seven processes, earlier confirmed in a separate sample of college students the same age (health concerns, self-reevaluation, social liberation, health commitment/action, interpersonal control, external reinforcement and helping relationships) was compared with stage of change for F/V and 3 days of dietary intakes. RESULTS: In these young college women, use of self-reevaluation, a cognitive process for change, peaked in the preparation stage for both F/V. Use of health commitment/action, a post-action process including counter-conditioning, peaked in those in action/maintenance for F/V. Weight concerns related to the counter-conditioning processes women used to eat more fruit. CONCLUSION: Health practitioners should focus on weight management, appearance and health benefits of eating fruits and vegetables for this demographic group.     

The protective role of fruits and vegetables against radiation-induced cancer

The role of fruits and vegetables in protecting against radiation-induced cancer and the positive evidence from epidemiology and ancillary investigations are discussed in this review. The recently reported Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb survivor studies provide strong evidence for the protective role of fruits and vegetables against radiation-induced cancer. The anticarcinogenic substances contained in, and the anticarcinogenic mechanisms proposed for, fruits and vegetables are reviewed. The anticarcinogenic effectiveness of fruits and vegetables are compared with that of dietary supplements. The reasons for the observed superiority of fruits and vegetables are advanced.     

Total phenolics and antioxidant capacity of indigenous vegetables in the southeast United States: Alabama Collaboration for Cardiovascular Equality Project

Collard greens, mustard greens, kale, okra, green onion, butter beans, butter peas, purple hull peas, rutabagas, and eggplant are frequently consumed by African Americans in the southeast United States. Sweet potato greens and purslane are two novel vegetables in this region. The objective of this study was to analyze total phenolics and antioxidant capacity in these indigenous vegetables. The total phenolic content was analyzed using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and ranged from 7.4 to 53.5 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of dried sample. The antioxidant capacity was analyzed using the radical DPPH^? scavenging capacity assay and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay (ORAC). At a concentration of 10.0 mg dried vegetable equivalent/ml, the extract of these vegetables was able to quench 13.2–88.5% DPPH^? radical in 30 min. The ORAC value ranged from 2.5 to 100.7 µmoles of trolox equivalents per gram of dried sample. The antioxidant capacity of the vegetable samples was highly related to their total phenolic content. The results suggest that these indigenous vegetables consumed by African Americans in the southeastern United States are good sources of the phenolic compounds, which might provide anti-oxidative protection against free radicals in the human body. Consumption of these vegetables might reduce the risk of chronic diseases.     

Prevalence and growth of pathogens on salad vegetables, fruits and sprouts

A total of 120 samples, comprising different types of raw vegetables (seven), fruits (three) and sprouts (three) obtained from street vendors, were tested for aerobic plate count, coliform count and various food-borne pathogens. Average aerobic plate counts for salad vegetables, fruits and sprouts were greater than 10(10) cfu/g and 10(9) cfu/g respectively. Pathogens isolated were S. aureus, E. coli, Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., S. typhi, Serratia sp., Providencia sp. and P. aeruginosa. The antibiotic resistant patterns of the isolates revealed P. aeruginosa to be the most antibiotic resistant, E. coli, Salmonella, Enterobacter and P. aeruginosa also showed the presence of plasmids. The model development phase of this study involved 27 growth curves conducted under 9 combinations of temperature and pH in the Brain Heart Infusion Broth. Models for specific growth rate and lag period were developed by response surface modelling using multiple linear regression analysis. The model provides an estimate of bacterial growth in response to any combination of the variables studied within specified ranges. Growth patterns of organisms on vegetable and fruits were also studied at room temperature (32 degrees C) to assess the growth in the actual food environment. Cucumber and watermelon supports the growth of S. aureus and S. typhi, carrot retarded their growth while pineapple did not support the growth.     

