人活体小肠移植术后内镜监测

目的　报告国内首例活体部分小肠移植术后内镜监测结果 ,讨论内镜监测的作用和意义 .方法　自末端回肠肠造口插入内镜 ,观察移植肠粘膜变化 ,并取检肠粘膜组织做病理学检查 .结果　描述了术后不同时期移植肠粘膜的内镜下表现 ,及时诊断出肠道出血、急性排斥反应等并发症 .结论　内镜观察和肠粘膜活组织病理学检查是小肠移植术后最可靠的监测手段     

活体小肠移植术后抗排斥反应

目的 探讨活体小肠移植受体术后抗急性排斥反应的治疗经验。方法 18岁短肠综合征患接受活体小肠移植，按FK506＋骁悉（MMF）＋强的松龙联合用药方案给予免疫抑制治疗。结果 术后一度平稳，手术1mo后药物减量，60d出现排斥反应现象，给予大剂量免疫抑制剂冲击治疗。治疗3d后症状消失，至今移植肠功能良好。结论 小肠移植术后的抗免疫排斥治疗药物不宜过早减量，我们采用的抗急性排斥反应的治疗方案是成功而有效的。     

活体小肠移植肠功能的判断和处理

目的探讨活体小肠移植手术后肠功能恢复的监测方法。方法检测血BUN、FK506血药浓度及D2木糖醇吸收试验，分析胃肠道功能情况，及时调整免疫抑制药物剂量和胃肠道内、外营养供给。结果血BUN的升高可反映肠道的出血情况，FK506血药浓度及D2木糖醇吸收试验可判断肠道功能恢复情况。结论手术后胃肠道功能恢复是一个漫长而困难的过程，临床表现和FK506血药浓度、D2木糖醇吸收试验是监测移植肠功能的简便实用方法。     

活体部分小肠移植的植入技术

目的探讨临床带有残余肠道吻合口瘘活体小肠移植手术经验。方法我们对一例带有残余肠道吻合口瘘的57岁短肠综合征的男性病人，进行了一期活体小肠移植，供体为其32岁的次子，切取供体时完成修剪工作，受体在剔出原吻合口瘘后，移植物血管吻合于肾下腹主动脉、腔静脉。结果病人术后恢复顺利，移植肠功能良好，生活自理。结论对带有残余肠道吻合口瘘的短肠综合征病人可以进行小肠移植，改进手术方式可缩短手术冷缺血时间。     

活体部分小肠移植术后真菌感染的防治

目的 对国内首次成功活体小肠移植患者2例术后真菌感染的防治措施及疗效进行回顾性研究。方法 1999年至今，我院对2例短肠综合征患者成功地进行了活体小肠移植术。术后在应用FK506，骁悉和激素和三联免疫抑制进行强力免疫抑制的同时，采用综合措施防治真菌感染。术前较彻底的防真菌感染准备，连续监测真菌，移植术后连续静脉滴注大蒜（每日30-60mg)和po大扶康（每日50mg)，查至真菌后，采用局部用药，提高全身抗真菌药物剂量并适当地减少激素用量和降低FK506的血药浓度等综合治疗方法。结果 移植术后两受体在口腔和肠道分泌中查到真菌，主要发生在应用大剂量激素冲击和提高FK506用量来治疗急性排斥反应之后。通过综合治疗真菌感染得到控制，未出现系统性的真菌感染。两受体现已分别健康存活24mo和5mo，正常进食，生活自理。结论 活体小肠移植患者术后大蒜素与大扶康联合可有效防治移植后系统性真菌感染。     

肠移植手术的进展

加拿大多伦多消息:多伦多总医院的外科医生首次进行小肠移植手术以来,至今已有10多年。到70年代早期,世界上有7名病人做过此手术。据外科医生Zane Cohen说,最长的存活期为76天,大多数病人在移植后5天内死亡,Cohen于4月6日为一名26岁的安大略妇女进行了小肠移植手术。在70年代,由于无法克服的排斥问题导致放弃小肠移植作为因功能不     

临床小肠移植排斥反应的防治

采用环孢素Ａ、雷公藤多甙、甲基氢化泼尼松、前列腺素Ｅ１伍用的新型免疫抑制方案，预防小肠移植排斥反应取得满意效果。病人存活３１０ｄ。经验表明，通过内窥镜和肠粘膜组织病理检查，监测排斥反应简便实用有效。利用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术研究发现，移植术后供肠细胞向受体组织移居嵌合（ｃｈｉｍｅｒｉｓｍ），而临床无移植物抗宿主病（ＧＶＨＤ）发生。促进细胞移居嵌合可能有利于防止排斥反应的发生。     

大鼠肝肠合移植对移植肠内ATP酶、AKP和AChE活性的影响

采用肝／小肠联合移植模型，观察对移植肠ATPase,AKP和AChE活性的影响，结果发现，肝小肠联合移植与单纯小肠移植相比，（1）前者能延长受体运物的存活期，并对移植小肠产生的免疫排斥反庆有明显的减轻和延迟作用，（2）肝小肠联合移植的移植物内ATPase,AKP和AChE活性反应较好，结果表明：上述3种酶活性的改变能相应地反映移植器官产生免疫排斥反应的程度和受体动物的生存状态，并可以作为器官移植后临床监测中一种辅助措施。     

大鼠同种异体在体异位节段小肠移植模型的建立

目的：为研究抗小肠移植排斥治疗提供良好的动物实验棋型。方法：选用大鼠进行同种异体异位节段性小肠移植。结果：共施行96只移植手术，模型稳定后的56只小肠移植5天成活率为85．71％。结论：本模型制作成功率较高，适合小肠移植排斥研究。     

豚鼠至大鼠异种小肠移植超急性排斥的电镜观察

目的：在袖套法豚鼠至大鼠异种小肠移植模型的基础上，观察异种小肠移植超急性排斥反应超微结构的变化。方法：行异种异位全小肠移植，再灌流后0min、5min、排斥后分别取标本作透射电镜观察。结果：再灌流后数分钟，移植小肠血管内皮细胞间结合部分开，显露出内皮下基质，血小板聚集并黏附至血管内皮表面。结论：异种小肠移植发生的超急性排斥反应与异种心、肾移植具有相似性。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.