鼻咽癌放射治疗中改进常规3D适形铅挡块方法的初探

目的 :探讨鼻咽癌放射治疗中 ,采用改进的低熔点铅挡块技术 ,进行常规适形放射治疗的可行性及其临床意义。方法 :于 1999年 1月至 2 0 0 1年 6月 ,12 4例首程根治放射治疗的鼻咽癌自愿者病人用定制的热塑头颈罩固定体位及精确摆位 ,并个体化地制作出常规 3D适形放疗的不规则铅挡块进行布野 ,尽可能多地遮拦正常组织结构以减少照射体积。在治疗中 ,采用大体靶区体积 (GTV)放射剂量DT70Gy～ 76Gy(常规分割法 )。本组病例随访 9～ 34个月 (中位 19个月 )。结果 :至随访截止期 ,随访结果如下 :(1)局部控制率 10 0 % ;(2 )疗程中急性口腔及咽部粘膜反应较轻 ;(3)放疗后无牙本质过度过敏反应 ;(4)软腭急性放疗反应减轻较为显著。结论 :改进的常规适形放疗的铅挡块技术能有效地保护部分正常组织 ,减少急性放疗反应 ,近期局部控制率可能有所提高 ,远期效果及最终结论有待进一步观察随访     

早期下咽癌手术手（或）放射治疗的临床研究

目的 比较１３２例Ｔ１、Ｔ２期下咽癌患者手术＋放射治疗与单纯放射治疗的疗效。方法 １３２例Ｔ１、Ｔ２期下咽癌患者,５１．５％肿瘤直径在２～４ｃｍ范围内,８３．３％来源于梨太窝,颈部淋巴结阴性（Ｎ０）者占总数的５０％,治疗分为３个组,即部分咽喉切除术＋术后放射治疗（ＰＰＬ＋ＲＸ）组（４４例）,全咽喉切除术＋术后放射治疗（ＴＰＬ＋ＲＸ）组（４０例）,单纯放射治疗（ＲＸ）组（４８例）。术后放射治疗原发灶区和（或）颈淋巴引流区的放射剂量为４５～５５Ｇｙ。单纯放射治疗的照射剂量原发灶区为７５Ｇｙ,颈淋巴引流区为４５～５５Ｇｙ,颈转移淋巴结处总量达７５Ｇｙ生存率计算采用Ｋａｐｌａｎ－Ｍｅｉｅｒ法,显著性检验采用Ｌｏｇｒａｎｋ法。结果 总１、３、５年生存率分别为７１％、４５％、３４％。单纯放射治疗组与术后放射治疗组间的１、３     

鼻咽癌放射治疗中改进常规3D适形铅挡块方法的初探

目的：探讨鼻咽癌放射治疗中，采用改进的低熔点铅挡块技术，进行常规适形放射治疗的可行性及其临床意义。方法：于1999年1月至2001年6月，124例首程根治放射治疗的鼻咽癌自愿者病人用定制的热塑头颈罩固定体位及精确摆位，并个体化地制作出常规3D适形放疗的不规则铅挡块进行布野，尽可能多地遮拦正常组织结构以减少照射体积。在治疗中，采用大体靶区体积(GTV)放射剂量DT70Gy～76Gy(常规分割法)。本组病例随访9～34个月(中位19个月)。结果：至随访截止期，随访结果如下：(1)局部控制率100％；(2)疗程中急性口腔及咽部粘膜反应较轻；(3)放疗后无牙本质过度过敏反应；(4)软腭急性放疗反应减轻较为显著。结论：改进的常规适形放疗的铅挡块技术能有效地保护部分正常组织，减少急性放疗反应，近期局部控制率可能有所提高，远期效果及最终结论有待进一步观察随访。     

