原料药7-氨基头孢烷酸与其下游制剂头孢唑啉钠价格的相互影响研究

目的:了解原料药7- 氨基头孢烷酸(7-ACA)与其下游制剂头孢唑啉钠价格的相互影响,为制药企业制定相应的价格策略提供参考。方法:选择24个月7-ACA和头孢唑啉钠的月度销售价格数据(来源于石药集团)进行相关性分析、自相关分析、自回归分布滞后模型分析。结果:7-ACA与头孢唑啉钠的销售价格之间存在正相关性,相关系数为0.682 5,且二者的销售价格都存在自相关性。7-ACA的价格除了受原材料成本、生产成本、销售费用等因素影响外,还会受到历史价格的影响,影响滞后期为3个月;头孢唑啉钠价格变化对7-ACA价格的影响滞后期为2个月。头孢唑啉钠价格受历史价格的影响滞后期为1个月;7-ACA价格变化对头孢唑啉钠价格的影响滞后期为1个月。结论:制定有效的价格策略除考虑原材料成本、生产成本、销售费用外,还要关注原料药价格与其下游制剂价格之间相互影响的时间关系。     

头孢替唑钠的合成工艺研究

目的 改进头孢替唑钠的合成工艺。 方法 以7-氨基头孢烷酸 （7-ACA）为起始原料,与1H-四氮唑乙酸-1,3,4-噻二唑-2-硫酯（2）反应得中间体7-（1H-四氮唑乙酰氨基）头孢烷酸（3）,以甲磺酸为催化剂,3与2-巯基-1,3,4-噻二唑经亲核取代反应制得头孢替唑酸（4）,4与碳酸氢钠反应得到目标化合物。结果与结论 目标化合物的结构经¹H-NMR 和 HR-MS 确证,改进后的合成工艺操作简便,总收率达69.6%,降低了成本,有利于工业化生产。     

低温酰化工艺在7-氨基头孢烷酸生产中的应用

目的 将低温酰化工艺应用于7-氨基头孢烷酸的生产，提高7-氨基头孢烷酸质量。方法 降低7-氨基头孢烷酸生产过程中，酰化步骤的反应温度，由(13±1)℃改为(10±1)℃。结果 D-7-ACA和单杂两项杂质，分别由0.30%和0.15%降低至0.25%和0.10%。结论 该工艺改进简单可行，可有效提高7-氨基头孢烷酸质量，适用于产业化生产。     

Effects of pyridinium chlorochromate adulterant (urine luck) on testing for drugs of abuse and a method for quantitative detection of chromium (VI) in urine

Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) as an adulterant is popular for concealing drug-positive results. When 11-nor-delta9-THC-9-carboxylic acid (THC-acid) in urine was treated with 2 mmol/L of PCC (Cr6+ 104 microg/mL), 58-100% of the THC-acid was lost. The loss increased with decreasing pH and increasing reaction time (0-3 days). Free codeine and free morphine remained unaffected by PCC at pH within the physiological range of the urine (pH 5-7). At lower pH, the loss of free morphine varied from 0 to 100%. Amphetamine, methamphetamine, benzoylecgonine, and PCP remained unaffected by PCC when exposed to the oxidant for three days in urine pH of 3-7. Chromium (VI) from PCC in a urine solution was detected by a color reaction with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC). When the reagent was added to the urine, an immediate red-violet color appeared. The chromium-DPC complex showed a characteristic absorption peak at wavelength 544 nm with a shoulder at wavelength 575 nm. The ratio of absorption was used to identify the chromium compound. The concentration of chromium (VI) was determined by measuring absorption at wavelength 544 nm and was linear over 0.5-20 microg/mL. The limit of detection of the procedure was 0.37 microg/mL.     

头孢呋辛酸反应体系的优化

以7-ACA为原料,通过与N-甲氧亚氨基呋喃乙酰氯缩合、3位水解、然后与氯磺酰异氰酸酯缩合水解得头孢呋辛酸,在与氯磺酰异氰酸酯的缩合反应过程中,用乙酸丁酯作为反应媒介具有操作简单、产品收率高等特点,适合于工业化生产。     

D-amino acid oxidase: its potential in the production of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid

D-Amino acid oxidase (DAAO) used in the preparation of alpha-keto acids, in the determination of D-amino acids and in the resolution of racemic mixture of amino acids is produced by a wide range of microorganisms. In the recent past this enzyme is being recognized for its potential in the commercial production of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), a starting material for various semisynthetic cephalosporins. Though this enzyme is widespread among microorganisms, very few microbial species have been explored for the production of 7-ACA; this is because cephalosporin C is quantitatively deaminated by limited microbial DAAOs. Comparison of physico-chemical properties of enzyme preparations indicate wide variations, however in general DAAOs are specific for D-configuration of amino acids. Both immobilized enzyme and cell preparations are developed for its various applications. The advantages of DAAO in the production of 7-ACA are discussed.     

