高职大学生网络成瘾社交焦虑社会支持与抑郁的关系

探讨大学生社交焦虑、社会支持在网络成瘾与抑郁关系中的作用,为寻找抑郁诱因以及对学生网络成瘾行为的矫正等实践工作提供理论资料.方法 采用整群随机抽样法,对安徽省3所高职院校3 536名大学生进行问卷调查,内容包括一般人口学特征、抑郁状况、网络成瘾、社会支持和社交焦虑情况,采用Process程序进行中介与调节作用分析.结果 大学生中有抑郁症状的有1 552名(43.90%),其中男生561名(45.65%),女生991名(42.96%).网络成瘾总分与抑郁得分呈正相关(r=0.30,P<0.01);社交焦虑各维度(社交恐惧、社会回避)与抑郁呈正相关(r值分别为0.24,0.27,P值均<0.01),社会支持各维度(主观支持、客观支持、支持利用度)与抑郁呈负相关(r值分别为-0.25,-0.23,-0.17,P值均<0.01).调节作用分析显示社交焦虑在网络成瘾与抑郁之间具有部分中介作用(c'=0.06,P<0.01),网络成瘾和社交焦虑之间受到社会支持的调节(β=-0.00,P=0.02).结论 通过增加大学生的社会支持,可以改善由网络成瘾引起的社交焦虑,从而能进一步减少大学生的抑郁情绪.     

某高职院校学生网络成瘾与自杀行为的相关性

了解高职学生网络成瘾与自杀行为的相关性,为进行早期干预提供科学依据.方法 采用网络成瘾量表以及自编的一般资料问卷,对整群抽取的六安市某职业技术学院1 826名在校学生进行现场调查.结果 高职学生轻度网络成瘾率为22.1%,中/重度网络成瘾率为3.1%,男生、独生子女、来自城镇、学业成绩差、有抽烟行为和饮酒行为的高职学生网络成瘾发生率高于相应其他组别的学生(P值均<0.05).控制了家庭经济、抽烟行为、饮酒行为后,多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,有轻度网络成瘾学生的自杀意念和自杀未遂的风险是无网络成瘾者的2.130倍(95%CI=1.564~2.901)和3.191倍(95%CI=1.714~5.938);有中/重度网络成瘾学生自杀未遂的风险是无网络成瘾者的3.584倍(95%CI=1.128~11.393).结论 高职学生网络成瘾发生率较高,网络成瘾与自杀行为的相关有统计学意义.高职学生的网络成瘾问题应引起足够的重视.     

高职学生述情障碍与网络成瘾关联性研究

目的 了解高职学生网络成瘾行为及其与述情障碍的关联强度,为干预高职学生网络成瘾行为提供循证依据。方法 整群抽选安徽省3所高职学校学生4 147名作为研究对象,选用网络成瘾量表(IAT)、多伦多述情障碍量表(TAS-20)分别评定研究对象网络成瘾行为和述情障碍状况。结果 高职学生网络成瘾总检出率为8.3%,男生检出率(13.0%)高于女生(6.2%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=53.80,P<0.01)。网络成瘾组高职学生的述情障碍总分、缺乏识别感情能力维度得分均高于非网络成瘾组(t值分别为-11.76,-9.17,P值均<0.01)。控制性别、年龄、家庭居住地等变量后,Logistic回归分析结果显示,有述情障碍症状的高职生发生网络成瘾的风险更高(OR=3.85,95%CI=2.93~5.07),差异有统计学意义。结论 高职学生网络成瘾行为较为普遍,有述情障碍的高职学生应作为网络成瘾行为干预的重点人群。     