对巨大肝癌进行术前放射治疗的探讨

目的：探讨不能切除巨大肝癌经术前放射治疗缩小后切除的新途径。方法：术前放射治疗采用曾认为对肝癌疗效欠满意的放疗技术加以改良为全肝移动条野照射、缩野技术和分段放疗,放射总量达50—60Gy,放疗后3—4周,肝癌缩小后切除。结果：1987年6月-2000年12月,经放射治疗不能切除巨大肝癌84例,缩小后入选12例二步切除。此12例肝癌经术前放疗后,肿瘤最大径由11—18cm（中位14cm）缩小为6～8cm（中位7cm）;CT显示肝门淋巴结转移灶2cm、癌旁多个卫星病灶1—3cm各1例经放疗后病灶消失;1例AFP转阴者病理仍发现有存活的肝癌细胞。无手术死亡。未见放射性肝炎或术后严重并发症。随访：放射剂量〈50Gy者3例术后6—10月复发死亡;〉50Gy者生存1年以上9例（75．0％）,3年以上5例（41．6％）,5年以上4例（33．3％）,10年以上3例（25．0％）,17年以上1例仍健在。结论：术前放疗采用全肝移动条野照射、缩野技术和分段放疗是不能切除巨大肝癌的缩小后切除的新途径。采用放射剂量50—60Gy,放疗后3～4周手术可能比较适宜,远期随访结果令人鼓舞。     

口腔颌面部肿瘤术后组织缺损的一期修复

目的 探讨游离组织瓣移植修复口腔颌面软硬组织缺损的特点及技巧、手术适应证、术中和术后注意事项。方法 应用显微外科技术,以前臂皮瓣、腓骨皮瓣和腹直肌皮瓣游离移植方法对21例口腔颌面部术后软硬组织缺损行一期修复。结果 术后观察2-22个月,组织瓣存活19例,功能良好,外形满意;失败2例。结论 游离组织瓣移植是修复口腔颌面软硬组织缺损的理想方法。     

口腔癌术后放疗可提高生存率

上海第二医科大学附属第九人民医院口腔颌面外科对口腔癌根治术后立即整复患者进行放射治疗 ,使５年生存率由５０%提高到６５% ,这一科研成果已通过专家鉴定。以邱蔚六、王中和、张志愿教授为主的课题组经过８年的攻关 ,对１１４例口腔癌根治术后采用最常用的三类立即整复方法的患者 ,进行放疗效果系列研究 ,其中包括放疗最佳时间、剂量和不良反应的预防措施等 ,结果表明放疗对于口腔颌面各类组织瓣立即修复的患者 ,成功率高达９８．２ % ,下颌骨缺损钛板立即修复成功率为７６．９%。这一研究成果为口腔颌面部癌根治术后缺损立即整复患者实…     

脑胶质瘤术后三维适形放射治疗疗效32例初步分析

背景与目的：三维适形放射治疗（3DCRT）有别于传统二维放射治疗，它能够对靶区施以精确照射，并且能减少靶区周围重要器官和正常组织受照射的体积和剂量。本研究拟对脑胶质瘤患者术后采用3DCRT治疗的疗效及放射毒性反应进行初步分析。方法：接受术后3DCRT治疗的脑胶质瘤患者共32例，其中低分级（LGG）和高分级（HGG）胶质瘤各为14和18例。中位放射剂量60Gy（50～81Gy），设3～4个野作非共面等中心照射。结果：中位随访时间为15．2个月（4．4～34．6个月），全组肿瘤复发9例（LGG1例，HGG8例），死亡8例（LGG1例，HGG7例）。1、2年总生存率（OS）分别为89．4％和63．2％，1、2年无进展生存率（PFS）分别为78．5％和59．4％。LGG和HGG的2年OS分别为92．3％和32．1％（P=0．0156），2年PFS分别为92．3％和0（P=0．0027）。3级以上急、慢性放射反应的发生率分别为9．4％（3／32）和12．5％（4／32）。结论：3DCRT治疗脑胶质瘤术后患者的毒性是可接受的，对低分级胶质瘤具有良好的疗效，但对高分级胶质瘤的疗效尚不满意，有待进一步研究。     

