乳腺癌内科治疗新进展

2020年WHO国际癌症研究机构最新的癌症报告显示,乳腺癌新发病例数快速增长,首次超过肺癌,一跃成为全球发病人数最多的恶性肿瘤,其中全球18.4%的乳腺癌新发病例在我国。近年来我国乳腺癌的发病率呈持续上升趋势,已经位居我国女性恶性肿瘤发病率的第1位,2020年我国新诊断42万乳腺癌患者。     

乳腺癌多学科综合治疗模式中手术治疗的核心作用

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤,也是20～59岁女性最常见的癌症相关死因。根据美国癌症协会数据,2010年美国乳腺癌的新发病例数已超过20万,死亡人数已超过4万。在中国,乳腺癌的发病率也有逐年增高的趋势。从1982年至2001年,北京地区乳腺癌的发病率增长了91．0％。平均每年增长4．6％。     

子宫颈癌的筛查方法

宫颈癌是最常见的妇科恶性肿瘤之一，发病率在女性恶性肿瘤中居第二位，仅次于乳腺癌，在人类恶性肿瘤中居第七位。据世界范围统计，每年约有46．6万新发病例，80％发生在发展中国家，其中约13万在中国。2002年全世界宫颈癌新患病人数49．3万，死亡人数27．4万，大约80％宫颈癌患者在发展中国家。     

乳腺癌内分泌治疗的进展

乳腺癌是女性常见的恶性肿瘤之一。法国里昂国际癌症研究机构公布的2002年全球癌症统计数据中，乳腺癌的新发病例达115万，仅次于肺癌，在女性恶性肿瘤中位居首位。近年来，乳腺癌的发病率呈不断上升的趋势，而死亡率却有所下降。这主要得益于早期的诊断及有效的综合治疗。内分泌治疗在乳腺癌的综合治疗中占有着重要的地位。本文就乳腺癌的内分泌治疗的进展作一综述。     

二甲双胍在结直肠癌中的预防和保护作用

结直肠癌是世界上发病率和死亡率均较高的疾病,严重威胁人类健康.2015 年全世界约有 145 万结直肠癌新发病例,它是世界第 3 高发恶性肿瘤,死亡率居恶性肿瘤第3 位[1]. 我国结直肠癌发病率呈逐年上升趋势,2015 年我国结直肠癌发病率居恶性肿瘤第 4 位, 死亡病例超过 19万[2].     

天津市乳腺癌病例对照研究

乳腺癌是天津市区女性恶性肿瘤中发病率较高的几种恶性肿瘤之一，仅次于肺癌位居第二位，同时发病率呈不断上升趋势，由80年代的18．24／10万上升到叨年代24．55／10万，发病率增加了将近30％。目前，天津市乳腺癌发病率水平与世界发达国家相比仍处于中下等水平，在国内低于上海，但增长速度非常快。为了深入研究和掌握乳腺癌的流行规律，探索恶性肿瘤的危险因素，从而能为决策部门提供可靠的科学依据，以期达到预防乳腺癌的发生降低其发病率和死亡率的目的。我们对天津市区近几年来所在的新发病例进行了病例对照研究，试图寻找出影响乳腺癌…     

乳腺癌的发病趋势及筛查

近几十年来，西方发达国家的乳腺癌发病率有不同程度的上升。虽然发展中国家乳腺癌的发病率较低，但全球乳腺癌的一半病例发生在发展中国家，其中中国、印度等国占了相当大的比例。因此，了解我国乳腺癌的发病趋势并采取相应对策已刻不容缓。一、乳腺癌的发病趋势乳腺癌是西方国家最常见的恶性肿瘤。据美国癌症协会估计，1994年全美国有18．2万新发乳腺癌病人，约4．6万名病人将死于该疾病。对于年龄40岁一55岁的美国妇女，乳腺癌超过心脏病而成为第一位死因。据美国国立癌症研究所监测、流行病学和最终结果项目（SEER）的资料，美国妇女…     

