树突状细胞体外定向诱导扩增及其分离纯化

目的：探讨定向诱导及纯化树突状细胞（ＤＣ）的方法，为进一步研究树突状细胞的功能、特性及临床应用提供技术方法。方法：利用免疫磁珠江（ＭＡＣＳ）分离纯化脐血ＣＤ３４细胞，在液体培养体系中加入ＦＬ、ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ、ＴＮＦα、ＩＬ－４ｅｙ ＳＣＦ，培养１２ｄ后光镜检测细胞形态及流式细胞仪分析表达标志；利用抗估状细胞单克隆抗体（Ｘ－１１）及免疫磁珠分离纯化树突状细胞，流式细胞仪检测纯化后ＤＣ的纯度。结果：经体     

血小板源生长因子在低氧性肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖中的作用

运用流式细胞仪及细胞原位杂交方法测定低氧对培养的新生牛肺动脉平滑肌细胞（ＰＡＳＭＣ）生长的影响，并探讨血小板源生长因子（ＰＤＧＦ）在其中的作用，结果表明：培养的ＰＡＳＭＣ的低氧１２ｈ时，由Ｇ０／Ｇ１期进入Ｓ斯的细胞数明显增多，为对照组的１５７．７％（Ｐ〈０．０５）；ＰＤＧＦ可进一步促进低氧状态下ＰＡＳＭＣ的增殖，Ｓ期细胞为对照组的２４２．３％（Ｐ〈０．０１），原位杂交结果显示：低氧（１２ｈ）条件下     

一种小鼠胸腺基质细胞和活化胸腺细胞共表达分子的研究

目的：研究抗小鼠胸腺基质细胞（ＭＴＳＣ）Ｐｆ１８－３单抗识别分子的表达特性。方法：采用流式细胞（ＦＡＣＳ）和激光扫描共焦显微镜（ＣＬＳＭ）分析ＴＳＣ单抗Ｐｆ１８－３染色特征。结果 ：ＦＡＣＳ分析发现Ｐｆ１８－３单抗识别分子可表达于胸腺、胎肝和骨髓等不同来源的基质细胞系和腹腔巨噬细胞表面。新鲜分离的胸腺细胞Ｐｆ１８－３识别分子表达阴性，但ＣｏｎＡ活化可诱导并上调其表达，随活化时间延长表达增高，且主要     

IL-3、G-CSF拮抗Ara-c诱导的白血病细胞凋亡的研究

目的 研究不同Ａｒａ－ｃ浓度时白血病细胞凋亡的情况和Ｇ－ＣＳＦ,ＩＬ３＋Ｇ－ＣＳＦ对其的拮抗作用,方法：分别用不同剂量Ａｒａ－ｃ诱导白血病细胞凋亡,同时加Ｇ－ＣＳＦ,ＩＬ－３＋Ｇ－ＣＳＦ作为拮抗剂,分Ｇ－ＣＳＦ,ＩＬ－３＋Ｇ－ＣＳＦ,Ａｒａ－ｃ三组。通过形态学,ＤＮＡ电泳,蛋白电泳免疫印迹法观察白血病细胞的凋亡情况,结果：随着Ａｒａ－ｃ剂量的增加,凋亡细胞数增高,Ｇ－ＣＳＦ能拮抗低剂量及常规剂量Ａ     

体外培养的人胸腺上皮细胞与胸腺细胞的相互作用

人胸腺上皮细胞（ＴＥｃ）的体外培养和传代，使研究人ＴＥｃ的特性和功能成为可能。人ＴＥｃ体外培养成功的关键是抑制成纤维细胞的生长。体外培养的人ＴＥｃ除表达角蛋白外，还表达ＨＬＡ－Ｉ类抗原、ＬＦＡ－３，ＩＣＡＭ－１和ＣＤ４０等表面抗原；可分泌ＩＬ－１，ＩＬ－６，ＩＬ－８，ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ，Ｇ－ＣＳＦ和Ｍ－ＣＳＦ等多种细胞因子和胸腺素；静息的胸腺细胞与ＴＥＳ的结合由ＣＤ２／ＬＦＡ－３介导，激活的胸腺细胞与ＴＥＣ的结合由ＣＤ２／ＬＦＡ－３和ＬＦＡ－１／ＩＣＡＭ－１共同介导；ＴＥＣ对成熟的胸腺细胞有辅助增殖的作用，对不成熟的胸腺细胞有直接激活作用：胸腺细胞可通过直接作用和分泌细胞因子的间接作用来调节ＴＥＣ的细胞因子分泌和表面抗原表达。     