Development of the semi-synthetic penicillins and cephalosporins

Semi-synthetic penicillins and cephalosporins both derive from their respective chemical nuclei, 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) and 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA). Work leading to their isolation was being carried out in parallel, but following very different pathways, during the last half of the 1950s. The development of 6-APA was reviewed recently in this journal, and in the present article I take a closer look at early work on 'penicillin amidase' and revisit the steps that led to 7-ACA.     

头孢菌素C生产工艺改进的研究Ⅲ.头孢菌素C高产菌种发酵液离子交换提取工艺

以医工-65号大孔阴离子交换树脂于pH 5对头孢菌素发酵滤液进行前处理,除去干扰物质,然后通过阳离子交换树脂。调节流出液pH为3,与医工-82号大孔阴离子交换树脂进行离子交换,再用pH5的0.2 MKOAc洗脱,可直接以锌盐形式从洗脱液结晶,并转化成7-ACA,收率和纯度均较满意。本文叙述了试验的有关条件。     

An improved method for preparation of cefpodoxime proxetil

Cefpodoxime proxetil, a third-generation cephalosporin for oral administration, was synthesized by a method based on the following sequence of reactions: acylation of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) with S-benzothiazol-2-yl(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)(methoxyimino)thioacetate (MAEM), chloroacetylation of the cefotaxime formed with chloroacetyl chloride, esterification of the acid function with 1-iodoethyl isopropyl carbonate and final cleavage of chloroacetamide protective group by treatment with thiourea in N,N-dimethylacetamide. The developed procedure allows us to obtain better yields of cefpodoxime proxetil and to eliminate the final purification step by column chromatography, necessary during the synthesis of this antibiotic by the previously reported methods.     

头孢尼西钠的合成方法改进

目的:研究头孢尼西钠的合成新工艺。方法:7-氨基头孢烷酸(7-ACA)与5-巯基-1,2,3,4-四氮唑-1-甲基磺酸双钠盐(SMT)在BF3作用下缩合,"一锅法"反应生成7-氨基-3-[甲磺酸基-1-H-四唑-5-基-巯甲基]-3-头孢烯4一羧酸(7-AMT)。7-AMT与D-(-)-甲酰基扁桃酸酰氯在pH 6.5～7.0下酰化,在盐酸作用下去甲酰基成头孢尼西酸,再与N,N-二苄基乙二胺二醋酸盐(DBED)结合生成头孢尼西胺盐(头孢尼西DBED)。胺盐经过强酸性阳离子树脂交换,成盐反应得头孢尼西钠。结果与结论:本工艺反应路线缩短,头孢尼西钠反应总收率提高至74.5%,操作简单,适合工业化生产。     

药物中间体7-氨基头孢烷酸的制备

药物中间体7-氨基头孢烷酸（7-ACA）的工业化生产国内多局限于化学裂解法，由于该法有某些缺点，因此，本文介绍了环保型的酶法催化生产7-ACA的制备方法。该制备方法以头孢菌素C为起始原料，经固定化D-AOD氧化酶和GL-脱酰酶的作用，酶法裂解制得7-ACA，得到7-ACA的总收率达到74％。实验结果说明该方法是可行的，并且具有重要的现实意义。本文还对影响反应的因素做了进一步的讨论。     

三角酵母D-氨基酸氧化酶的固定化研究

通过共价结合的方法把三角酵母D—氨基酸氧化酶(DAO)分别固定在三种大孔高聚物和二种多糖的载体上，结果表明多糖类载体壳聚糖和Sepharose 4B比高聚物更能有效地固定化DA0。经过固定化后，壳聚糖和环氧载体Epecust固定化酶对温度和pH的稳定性提高，表现米氏常数增大。在分批式头孢菌素C氧化脱氨的反应中，固定化酶表现出良好的操作稳定性，戊二酸单酰基—7—氨基头孢霉烷酸的得率为93％。     

黄杨宁缓释胶囊释放度的研究

目的研究自制的黄杨宁缓释胶囊的体外释放度。方法采用酸性染料染色分光光度法测定黄杨宁缓释胶囊的释放度,0．05mol·L^-1的磷酸二氢钠缓冲溶液为释放介质,转速为100r·min^-1。结果平均回收率98．5％,RSD=3．39％,3批样品在1,4,8h的平均累计释放度分别为23．10％,57．39％和85．86％,释放度符合要求。结论自制黄杨宁缓释胶囊有较好的释药性能。本试验建立的释放度测定方法可以作为该制剂的质控方法。     

盐酸头孢唑兰合成路线图解

本文综述了盐酸头孢唑兰的合成路线,主要包括以7β-氨基-3-（3-氧代丁酰氧甲基）-2-头孢烯-2-羧酸（7-AACA）、7β-（5-氨基-5-羧基戊酰胺基）3-羟甲基-2头孢烯-2-羧酸（DCPC）或7B-氨基-3-乙酰氧甲基-2-头孢烯一2-羧酸（7-ACA）为起始原料的多条合成路线。因原料7-AACA和DCPC在国内不易获得,故以7-ACA为起始原料合成盐酸头孢唑兰为宜。     

盐酸头孢吡肟的合成

以7-ACA为起始原料,在环己烷中用六甲基二硅氨烷(HMDS)和三甲基碘硅烷(TMSI)将7-ACA中的氨基和羧基硅烷化,然后与N-甲基吡咯(NMP)和TMSI的反应产物混合,生成(6R,7R)-7-氨基-3-[(1-甲基-1-吡咯烷鎓盐)甲基]头孢-3-烯-4-羧酸氢碘酸盐(中间体Ⅱ),再与活性酯反应得到盐酸头孢吡肟。     

A comparison of gamma-aminobutyric acid and the semi-rigid analogues 4-aminotetrolic acid, 4-aminocrotonic acid and imidazole-4-acetic acid on the isolated superior cervical ganglion of the rat.