乳腺癌的早期防治

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤,全球每年新发乳腺癌患者达130万人,并有40万人死于该病。近年来,中国妇女乳腺癌发病率呈急剧上升趋势,资料显示,目前中国女性的乳腺癌发病率达16.39/10万。在一些大城市中,乳腺癌发病率已位居各类女性肿瘤发病之首;死亡率也位居女性恶性肿瘤的第4位或第5位。     

复发转移性乳腺癌内科治疗原则

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。在欧美国家乳腺癌的发病率占女性恶性肿瘤的首位，在我国某些大城市已升至女性恶性肿瘤的首位，并且呈上升趋势。全世界每年约有120万新发乳腺癌患者，约有50万患者死亡。在我国，每年新诊断为乳腺癌的患者已增至近17万人，死亡人数近4万人。复发和转移是导致乳腺癌患者死亡的主要原因。     

乳腺自查步步走

乳腺癌的发病率已占女性恶性肿瘤首位。全球每年新发乳腺癌病例超过120万,每年死于乳腺癌的患者超过50万。但是,乳腺疾病可以自我检查,学会一点自我诊断方法可以提早发现乳房疾病,为治疗争取宝贵的时间。以下介绍乳腺自查步骤:     

Preoperative breast MRI in early-stage breast cancer

Rapid uptake of new imaging technology is a major contributor to rising healthcare costs. Preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for patients with early-stage breast cancer has dramatically increased in use without the evidence of improved outcomes compared to standard assessment and is associated with higher rates of mastectomy. A decision analytic model was developed to evaluate the impact of adding breast MRI to the preoperative evaluation of women with early-stage breast cancer who were candidates for breast-conserving therapy on patient outcomes measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Model inputs, including survival, recurrence rates, and health utilities, were obtained from a comprehensive literature review. One-way sensitivity analyses were performed to estimate threshold values for key parameters at which adding MRI would become the optimal imaging strategy over standard assessment. Preoperative MRI resulted in 17.77 QALYs compared to 17.86 QALYs with standard assessment, a decrease of 0.09 QALYs or 34?days. In sensitivity analyses, standard assessment was associated with better patient outcomes than preoperative breast MRI across all plausible probabilities for mastectomy, local recurrence, and health utilities. For routine preoperative breast MRI to become the optimal strategy, the conversion rate to mastectomy after preoperative MRI would need to be <1?% (versus the range of 3.6-33?% reported in the literature). Routine preoperative breast MRI appears to confer no advantage over the standard diagnostic evaluations for early-stage breast cancer and may lead to worse patient outcomes.     

Glycolytic enzymes in breast cancer, benign breast disease and normal breast tissue

The activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, enolase and pyruvate kinase were studied in breast cancer tissues, in comparison to benign breast disease and normal breast tissues. The enzyme activities in breast cancer were significantly increased compared to normal and benign breast tissues (p less than 0.001). Also the increase in activity in benign disease compared to normal was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Within the group of benign diseases, fibroadenomas could be distinguished from fibrocystic disease, the former generally showing higher activities compared to the latter (p less than or equal to 0.05). Carcinoma subgroups, classified according to their histology, could not be recognized enzymologically. In addition, isozyme composition of pyruvate kinase and enolase was studied. We did not find a significant shift towards K type pyruvate kinase expression in benign disease compared to normal breast tissues. Also fibroadenomas did not differ from fibrocystic disease. However, the amount of K type pyruvate kinase in carcinomas proved to be significantly higher in comparison to benign disease and normal breast tissues (p less than 0.001). Expression of alpha gamma-enolase in normal breast tissue was virtually absent. In benign disease only a minority of specimens did show the hybrid alpha gamma-enolase. Nearly all carcinomas had alpha gamma-enolase expression and in 20% of the carcinomas gamma gamma-enolase could be detected (so-called neuron-specific enolase). By discriminant analysis, the function giving the best discrimination compared to the histological data was based on natural logarithm aldolase and the total of gamma-enolase subunits. Contrary to expectation, the regulator enzymes of glycolysis; i.e., hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase were not included in this discriminant function. The best fit produced a 90% correct classification in both benign and malignant disease. If these findings are confirmed to a larger series, the discrimination is sufficiently strong to form the basis of a clinically useful tool.     