蔬菜水果摄入与前列腺癌风险的Meta分析

目的 系统评价蔬菜水果摄入与前列腺癌(prostate cancer,PCa)风险之间的关系,为前列腺癌的预防策略提供相关依据.方法 计算机检索Pubmed、Embase、Web of science数据库,查找评价蔬菜和/或水果摄入与前列腺癌风险之间关系的队列研究以及相关文献,对纳入的文献进行质量评级,采用R软件(4...     

Association between high sensitivity C-reactive protein and dietary intake in Vietnamese young women

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is a strong independent predictor of future cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We evaluated the relationship between hsCRP and dietary intake in apparently healthy young women living in southern Vietnam.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

Serum hsCRP was measured and dietary intake data were obtained using the 1-day 24-hour recall method in women (n = 956; mean age, 25.0 ± 5.7 years) who participated in the International Collaboration Study for the Construction of Asian Cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) in 2011.

RESULTS

Women in the high risk group (> 3 mg/L) consumed fewer fruits and vegetables, total plant food, potassium, and folate than those in the low risk group (< 1 mg/L). A multiple regression analysis after adjusting for covariates revealed a significant negative association between hsCRP and fruit and vegetable consumption. A logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio (OR) of having a high hsCRP level in women with the highest quartiles of consumption of fruits and vegetables [OR, 0.391; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.190-0.807], potassium [OR, 0.425; 95% CI, 0.192-0.939] and folate [OR, 0.490; 95% CI, 0.249-0.964] were significantly lower than those in the lowest quartiles.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that, in young Vietnamese women, an increased consumption of fruit and vegetables might be beneficial for serum hsCRP, a risk factor for future CVD events.     

The relationship of dietary sodium,potassium, fruits,and vegetables intake with blood pressure among Korean adults aged 40 and older

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The inverse relationships of combined fruits and vegetables intake with blood pressure have been reported. However, whether there are such relationships with salty vegetables has rarely been investigated in epidemiologic studies. We evaluated the relation of combined and separate intake of fruits, vegetable intakes, and salty vegetables, as well as sodium and potassium, with blood pressure among the middle-aged and elderly populations.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

The present cross-sectional analysis of a prospective cohort baseline survey was performed with 6,283 subjects (2,443 men and 3,840 women) and free of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Dietary data were collected by trained interviewers using food frequency questionnaire.

RESULTS

The significantly inverse linear trend of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was found in fruits and non-pickled vegetables (81.2 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 79.0 mmHg in the highest quintile, P for trend = 0.0040) and fruits only (80.9 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 79.4 mmHg in the highest quintile, P for trend = 0.0430) among men. In contrast, sodium and sodium to potassium ratio were positively related with blood pressure among men (DBP, 78.8 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 80.6 mmHg in the highest quintile, P for trend = 0.0079 for sodium; DBP, 79.0 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 80.7 mmHg in the highest quintile, P for trend = 0.0199 and SBP, 123.8 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 125.9 mmHg in the highest quintile for sodium/potassium). Kimchies consumption was positively related to DBP for men (78.2 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 80.9 mmHg in the highest quintile for DBP, P for trend = 0.0003). Among women, these relations were not found.

CONCLUSION

Fruits and/or non-pickled vegetables may be inversely, but sodium, sodium to potassium, and Kimchies may be positively related to blood pressure among men.     

Mental health status and dietary intake among California adults: a population-based survey

California Health Interview Survey (2005–2015) data were used to examine the association between dietary intake frequencies and mental health – Kessler-6 scores categorised as no/low (NLPD), moderate (MPD) or serious psychological distress (SPD). The 245,891 surveys represented 27.7 million adults annually, with 13.2% having MPD and 3.7% SPD. Survey-adjusted regression adjusting for gender, age, race, education, poverty, marital status, BMI, geography and year found MPD and SPD associated with lower consumption of fruits (adjusted odds ratio 0.79 and 0.65, respectively), vegetables (AOR 0.81 and 0.68), and increased consumption of French fries (AOR 1.24, 1.30), fast food (AOR 1.32, 1.27), soda (AOR 1.23, 1.26) and variance-adjusted daily teaspoons of sugar (coefficients 3.05, 4.21), all p-values less than 0.001. In this large population-based sample, moderate and SPD were independently associated with unhealthy diet. Targeted public health interventions could focus on young adults and those with less than 12 years of education.     

