微囊化PC12细胞移植治疗帕金森病的实验研究

目的 研究治疗帕金森病的一种新方法。方法 采用免疫隔离技术—微囊技术将能分泌多巴胺的PC12细胞包裹后，移植到帕金森病大鼠脑内，观察阿朴吗啡诱发病鼠旋转行为变化，高效液相色谱电化学法测定移植区多巴胺含量，酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)抗体免疫组织化学染色观察移植区阳性细胞表达。结果 帕金森病大鼠阿朴吗啡诱发旋转行为明显改善，不同时相点的移植区多巴胺含量较对照组明显升高，而未行微囊化的PC12细胞移植则会有致死性肿瘤形成。移植后3月，大鼠脑内微囊完整，仍有TH阳性PCl2细胞存活。结论 微囊化PC12细胞移植，可避免药物治疗、主体定向毁损手术、胎脑移植等方法的诸多弊端，因此是一种新的有效的治疗帕金森病的方法。     

微囊化PC12细胞移植后帕金森病大鼠旋转行为变化研究

目的观察微囊化PC12细胞移植后帕金森病大鼠旋转行为的变化。方法采用免疫隔离微囊技术将能分泌多巴胺的PC12细胞包裹后,移植到帕金森病大鼠脑内,观察阿扑吗啡诱发病鼠旋转行为的变化,酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)抗体免疫组化染色观察移植区阳性细胞的表达。结果帕金森病大鼠旋转行为有明显改善,由移植前(11.88±2.04)圈/min减少为移植后(3.46±1.01)圈/min。移植后3个月,大鼠脑内微囊完整,仍有TH阳性PC12细胞存活。结论微囊化PC12细胞移植可明显改善帕金森病大鼠的旋转行为。     

微囊化人视网膜色素上皮细胞移植治疗帕金森病的实验研究

目的 观察微囊化人视网膜色素上皮(RPE)细胞移植治疗帕金森病(PD)大鼠的疗效. 方法 采用机械分离法和酶消化法原代培养人RPE细胞,传代后用高压静电微胶囊成型装置制作海藻酸钠-多聚赖氨酸-海藻酸钠微囊化细胞,将其立体定向移植人6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)所致的PD模型大鼠的右侧纹状体.实验分为模型组、裸细胞(RPE)组、空囊对照(APA)组以及微囊化细胞(APA-RPE)组.检测各组大鼠移植前后阿朴吗啡诱导的旋转行为变化和移植后8周纹状体中多巴胺(DA)的含量. 结果 APA-RPE组大鼠在移植后4周阿朴吗啡诱发的旋转次数[(6.25±1.04)r/min]开始减少,与移植前[(12.88±7.34)r/min]相比减少幅度为51.48%,至第8周[(5.87±2.03)r/min]减少更加明显,减少幅度为54.43%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与模型组[(108.14±1.89)mol/L]比较,APA-RPE组移植后8周[(342.63±28.32)mol/L]大鼠纹状体DA含量明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而RPE组和APA组未见明显变化. 结论 微囊化人RPE细胞对PD大鼠模型有治疗作用,可作为一种前景良好的治疗PD的方法 进一步研究.     

牛嗜铬细胞脑内移植可减少帕金森病样大鼠药物诱发的旋转行为

目的观察牛嗜铬细胞移植于PD样大鼠脑内的存活及功能。方法用6－OHDA损毁大鼠一侧黑质细胞制成偏侧PD样大鼠模型。在右侧纹状体内植入约2万个牛嗜铬细胞悬液。记录阿朴吗啡诱发大鼠的旋转行为。实验结束后取大鼠脑做组织形态学检查。结果大鼠在移植后阿朴吗啡诱发的旋转行为得到明显纠正（P<0．001）。移植后12周荧光组化显示移植区有大量SPG阳性细胞，其形态类似在正常肾上腺髓质内的嗜铬细胞的形态。结论脑内移植牛嗜铬细胞可改善PD样大鼠药物诱发的旋转行为；提示牛嗜铬细胞在移植12周后仍能在大鼠脑纹状体内存活。     