倒T形切口缩乳术在乳房肥大或合并乳腺癌患者中的应用

目的探讨倒T形切口缩乳术在乳房肥大患者，特别是合并乳腺癌的患者手术中的应用及其临床意义。 方法本回顾性研究共纳入2007年10月到2017年10月分别在同济大学附属东方医院及附属同济医院乳腺外科行缩乳术的39例乳房肥大女性患者，均采用倒T形切口(内侧蒂25例，垂直蒂5例，外侧蒂9例)。其中，包括18例符合保留乳房手术指征的乳腺癌患者(内侧蒂10例，垂直蒂4例，外侧蒂4例)。术后6、12个月评价美容效果(乳腺癌患者待放射治疗结束后进行评价)。评估患者的术后并发症、满意度以及复发转移情况。 结果39例患者术后乳房外形自然、对称，明显缩小上提，乳头、乳晕血供和感觉良好，瘢痕不明显，患者满意度高。1例术后2周出现一侧乳房的乳头乳晕区坏死，经过清创换药后愈合。5例术后双侧乳头乳晕感觉减退，其中4例在术后6个月左右恢复正常感觉，1例在术后12个月恢复。5例出现术后局部乳房组织硬结，其中3例为接受过放射治疗的乳腺癌患者，二次手术切除硬结后无再次发生。3例出现瘢痕处猫耳畸形，再次局部麻醉手术修整后效果良好，3例瘢痕增粗，其余患者瘢痕正常。乳腺癌患者中有3例出现放射治疗后患侧乳房皮肤水肿，术后12个月消退。术后6个月进行了美容效果评价，极好25例，良好10例，中等4例，差0例(18例乳腺癌患者中，极好9例，良好6例，中等3例，差0例)。术后12个月的美容效果评价显示：极好25例，良好13例，中等1例，差0例(18例乳腺癌患者中，极好9例，良好8例，中等1例，差0例)。随访时间最长的1例患者(双侧乳房单纯性重度肥大)术后观察了10年，乳房外形无明显变化。全部患者术后随访15～120个月，中位随访61个月，18例乳腺癌患者均无局部复发转移。 结论对于乳房肥大，特别是合并乳腺癌的患者，采用倒T形切口缩乳术，既可切除病变，又可缩小并悬吊乳房。     

保乳术和延迟即刻再造术对乳腺癌患者生活质量的影响

目的探讨保乳术和延迟即刻再造术对乳腺癌患者手术后生活质量(QOL)的影响。方法选取2010年1月至2015年6月北京协和医院行保乳术和延迟即刻再造术后于2016年3月至2016年4月在医院乳腺外科门诊随访的64例患者,其中保乳手术30例(保乳组),延迟即刻再造术34例(乳房再造组)。应用肿瘤治疗功能评价系统(FACT-B)量表对两组患者进行生活质量测评比较。结果两组患者生理状况、社会/家庭状况、情感状况、功能状况、总体生活质量评价FACT-G和FACT-B条目状况比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);乳房再造组患者附加关注(乳腺癌特异模块)方面QOL优于保乳术组,差异有统计学意义(29.37±2.72vs 24.05±7.01,P<0.05)。结论乳腺癌保乳术和延迟即刻再造术后患者生活质量无明显差异。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术后加速部分乳腺照射与全乳照射剂量学的比较

目的比较早期乳腺癌患者保乳手术后加速部分乳腺照射(APBI)与全乳照射(WBI)剂量学的差异。方法选取2013年1月至2013年12月间收治的26例保乳术后采用APBI治疗的乳腺癌患者作为观察组,另选取同期保乳术后采用WBI治疗的28例乳腺癌患者作为对照组。采用剂量体积直方图(DVH)比较两组患者剂量学差异,总结两组患者的短期疗效;比较观察组患者在有无图像指导下的位移差异。结果观察组患者的平均剂量(Dmean)、照射体积百分比(V103、V105、V110)和靶区剂量不均匀指数(IHI)均显著低于对照组,各项危及器官(OARS)照射剂量均显著低于对照组,且心脏和肺的照射体积也显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。观察组患者美容满意率为96.2%(25/26),对照组患者为67.9%(19/28),两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者在有无图像引导下的位移差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论早期乳腺癌患者保乳手术后APBI照射剂量低于WBI,改善靶区剂量分布,降低心肺等组织高剂量受照体积,结合图像引导,可以增加准确性。     