Daily polyphenol intake from fresh fruits in Portugal: contribution from berry fruits

Abstract

Fresh fruits, particularly berries, are rich in polyphenols. These bioactive compounds are important in the prevention of chronic inflammatory diseases. The present study aimed to assess polyphenol intake from fresh fruit in Portugal and the relative contribution of berries to overall intake, using an online semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Consumption of processed berry products was also studied. Mean fresh fruit consumption was 365.6?±?8.2?g/day. Berries accounted for 9% of total fresh fruit intake, from which 80% were due to strawberries. Total polyphenol intake from fresh fruits was 783.9?±?31.7?mg of Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE) per day, from which 14% were from berries. Within berries, strawberries accounted for 11% of total polyphenol intake, with the other consumed berries accounting for 3% of the total polyphenol intake per day. Main reasons reported for relative low consumption of berries were market availability and price. The most consumed processed berry product was yogurt.     

Plant sterols in vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in Sweden

Summary Plant sterols are known to have serum cholesterol lowering effects. A high dietary intake might therefore have a positive impact on health. All food items of vegetable origin contain some amount of plant sterols. The aim of this study was to analyse the plant sterol content of vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in Sweden, and to compare fresh and cooked samples of the same items. Altogether 20 different vegetables and 14 fruits were analysed. All vegetables and fruits were purchased in two shops in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden. Lyophilization was performed within one month of the items being purchased. The samples were frozen at −20 (C and analysed within six months, with a GLC method after acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis and silylation with tri-methylsilylether. The acid hydrolysis was done in order to detect the fraction of glycosylated plant sterols, which are split during boiling with HCl. The median plant sterol content of vegetables was 14 (3.8–50) mg/100 g edible portion. The highest concentrations were found in broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower and olives. The median plant sterol content of fruits was 16 (3–44) mg/100 g edible portion. The highest concentrations were found in oranges and passion fruits. The plant sterol concentrations were thus low in vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in Sweden. A serum cholesterol lowering effect attributed to the plant sterols in vegetables and fruits would therefore be of limited significance. Received: 25 September 1998, Accepted: 10 February 1999     

Estimation of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of underutilized fruits of Andaman Islands (India)

The present study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity and phytochemical contents in 10 underutilized fruits of Andaman Islands (India) namely Malpighia glabra L., Mangifera andamanica L., Morinda citrifolia L., Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f) Alst., Annona squamosa L., Averrhoa carambola L., Averrhoa bilimbi L., Dillenia indica L., Annona muricata L. and Ficus racemosa L. The antioxidant activity varied from 74.27% to 98.77%, and the methanol extract of M. glabra showed the highest antioxidant activity (98.77%; inhibitory concentration, IC₅₀ = 262.46 μg/ml). Methanol was found to be a better solvent than acetone and aqueous for estimating the antioxidant activity. M. glabra was found to be rich in phytochemicals viz. polyphenol (355.74 mg/100 g), anthocyanin (91.31 mg/100 g), carotenoids (109.16 mg/100 g), tannin (24.39 mg/100 g) and ascorbic acid (394.23 mg/100 g). Carbohydrate content was estimated to be highest in M. glabra (548 mg/100 g). Phenols, tannins, anthocyanins and carotenoids contents showed positive correlation (r² = 0.846, r² = 0.864, r² = 0.915 and r² = 0.806, respectively) with antioxidant activity. The information generated in present study will be useful for bioprospecting of underutilized fruits of Andaman Islands.     