人DAF的分离纯化及结构与功能的初步研究

在建立Ｃ３转化酶衰变加速活性检测方法的基础上,成功分离纯化人红细胞膜衰变加速因子（Ｄｅ－ｃａｙ－ａｃｃｅｌｅｒａｔｉｎｇｆａｃｔｏｒ,ＤＡＦ,ＣＤ５５）。以此作为免疫原,制备成功３株抗人ＤＡＦ单抗ＤＧ３、ＤＧ９和ＤＡ１１,分别作用于ＳＣＲ３、ＳＣＲ１和ＳＣＲ４,其中ＤＧ３可完全阻断ＤＡＦ对经典途径Ｃ３转化酶的促衰变加速活性。较系统观察了单独或联合使用抗人ＤＡＦ抗体与抗人ＣＤ３单抗对Ｔ细胞的活化作用,并证明：①针对ＳＣＲ３的不同单抗对Ｔ细胞活化有不同的作用;②抗人ＤＡＦ单抗与抗人ＣＤ３单抗可协同刺…     

腹泻儿童粪便分离的大肠杆菌中eaeA基因的检测及携带eaeA菌株的特性研究

用碱性磷酸酶标记的ｅａｅＡ基因寡核苷酸探针，对３７个血清群的２２１株从肯尼亚５岁以下腹泻患儿粪便中分离的大肠杆菌进行检测，并对ｅａｅＡ基因阳性菌株进一步做了ｂｆｐＡ和ｓｌｔ基因检测，ＨＥｐ－２细胞粘附及荧光肌纤蛋白染色（ＦＡＳ）试验。结果表明，ｅａｅＡ基因的携带率为１９．５％，ＥＰＥＣ、ＥＨＥＣ和其它血清群中ｅａｅＡ基因的携带率分别为３１．６％、６６．７％和８．９％，根据ｂｆｐＡ和ｓｌｔ基因检测及ＨＥｐ－２细胞粘附和ＦＡＳ试验的结果，可将携带ｅａｅＡ基因的大肠杆菌分成５种类型。提示ｅａｅＡ基因的分布不仅限于ＥＰＥＣ和ＥＨＥＣ，而且携带ｅａｅＡ基因菌株含有多种毒力决定因子。     

维持液中小牛血清浓度对LDH法检测NK活性的影响

本文对含不同浓度小牛血清维持液中靶细胞的自然释放，最大释放及效应细胞释放进行检测，结果表明，：效应细胞自然释放随ＦＣＳ为２０％时，其释近接近甚至超过量最大释放：ＦＣＳ低于５％时，基释放趋于稳定。由结果看，无ＦＣＳ时，各项释放最稳定。     

早期作用造血因子对人脐血CD34^＋细胞的体外扩增作用

为了观察早期作用造血细胞因子ＳＣＦ、ＦＬ、ＩＬ－３、ＩＬ－６、ＴＰＯ单独及联合应用,对脐血ＣＤ３４＋细胞的体外扩增作用。我们用吸附单克隆抗体一磁珠分离系统富集人脐血ＣＤ３４＋细胞,在体外液体培养体系中加入不同的细胞因子扩增４周,每周取样计数有核细胞总数及集落形成细胞（ＣＦＣ）数。结果表明：用磁性细胞分离议富集脐血ＣＤ３４＋细胞纯度为８０％～８７％;一些细胞因子有明显的协同效应,其联合应用的扩增作用显著高于单因于作用：ＳＣＦ＋ＦＬ存在下,ＩＬ－３是有效扩增有核细胞总数及ＣＦＣ的关键因子了;细胞因子ＳＣＦ＋ＦＬ＋ＩＬ－３和ＳＣＦ＋ＦＬ＋ＩＬ－３＋ＩＬ－６组合对有核细胞总数及ＣＦＣ均有良好的扩增效应,培养２周时对ＣＦＣ的扩增倍数分别为３８．３±４．４和２９．６±２．７倍,可满足成人移植及基因治疗等的需要。     

一氧化氮合成酶在白血病细胞的表达

目的：为了探讨一氧化氮合成酶在ＣＤ２３白血病细胞的表达，以及ＣＤ２３与ＮＯ的关系。方法：采用ＣＲＴ－ＰＣＲ和ＦＡＣＳ技术及Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ－ｂｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ放射自显影方法。结果：发现ＣＤ２３白血病细胞株可以表达ｉＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ和ｉＮＯＳ蛋白，同时ＣＤ２３可上调ｉＮＯＳ的表达。结论：ｉＮＯＳ可能与人ＣＤ２３白血病细胞的增殖和凋亡有关。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.