保留乳房天然结构的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳房成形术的临床应用

目的探讨保留乳房天然结构的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻自体组织乳房成形术在临床中的运用价值。方法乳腺癌患者12例,其中DCIS 6例,浸润性导管癌3例,小管癌1例,髓样癌1例,黏液癌1例;保留乳房皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术9例,保留乳头乳晕复合体的乳腺癌改良根治术3例。全组均保留或重建乳房下皱襞,切除乳腺组织和腋窝淋巴结,应用下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣或背阔肌肌皮瓣即刻乳房成形。结果横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房成形术3例,背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房成形术9例,术后皮瓣均存活,皮瓣血管通畅,成形乳房外观良好。结论对早期乳腺癌患者行保留乳房天然结构的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻自体组织乳房成形,切口隐蔽,成形乳房形态效果良好,可以获得较好的美容效果。     

Controversies in breast conservation treatment for breast cancer

Breast conservation treatment has become the standard treatment for early breast cancer patients, after the equivalence of mastectomy and breast conservation treatment was demonstrated in prospective, randomized trials and large retrospective studies. New questions, such as the feasibility of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in improving breast conserving rate, the appropriateness of breast conservation treatment in ductal carcinoma in situ, the effectiveness of radiation therapy in patients treated by breast conservation, and patient selection for breast conservation without radiation, are now being raised. Future work that needs to be done to answer these questions is discussed in this review.     

乳腺癌术后一期乳房再造

背景与目的：乳房再造使乳腺癌全乳切除患者重获完整的乳房外形。本文介绍乳腺癌术后应用带蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣联合或不联合假体和带蒂横向腹直肌肌皮瓣（TRAM）行一期乳房再造的经验，并探讨适合中国乳腺癌患者的乳房再造方式。方法：2000年1月-2005年7月，74例乳腺癌患者乳房切除后，应用背阔肌肌皮瓣或带蒂TRAM行一期乳房再造。结果：再造手术均取得成功，背阔肌肌皮瓣再造62例（83．8％），其中联合假体13例、带蒂TRAM再造12例、联合假体1例。经过2～66个月随访，局部区域复发率4．1％。患者满意度高，可接受度96％。而且这两种自体再造方式在是否需要联合假体上没有差别（P=0．440）。结论：乳腺癌术后一期乳房再造能同时满足肿瘤治疗和形体美容的要求，提高患者生活质量，背阔肌肌皮瓣再造对中国女性适用性好，值得推广。     

Prostate specific antigen in breast cancer,benign breast disease and normal breast tissue

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a tumor marker used widely for the diagnosis and monitoring of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Recently, we provided evidence that PSA may also be produced by breast tumors. In this report we examined quantitatively the PSA levels in 199 breast tumors, 48 tissues with benign breast disease (BBD, 34 fibroadenomas), and 36 normal breast tissues. Significant amounts of PSA (≥ 0.030 ng of PSA per mg of total protein) were found in 28% of breast tumors, 65% of BBD tissues, and 33% of normal breast tissues. PSA positivity in breast tumors was highest in stage I disease (34%) and decreased with disease stage (24% in stage II and 18% in stage III–IV). Using polymerase chain reaction amplification we have shown PSA mRNA presence in patients with PSA protein-positive tissues (benign and malignant) but not in patients with PSA protein-negative tissues. Our data suggest that PSA is expressed frequently by normal breast tissue, by tissue of benign breast diseases, and by breast cancer tissue. Highest expression is seen in benign breast disease and lowest expression in advanced stage cancerous tissue. As PSA production is mediated by steroid hormones and their receptors, we propose that PSA may be a new marker of steroid hormone action in the normal or diseased female breast. The role of this enzyme in the development of breast diseases including breast cancer is currently unknown.