Variety-based variation in the antimutagenic potential of various vegetables and lack of its correlation with their antioxidant capacity

As mutation causes many life-threatening diseases including cancer, a diet enriched with specific vegetables having potential to reduce mutagenesis possesses immense significance. In this study, 41 commonly used vegetables from diverse botanical taxa were evaluated and compared for their relative antimutagenic potential using standard assays [Escherichia coli RNA polymerase β (rpoB)-based Rif^S → Rif^R assay and Ames test] against known mutagens (UV, gamma radiation, 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide and ethylmethanesulphonate). Significant differences in antimutagenicity were observed even among the cultivars within the same species, as well as at other phylogenetic levels such as genus or family. The effect of cooking in terms of boiling (aquathermal treatment), on the antimutagenicity of these vegetables, was also investigated. In majority of the cases, aquathermal treatment did not affect the antimutagenic potential. The antimutagenicity of these vegetables was not found to correlate well with their antioxidant properties.     

去除蔬果中农药残留的方法研究

目的　研究蔬果中农药残留去除方法。方法　用有机磷农药沾污青菜 ,用不同方法处理沾污农药后的青菜 ,用气相色谱法分别测出处理前后青菜中的农药残留量 ,计算去除率。结果　椰子油衍生物蔬果洗涤剂浸泡法与其他方法相比 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1) ,该方法农药残留去除率达 87 5 % ,食盐水溶液浸泡法效果其次 ,达 68 6% ,其他市售厨房洗涤剂浸泡法为5 0 %～ 68.2 %。结论　去除蔬菜残留农药采用不同洗涤剂浸泡 ,均有一定效果但以椰子油衍生物蔬果洗涤剂效果最好     

Combined fruit and vegetable intake is correlated with improved inflammatory and oxidant status from a cross-sectional study in a community setting

Previous studies have examined the relationship between specific nutrient and food intakes with limited markers of either inflammation or oxidant status. The objective of this study was to determine if an increase in combined self-reported fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake in a community setting was associated with improved multiple markers of inflammatory and oxidant status. A community group (N = 1000, age 18–85 years, 61% female) gave two fasted blood samples separated by 12 weeks. Blood inflammatory biomarkers included total leukocytes (WBC), plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and granulocyte colony stimulating factor. Measured oxidant status markers were ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and plasma F₂-isoprostanes. The relation of markers across categories of F&V intake was examined. In analyses controlling for other important dietary and lifestyle factors, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly lower across categories of increasing F&V intakes (p < 0.008). FRAP and ORAC were significantly higher (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.047 respectively) while F₂-isoprostanes was significantly lower (p < 0.0001) across F&V categories. In a community study, several markers of both inflammation and oxidant status were associated in a putatively salutary direction by higher intake of combined F&V, supporting current guidelines suggesting increased F&V consumption for the prevention of chronic diseases.     

The European Common Agricultural Policy on fruits and vegetables: exploring potential health gain from reform

BACKGROUND: Consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. The European Union Common Agricultural Policy keeps prices high by limiting the availability of fruits and vegetables. This policy is at odds with public health interests. We assess the potential health gain for the Dutch population of discontinuing EU withdrawal support for fruits and vegetables. METHODS: The maximum effect of the reform was estimated by assuming that a quantity equivalent to the amount of produce withdrawn in recent years would be brought onto the market. For the calculation of the effect of consumption change on health we constructed a multi-state life table model in which consumption of fruits and vegetables is linked to ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and cancer of the oesophagus, stomach, colorectum, lung and breast. Uncertainty is quantified using Monte Carlo simulation. RESULTS: The reform would maximally increase the average consumption of fruits and vegetables by 1.80% (95% uncertainty interval 1.12-2.73), with an ensuing increase in life expectancy of 3.8 (2.2-5.9) days for men and 2.6 (1.5-4.2) days for women. The reform is also likely to decrease socio-economic inequalities in health. CONCLUSION: Ending EU withdrawal support for fruits and vegetables could result in a modest health gain for the Dutch population, though uncertainty in the estimates is high. A more comprehensive examination of the health effects of the EU agricultural policy could help to ensure health is duly considered in decision-making.