后程立体定向放射治疗Ⅲb期肺鳞癌Ⅰ期临床试验

目的：观察后程立立体定向放射治疗Ⅲb期肺鳞癌的近期疗效与急性放射反应。方法：136例Ⅲb期肺癌患者进入后程立体定向放射治疗组,常规放射治疗40Gy后给予残存肿瘤灶立体定向放射,5－8Gy／次,隔日1次,肿瘤灶总剂量24－38Gy,结果：136例中有5例未完成治疗计划,按计划完成的131例中,急性放射性食管炎（RTOG标准）占45．5％,其中Ⅲ级占4．4％,急性放射性肺炎占22．0％,其中Ⅲ级占5．2％,原发灶完全缓解（CR）占20．6％,部分缓解（PR）占65．7％,无变化和进展（NR＋PD）占13．7％,总有效率为86．3％;给隔转移淋巴结完全缓解（CR）占39．7％,部分缓解（PR）52．7％,无变化和进展（NR＋PD）为7．6％,总有效率为92．4％,结论：后程立体定向放射治疗解（PR）52．7％,无变化和进展（NR＋PD）为7．6,总有效率为92．4％。结论：后程立体定向放射治疗Ⅲb期肺鳞癌能为绝大多数患者者耐受,有较好的近期疗效,远期疗效及晚期并发症有待进一步随访证实。     

中枢神经系统对2次照射的耐受性

在临床工作中 ,经常会遇到因中枢神经系统原发或继发性肿瘤放射治疗后复发或未控的病例 ,这些患者 2次放射治疗就成为不可避免。由于中枢神经系统重要的功能 ,使放射治疗医生对其 2次放射治疗时心存疑虑。中枢神经系统对 2次放射治疗的耐受性如何 ?对放射损伤的修复如何 ?成为众多放射治疗医生关注的重要问题。笔者就一些动物实验和临床资料 ,对该问题做一综述 ,希望对大家有所帮助。1.实验动物脊髓对 2次照射的耐受性脊髓对 2次照射的耐受性在啮齿类动物进行了广泛的研究 ,观察指标是轻瘫 ,发生在照射后 10～ 12个月内 ,并对中位轻瘫剂量进…     

三维适形放射治疗食管癌75例临床疗效分析

目的探讨三维适形放射治疗（3DCRT）食管癌的疗效及放射治疗反应。方法采用3DCRT方法治疗食管癌75例（3DCRT组,2．5～3．0Gy／次,1次／d,共20～22次,总剂量60Gy,25—30d）,与同期行常规放射治疗的75例食管癌（cF组,2．0Gy／次,5次／周,64～68Gy,44～48d）进行比较。结果CF组和3DCRT组l,2,3,4年局部控制率分别为55．6％,41．8％,32．9％,24．9％,和72．6％,63．6％,50．1％,43．1％（P=0．011）。CF组和3DCRT组放射治疗后1,2,3,4年生存率分别为48．7％,41．5％,30．5％,21．8％,和63．2％,52．2％,44．1％,38．7％,（P=0．027）。3DCRT组放射性食管炎发生率较CF组高（P=0．003）,血液系统及全身反应3DCRT组较CF组轻（P=0．007,P=0．021）。结论3DCRT能明显改善食管癌的局部控制率和生存率,近期放射反应及远期放射损伤均可耐受。     

颏下岛状皮瓣修复口腔颌面部肿瘤术后缺损的临床研究

 目的 探讨颏下岛状皮瓣在口腔颌面部肿瘤切除后软组织缺损修复中的应用. 方法 回顾分析应用颏下岛状皮瓣修复口腔颌面部肿瘤切除后软组织缺损12例,观察其近期临床效果,分析颈淋巴结转移和放疗对皮瓣的影响. 结果 应用该皮瓣修复12例,11例全部成活,1例出现部分坏死,其中5例切除原发灶同时行颈淋巴结清扫,6例接受术后放疗,无皮瓣坏死,功能与外观满意. 结论 颏下岛状皮瓣具有距离近、操作方便、切口隐蔽、厚薄适中、成活率高等优点,是修复口腔颌面部肿瘤切除后软组织缺损的一种理想选择.术后常规剂量放疗不影响皮瓣成活,选择好适应症,不影响肿瘤手术治疗的彻底性.     