微囊化牛视网膜色素上皮细胞移植治疗伴Lewy小体形成帕金森病的实验研究

目的观察微囊化牛视网膜色素上皮细胞(RPE)移植对伴Lewy小体形成帕金森病(PD)大鼠的治疗作用。方法用蛋白酶体选择性抑制剂lactacystin制作伴Lewy小体形成的PD模型;将微囊化牛RPE植入大鼠纹状体,移植分生理盐水对照组(NS)、RPE、空微囊(APA)及微囊化RPE(RPE-APA)四组;观察移植后旋转行为变化、纹状体中多巴胺(DA)和高香草酸(HVA)及酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)含量的变化。结果微囊化RPE的旋转行为在移植后第1周开始改善(改善程度为21.3%,与空微囊组相比P<0.05),第4周改善更加明显(改善程度为57.89%,与第1周相比P<0.05),并一直持续到第14周(改善程度为59.47%,与空微囊组相比P<0.05)。行为学改善的大鼠,纹状体内DA和HVA含量的变化同其行为学改善相符合。行为学有改善大鼠囊内细胞TH染色呈弱阳性,微囊周边的纹状体可见TH阳性纤维密度较空微囊组高。结论微囊化牛RPE脑内移植对伴Lewy小体形成PD大鼠有治疗作用。     

微囊化PC12细胞移植治疗帕金森病的实验研究

目的　研究治疗帕金森病的一种新方法。方法　采用免疫隔离技术－微囊技术将能分泌多巴胺的ＰＣ１２细胞包裹后,移植到帕金森病大鼠脑内,观察阿扑吗啡诱发病鼠旋转行为变化,高效液相色谱电化学法测定移植区多巴胺含量,酪氨酸羟化酶（ＴＨ）抗体免疫组织化学染色观察移植区阳性细胞表达。结果　帕金森病大鼠阿扑吗啡诱发旋转行为明显改善,不同时相点的移植区多巴胺含量较对照组明显升高,而未行微囊化的ＰＣ１２细胞移植则会有致死性肿瘤形成。移植后３月,大鼠脑内微囊完整,仍有ＴＨ阳性ＰＣ１２细胞存活。结论　微囊化ＰＣ１２细胞移植,可避免药物治疗、立体定向毁损手术、胎脑移植等方法的诸多弊端,因此是一种新的有效的治疗帕金森病的方法。     