1 The rat superior cervical ganglion possesses receptors for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This can be demonstrated in vitro by recording the changes in ganglionic surface potential which occur after the addition of GABA to the bathing solution. 2 The action of three conformationally-restricted analogues of GABA namely 4-aminotetrolic acid (4-ATA), trans 4-aminocrotonic acid (4-ACA) and imidazole-4-acetic acid (IAA) have been examined for activity at this peripheral receptor. 3 All three analogues depolarized the ganglion in a manner similar to GABA. Their actions were transient and were 'occluded' by GABA; also the dose-response curve in each case was parallel to that of GABA. Molar potencies relative to GABA (= 1) were 4-ACA = 1.48, IAA = 0.100, 4-ATA = 0.0028. 4 The action of each analogue could be blocked by the GABA antagonists bicuculline and tetramethylenedisulphotetramine at doses which had relatively little effect on responses to the cholinomimetic carbachol. 5 4-ACA and IAA (1 mM) significantly reduced the ganglionic accumulation of [3H]-GABA (0.2 muM) by 88% and 58% respectively whereas 4-ATA (1 mM), caused no significant reduction in [3H]-GABA accumulation.     

头孢曲松钠中间体7-ACT生产工艺优化

目的优化7-ACT的生产工艺,降低7-ACT的生产成本。方法采用正交设计法对7-ACA合成7-ACT的反应条件进行优化,采用单因素法对7-ACT的结晶条件进行优化。结果 7-ACT的较适宜合成工艺条件为：三嗪环与7-ACA的投料比0.618,反应温度34℃,反应时间35min;7-ACT较适宜结晶的pH为3.9。结论优化后7-ACT生产工艺合理,7-ACT生产主要原材料成本可以降低2.63%,为企业产生较大的经济效益。     

Synthesis and antimicrobial properties of cephalosporin derivatives substituted on the C(7) nitrogen with arylmethyloxyimino or arylmethyloxyamino alkanoyl groups.

Some 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) derivatives substituted on the C(7) nitrogen with 2-(arylmethyloxyimino)propionyl (3a-f), 2-(arylmethyloxyamino)propionyl (4a-d) and (arylmethyloxyamino)acetyl (2a-d) moieties were synthesized by reaction of the appropriate acylating agents with 7-ACA protected as a t-butyl ester, followed by removal of the t-butyl protecting group. The new compounds, tested in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, proved to possess a modest activity directed only against Gram-positive microorganisms.     

Spectrophotometric determinations of 3-dimethylaminomethylkhellin hydrochloride and khellin

Spectrophotometric assays are proposed for the determination of 3-dimethylaminomethylkhellin hydrochloride and khellin in bulk chemical and dosage forms. The acid dye method, using methyl orange at pH5, is applied to assay the amine in the form of an ion-pair extractable in chloroform with maximum abosrbance at 420 nm. The perchloric acid method, depending on formation and extraction of the oxonium salts of both compounds, is used to assay the amine and khellin at 333 or 430 nm and at 325 or 410 nm, respectively. The reineckate method can be used to assay the amine as the reineckate derivative in acetone with maximum absorbance at 530 nm. However, small amounts of the amine (1.5--3 mg) can be determined as the reineckate in methanol with maximum absorbance at 245 nm. Stability determination of the two compounds can be done by the acid dye and perchloric acid methods. The three methods are sufficiently accurate, sensitive, and precise.     

Determination of barbiturates in urine by micellar liquid chromatography and direct injection of sample

A liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of six barbiturates (barbital, diallyl barbituric acid, phenobarbital, butabarbital, amobarbital and pentobarbital) in urine samples is described. The proposed system uses a Spherisorb octadecyl-silane ODS-2 C18 analytical column and a guard column of similar characteristics. The UV detector was set at 240 nm. A study to select adequate composition of the micellar mobile phase for the separation of these compounds in urine samples is performed. Maximum resolution was achieved with a 0.07 M sodium dodecylsulphate-0.3% propanol at pH 7.4 eluent. Limits of detection at 240 nm were ranged between 0.13 microg ml(-1) for diallyl barbituric acid and 2.7 microg ml(-1) for amobarbital. The procedure allows for the determination of these compounds in 20 minutes, it does not require prior a sample preparation step and it can be very useful to the investigation of intoxication.