Influence of irradiation and oncologic surgery on head and neck microsurgical reconstructions

Despite the refinement of microsurgical techniques, microsurgical free flap transfer in patients with a history of previous radiotherapy, neck dissection or free flaps remains a challenge in oncologic reconstructive surgery. Previous studies on the prognostic factors for postoperative complications have been largely retrospective and shown conflicting results. Our aim was to design a prospective study to identify negative outcome predictors of free flap surgery in previously treated oral cancer patients. Prospective study including all patients who required microsurgical free flap transfer for reconstruction of the oral cavity between July of 2007 and June of 2010 with subset analysis of those cases in whom previous surgical or nonsurgical oncological treatment for head and neck cancer had been carried out. A total of 360 free flaps were performed in 358 patients, of whom 61 had previous neck dissection and 58 had undergone radiation therapy. Operation time was significantly found to be longer in irradiated patients. The need for microsurgical revision, postoperative wound infection and free flap loss were significantly associated with the ASA score and a previous neck dissection. Wound infection was seen significantly more often after radiotherapy. Previous neck dissections and radiotherapy as well as the ASA score are significant negative predictors for success in free flap transfer. For patients with prior oncologic treatments in their medical history, we recommend detailed preoperative assessment of the vascular status and an intensified postoperative care to reduce complication rates to improve outcome in oncologic reconstructive surgery.     

胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损的临床应用

目的：探讨胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损的临床效果。方法：采用胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣修复16例口腔癌患者术后所致软组织缺损。供区皮肤直接拉拢缝合。结果：术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,16例胸大肌肌皮瓣全部成活,无1例发生全部或部分皮瓣坏死,移植成活率100%。患者获得满意的外观和功能。经过6个月-5年的随访,无1例肿瘤复发或远处转移。结论：胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣制备较简单,效果可靠,具有很大的灵活性,且成活率高。可用于口腔颌面部软组织缺损的修复。     

Irradiated mandibular autografts

The cosmetic and functional disability associated with mandibular resection has been a major problem to the patient with direct invasion of the mandible by oral cancer. Marginal resections with combined postoperative radiation therapy have frequently been substituted for the more preferred segmental resections and resultant deformities. Presented are 15 cases of oral cavity cancer involving resection of the mandible, immediate radiation to 10,000 rad, and primary reconstruction as irradiated mandibular autografts. The longest following is 4 years and 3 months, with a success rate of 66%. Morbidity is minimal as compared to autogenous bone grafting. Tumor size, previous radiation, or use of regional flaps have not been a factor in the success of this method in reconstruction of the mandible primarily.     

即刻乳房再造在乳腺癌手术中的应用与探讨

目的探讨即刻乳房再造在乳腺癌手术中的应用价值。方法自2005年10月至2009年2月共完成了26例乳腺癌改良根治即刻乳房再造手术,其中10例为局部晚期乳腺癌。即刻腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术12例,背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术8例,保留乳头乳晕复合体皮下乳腺全切假体植入乳房再造术5例,保留乳头乳晕复合体皮下乳腺全切背阔肌肌皮瓣结合假体植入乳房再造术1例。结果全组手术切缘病理均达到阴性,皮瓣全部成活,无假体相关并发症,亦无腹壁疝发生。再造乳房形态满意,肌皮瓣再造乳房可以安全地耐受术后放疗,随访1～40个月无局部复发病例。结论即刻乳房再造手术从根本上改善了乳腺癌患者术后的生活质量,在局部晚期乳腺癌手术中,肌皮瓣乳房再造还可以为足够的切除范围提供安全保障,颇具临床应用价值。     

Acute and chronic results of adjuvant radiotherapy after mastectomy and Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous (TRAM) flap reconstruction for breast cancer

A retrospective review of the treatment of 15 breast cancer patients who received postoperative radiotherapy after a mastectomy and transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap breast reconstruction was undertaken to determine the effects of postoperative irradiation on flap viability and cosmesis. Fourteen patients had pedicle TRAM flaps, and one patient had a free TRAM flap. Surgical complications, acute and chronic side effects of radiotherapy, and cosmetic outcome were evaluated. The median interval between the TRAM flap procedure and radiotherapy was 7 months. The median total radiation dose was 60 Gy. All patients underwent three-dimensional radiotherapy treatment planning to determine the optimal dose distribution. Mild erythema developed in 9 patients (60%), moderate erythema developed in 2 (13%), and severe erythema developed in 1 (7%). Dry desquamation developed in 6 patients (40%), whereas moist desquamation developed in none. At median follow-up of 26.4 months, only 2 (13%) of the 15 patients had fat necrosis within the TRAM flap that was not present before radiotherapy. Fourteen patients (93%) retained their flap, and 13 patients (87%) rated their cosmetic outcome as "good" to "excellent." We conclude that TRAM flaps can be irradiated with few complications and acceptable cosmetic results.     