上海市中学生抑郁症状和网络成瘾行为的相关性

研究上海地区中学生抑郁症状发生率与网络成瘾行为的相关性,为改善中学生心理健康水平提供依据.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,于2017年11-12月间抽取上海市3个城区和3个郊区共计5 876名初、高中和中等职业技术学校学生进行问卷调查.运用x2检验和多因素Logistic回归分析中学生抑郁症状和网络成瘾行为的相关性.结果 上海地区中学生网络成瘾行为发生率为2.3%,其中男生(2.9%)高于女生(1.8%),职业高中学生(6.7%)高于初中生(1.2%)和高中生(2.5%),差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).中学生抑郁症状检出率为26.1%,可能存在抑郁症状的检出率为9.5%,肯定存在抑郁症状的为16.6%.单因素分析结果显示,高中学生、住校学生以及存在网络成瘾行为的学生抑郁症状检出率更高(P值均<0.01).进一步矫正性别、年龄等因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析后结果显示,网络成瘾行为是影响中学生出现抑郁症状的影响因素(OR=4.60).结论 上海地区高中学生、城区学生、存在网络成瘾学生出现抑郁症状检出率较高,住校生网络成瘾行为和抑郁症状的检出率都较高.控制中学生尤其是住校生网络使用、避免出现网络成瘾行为是提升心理健康水平的重要措施.     

兰州市大学生网络成瘾与抑郁的关系

目的 了解大学生网络使用状况及网络成瘾对抑郁的影响,为大学生网络成瘾及其导致抑郁情况的干预提供理论依据.方法 整群分层选取兰州市8所高校一～四年级大学生1807名,应用上网行为调查表及抑郁自评量表进行问卷调查,用网络成瘾诊断量表进行判断分析.结果 大学生网络成瘾率为11.07％,网络成瘾倾向率为10.46％;男生网络成瘾率为13.50％,女生网络成瘾率为8.51％;二年级学生网络成瘾检出率最高为14.86％,一年级学生网络成瘾倾向检出率最高(13.46％);农科学生网络成瘾检出率最高为16.98％;上网目的多为游戏的学生中抑郁检出率最高为53.48％;网络成瘾、网络成瘾倾向及网络未成瘾的大学生的中重度抑郁检出率分别为34.00％、38.10％和11.99％.结论 网络成瘾状况对兰州市大学生抑郁情况有不良影响.     

大学生感觉寻求领悟社会支持与手机成瘾的关系

探究大学生感觉寻求、领悟社会支持与手机成瘾的关系以及领悟社会支持在感觉寻求与手机成瘾间的调节作用,为有效控制大学生手机成瘾行为提供参考.方法 方便抽取黑龙江省4所大学974名大学生作为被试,使用“感觉寻求量表”“领悟社会支持量表”和“大学生手机成瘾倾向量表”进行测评.结果 大学生手机成瘾者有188名,检出率为19.30%;不同年级大学生手机成瘾倾向得分差异有统计学意义(F=8.661,P<0.01),大三学生的手机成瘾得分高于大一、大二学生,大四学生的手机成瘾倾向得分高于大一学生(P值均<0.05).感觉寻求与手机成瘾倾向呈正相关(r=0.443,P<0.05),领悟社会支持与感觉寻求、手机成瘾呈负相关(r值分别为-0.213,-0.248,P值均<0.05).领悟社会支持在感觉寻求预测手机成瘾间起调节作用(AR2=0.117,β=-0.105,￡=7.840,P<0.01).结论 大学生感觉寻求和手机成瘾的关系受领悟社会支持的调节,领悟社会支持水平越高,感觉寻求诱发大学生手机成瘾的程度越低.     

大学生网络成瘾危险因素调查

[目的]探索大学生网络成瘾的心理社会易感因素,为大学生网络成瘾者的心理干预提供理论依据。[方法]使用自编网络使用行为调查问卷、中文网络成瘾量表、交往焦虑量表,抑郁量表对613名大学生进行问卷调查。[结果]网络成瘾总分与上网周总时间、在网吧和宿舍上网、网络视频、网络文学及网络游戏呈正相关(r=0.24,0.61,0.29,0.21,0.27,0.34;P﹤0.01),与博客应用、网上聊天呈正相关(r=0.20,0.20;P﹤0.05);抑郁与成瘾总分、耐受性、强迫性上网行为、人际及健康问题呈正相关(r=0.08,0.10,P﹤0.05;r=0.13,0.17,P﹤0.01);交往焦虑与成瘾总分、耐受性、人际及健康问题呈正相关(r=0.08,P﹤0.05;r=0.14,0.12,P﹤0.01)。[结论]上网行为偏好、抑郁、交往焦虑是大学生网络成瘾的易感危险因素,可从这些方面对网络成瘾大学生进行干预。     