人嗜铬细胞微囊化处理对大鼠异种移植的免疫隔离作用

背景：课题组前期在建立海藻酸钠-多聚赖氨酸-海藻酸钠微囊包裹活细胞制备技术的基础上,已证明微囊化嗜铬细胞有良好的镇痛效果,而该微囊包被材料的免疫隔离作用尚需明确。 目的：观察海藻酸钠-多聚赖氨酸-海藻酸钠微囊化嗜铬细胞移植到大鼠眼前房和足胝部的免疫排斥反应，评价微囊化技术的免疫隔离作用。 设计：随机对照动物实验。 单位：华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院麻醉学教研室。 材料：选用雌性 SD大鼠48只，鼠龄3个月，由华中科技大学同济医学院实验动物部提供。实验过程中对动物处置符合动物伦理学标准。实验所用海藻酸钠、多聚赖氨酸为美国Sigma公司产品，微囊发生器为德国赠送。 方法：实验于2002-09/2003-09在华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院麻醉学实验室完成。①取6名脑死亡健康成人的肾上腺髓质，经分离、消化、培养后，制备成人嗜铬细胞悬液。供者家属对实验知情同意，实验方案通过医院伦理委员会批准。采用海藻酸钠-聚赖氨酸-海藻酸钠法制作空微囊和微囊化细胞。②48只大鼠被随机分为3组：人嗜铬细胞移植组、空微囊移植组、微囊化人嗜铬细胞移植组，每组分眼前房和足胝部两个部位进行移植，每个部位8只。人嗜铬细胞移植组分别将2×1010 L-1细胞悬液注入大鼠右眼前房和左足胝部。空微囊移植组和微囊化人嗜铬细胞组分别吸取空微囊（100个微囊）或ME-HCC（100个微囊，每个微囊包裹400~500个细胞）注入大鼠右眼前房和左足胝部。 主要观察指标：于移植术后第7天采用ELISA法测定血清白细胞介素2水平。采用激光散射比浊仪测定血清IgG和IgM水平。移植术后第28天取大鼠右侧眼球及左侧足组织作常规切片，苏木精-伊红染色，40倍光镜下观察组织形态。 结果：大鼠48只均进入结果分析。①血清白细胞介素2，IgG，IgM水平：空微囊移植组和微囊化人嗜铬细胞移植组均低于人嗜铬细胞移植组，差异有显著性意义（t=8.544~21.64,P < 0.01）。②大鼠眼前房和足胝部组织形态：人嗜铬细胞移植组大鼠的眼前房内和足胝部可见大量淋巴细胞和中性粒细胞浸润。空微囊移植组和微囊化人嗜铬细胞移植组大鼠眼前房和足胝部仅见少量淋巴细胞和中性粒细胞。 结论：海藻酸钠-多聚赖氨酸-海藻酸钠微囊化所产生的良好生物相容性及其机械稳定性，使之有效地发挥了免疫排斥隔离作用。     

帕金森病样大鼠模型的稳定性观察

6-OHDA损毁大鼠一侧中脑黑质细胞造成偏侧帕金森病(PD)样大鼠模型,用小动物旋转行为记录仪记录阿朴吗啡诱发大鼠的旋转行为;TH免疫细胞化学染色观察中脑黑质细胞的损毁状况.连续观察10个月其旋转行为无自发性恢复;PD样模型大鼠损毁侧中脑无TH阳性细胞存在.结果表明6-OHDA损毁大鼠一侧中脑黑质细胞可造成稳定、可靠的类似PD病人病理变化的偏侧动物模型.     

SPIO、EGFP双标GDNF基因修饰中脑神经干细胞移植治疗帕金森病

目的探讨超顺磁氧化铁(SPIO)、增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)双标胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)基因修饰中脑神经干细胞(mNSCs)移植对帕金森病(PD)大鼠的治疗作用。方法将PD大鼠随机分为对照组、GFP基因修饰mNSCs移植组和GDNF基因修饰mNSCs移植组,将相应细胞移植到PD大鼠纹状体。阿朴吗啡(APO)诱导PD大鼠旋转行为评估细胞移植的治疗作用。磁共振成像、免疫荧光组织化学研究移植细胞的存活、迁移和分化。结果GDNF基因修饰mNSCs移植能显著改善APO诱导PD大鼠的异常旋转行为;大多数移植细胞停留于移植原位,移植8w后,GDNF基因修饰mNSCs移植组有更多的细胞存活并分化为多巴胺神经元。结论MR I成像可对体内移植的SPIO标记细胞进行活体示踪。GDNF基因修饰胚胎mNSCs移植可显著改善PD大鼠的运动障碍,其分子机制有待进一步研究。     

帕金病样大鼠模型的稳定性观察

6-OHDA损毁大鼠一侧中脑黑质细胞造成偏侧帕金森病(PD)样大鼠模型,用小动物旋转行为记录仪记录阿朴吗啡诱发大鼠的旋转行为;TH免疫细胞化学染色观察中脑黑质细胞的损毁状况。连续观察10个月其旋转行为无自发性恢复;PD样模型大鼠损毁侧中脑无TH阳性细胞存在。结果表明6-OHDA损毁大鼠一侧中脑黑质细胞可造成稳定、可靠的类似PD病人病理变化的偏侧动物模型。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。