The effect of radiotherapy on the use of immediate breast reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Immediate breast reconstruction techniques include tissue-expansion, latissimus dorsi flap with or without an implant, pedicled TRAM flap and free tissue-transfer. Adjuvant radiotherapy decreases loco-regional recurrence and increases overall survival. Radiotherapy in the presence of a tissue-expander or an implant can lead to an increased number of complications and poor cosmetic outcome. AIM OF THE STUDY: To study the relationship between radiotherapy and the choice of the immediate breast reconstruction technique in view of the increased number of breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant radiotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An audit of 121 patients who had immediate breast reconstruction over a period of 2 years was reviewed retrospectively. In March 1998, the radiotherapy protocol was revised. Forty-two patients operated on between January 1997 and March 1998 were compared to 79 patients operated on between April 1998 and June 1999. RESULTS: The percentage of patients receiving adjuvant radiotherapy increased in the second period as well as the proportion of autologous breast reconstruction. A small percentage of patients required unexpected radiotherapy after insertion of tissue expanders, due to narrow excision margins or unexpected pathology. Only two patients had tissue-expansion although radiotherapy was likely. CONCLUSION: The choice of the immediate breast reconstruction technique was satisfactory in most patients. The use of implants is best avoided in patients who may require adjuvant radiotherapy. Autologous immediate breast reconstruction, either free or pedicled flaps, is a safer choice for those patients.     

颌面部恶性肿瘤术后洞穿性缺损的瓦合式胸大肌肌皮瓣的修复

目的为解决颌面部恶性肿瘤根治性切除术后所致的颌面洞穿性缺损的修复问题,以提高病人的生存质量.方法1990～1998年用瓦合式胸大肌肌皮瓣带蒂移转修复颌面部洞穿性缺损14例.分别为口颊癌12例、牙龈癌2例,肿瘤根治术后形成洞穿性缺损.将胸大肌肌皮瓣折叠形成瓦合瓣,一部分肌皮瓣做口腔衬里,一部分肌皮瓣修复面部缺损,手术一次性完成.结果14例瓦合式胸大肌肌皮瓣全部成活,成功率为100%,术后随访1～3年,颌面部外形及功能改善良好,被修复区不显臃肿.结论颌面洞穿性缺损即刻修复是可行的,瓦合式胸大肌肌皮瓣是较好的修复材料,成功率高,临床上应用可取得功能和外形同时修复的效果.     

Pectoralis Major Myocutaneous Flap Reconstruction for the Mandibular Defects in Advanced Oral Cavity Malignancies: A Retrospective Study of 30 Cases

To evaluate the utility of the pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) flap for the reconstruction of the mandible in advanced oral cavity malignancies in the Indian population. It was a retrospective study contained 30 patients with advanced oral cancer from July 2012 to August 2016. The PMMC reconstruction was done in all the patients to repair the bony defects in segmental/hemi mandibulectomy. The patients were followed up for a mean period of 6 months in the postoperative period and the utility of the PMMC flaps were evaluated. The mean age of the patients was 45 years (range 30–63 years). The average Karnofsky performance status score was 70 and majority of the patients had history of chronic medical illness. Of the 30 PMMC flaps, partial necrosis of the skin was noticed 2 (06.66%) patients. Orocutaneous fistula was detected in 2 (06.66%) patient and 3 (10%) patients presented with wound dehiscent in the immediate postoperative period. 3 (10%) patients had recurrence of the disease. PMMC flap can be a reliable option for advanced oral malignancies, especially in patients with poor status with the coexisting chronic illness. Due to the presence of a definite vascular pedicle, ease of harvesting the flap, quick surgical procedure, and the minimal postoperative morbidities, it can be considered as a valid alternative to the free flap to repair the bony defect, especially in patients with low socioeconomic corridor like India.