安徽省职业院校新生负性生活事件抑郁与网络成瘾的关系

探讨学生抑郁在负性生活事件与网络成瘾之间的中介作用,为网络成瘾的干预提供依据.方法 采取整群随机抽样法,选取安徽省3所职业院校3 536名学生进行问卷调查,内容包括一般社会人口统计学特征、Young网络成瘾量表、生活事件量表和Zung氏抑郁自评量表.结果 在调查的学生中,网络成瘾者427名(12.08%),其中男生183名(14.89%),女生244名(10.58%).负性生活事件与抑郁、网络成瘾均相关(r值分别为-0.30,0.28,P值均<0.01);抑郁在负性生活事件与网络成瘾之间介导的间接效应有统计学意义(a=0.30,b=0.13,P<0.01);抑郁所介导的间接效应在总效应中所占的比例为14.67%.结论 抑郁在负性生活事件与网络成瘾关系中起部分中介作用.可以通过对学生进行早期心理诊断、心理素质训练等降低抑郁的方法来减少网络成瘾的发生.     

阜阳市高职生情绪症状与网络成瘾的关联研究

了解阜阳市职业技术学院学生网络成瘾现状及其影响因素,探讨情绪症状与网络成瘾的关联,为进行相应的心理干预提供依据.方法 采用整群抽样方法,对安徽省阜阳市职业技术学院3 130名在校生进行问卷调查.结果 被试中网络成瘾检出率为10.4%,男生、大二、工程科技学院、城镇、独生子女、家庭经济状况较好及父亲文化程度较高的大学生网络成瘾检出率较高,与相应对照组别比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);有焦虑症状、抑郁症状、吸烟和饮酒行为的大学生网络成瘾检出率均高于无焦虑症状、抑郁症状、吸烟和饮酒行为的大学生,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).多因素Logistic回归结果显示,焦虑症状、抑郁症状与大学生网络成瘾关联的OR值分别为2.977(95% CI=2.253~3.933)和2.790(95%CI=2.104~3.701).结论 不良情绪与网络成瘾存在关联.应关注高职大学生心理健康,采取有效地情绪管理措施,预防网络成瘾的发生.     

郑州市青少年抑郁症状和网络成瘾状况及其两者间的关系分析

目的 了解郑州市青少年抑郁症状和网络成瘾状况以及两者之间存在的关系,为青少年身心健康发展提供支持。方法 在郑州市分别选取城区和郊区共6024名初中和高中学生进行抑郁症状和网络成瘾情况的问卷调查。结果 郑州市青少年网络成瘾检出率为2.41%。男生(2.97%)高于女生(1.85%),差异具有统计学意义(〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=8.01,P<0.01)。城区(2.73%)高于郊区(1.86%)学生、职业高中学生(6.79%)高于高中(2.54%)高于初中(1.19%)学生、住校(4.30%)学生的网络成瘾检出率高于非住校(2.19%)学生,均存在统计学意义(〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=4.52、81.61、10.69,P<0.01)。郑州市青少年可能存在抑郁症状的比例为9.56%,肯定存在抑郁症状的青少年比例为16.55%。在不同年级、是否住校、网络成瘾等方面青少年抑郁症状检出率之间均存在差异,具有统计学意义(〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=134.56、9.74、112.46,P<0.01)。回归分析显示,年级方面初中［OR=0.64,(95%CI:0.52~0.79)］,高中［OR=1.35,(95%CI:1.10~1.64)］和网络成瘾［OR=4.61,(95%CI:3.23~6.57)］是影响青少年抑郁症状检出率的重要因素。结论 郑州市高中阶段学生、存在网络成瘾学生、城区学生存在抑郁症状的情况均较为严重,住校学生的网络成瘾行为和抑郁症状检出率均较高,因此,住校学生应作为关注的重点群体。     

Heat-related illnesses, deaths, and risk factors--Cincinnati and Dayton, Ohio, 1999, and United States, 1979-1997

During the summer of 1999, a heat wave occurred in the midwestern and eastern United States. This period of hot and humid weather persisted from July 12 through August 1, 1999, and caused or contributed to 22 deaths among persons residing in Cincinnati (18 deaths) and Dayton (four deaths). A CDC survey of 24 U.S. metropolitan areas indicated that Ohio recorded some of the highest rates for heat-related deaths during the 1999 heat wave, with Cincinnati reporting 21 per million and Dayton reporting seven per million (CDC, unpublished data, 1999). This report describes four heat-related deaths representative of those that occurred in Cincinnati or Dayton during the 1999 heat wave, summarizes heat-related deaths in the United States during 1979-1997, describes risk factors associated with heat-related illness and death, and recommends preventive measures.     

International standards and international reference preparations: amphotericin B, vancomycin, capreomycin, cefalotin, demethylchlortetracycline, gentamycin, gramicidin S, kanamycin and kanamycin B, lincomycin, lymecycline, methacycline, paromomycin, rifamycin SV, ristocetin and ristocetin B, spiramycin, and triacetyloleandomycin

Each of the preparations described here was obtained and evaluated at the request of a WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. Unless otherwise stated, a standard procedure was used to distribute the material into individual ampoules. The procedure was as follows. Upon receipt by the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, materials were stored temporarily in the dark at a temperature of -10°C or lower, and protected from moisture. At a convenient time they were brought back to room temperature, mixed, and distributed into individual neutral glass ampoules so that each ampoule contained 50-100 mg of powder. If it was known that the material was light-sensitive non-actinic glass ampoules were used. After exhaustive drying in vacuum over phosphorus(V) oxide, the ampoules were either constricted (up to 1963) or fitted with capillary leak plugs, dried for a further period under the same conditions, filled with dry nitrogen, and sealed by fusion of the glass. The total drying period varied from 8 to 38 days according to the nature of the material. After they had been tested for leaks, the ampoules were stored in the dark at -20°C.     

Zinc, copper, and magnesium and risks for all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality

BACKGROUND: Experimental data suggest that zinc, copper, and magnesium are involved in carcinogenesis and atherogenesis. Few longitudinal studies have related these minerals to cancer or cardiovascular disease mortality in a population. METHODS: Data from the Paris Prospective Study 2, a cohort of 4035 men age 30-60 years at baseline, were used to assess the association between serum zinc, copper, and magnesium and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality. Serum mineral values measured at baseline were divided into quartiles and classified into low (1st quartile, referent group), medium (2nd-3rd quartiles), and high (4th quartile) values. During 18-year follow up, 339 deaths occurred, 176 as a result of cancer and 56 of cardiovascular origin. Relative risks (RRs) for each element were inferred using Cox's proportional hazard model after controlling for various potential confounders. RESULTS: High copper values (4th quartile) were associated with a 50% increase in RRs for all-cause deaths (RR = 1.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.1-2.1), a 40% increase for cancer mortality (1.4; 0.9-2.2), and a 30% increase for cardiovascular mortality (1.3; 0.6-2.8) compared with low values (1st quartile). High magnesium values were negatively related to mortality with a 40% decrease in RR for all-cause (0.6; 0.4-0.8) and cardiovascular deaths (0.6; 0.2-1.2) and by 50% for cancer deaths (0.5; 0.3-0.8). Additionally, subjects with a combination of low zinc and high copper values had synergistically increased all-cause (2.6; 1.4-5.0) and cancer (2.7; 1.0-7.3) mortality risks. Similarly, combined low zinc and high magnesium values were associated with decreased all-cause (0.2; 0.1-0.5) and cancer (0.2; 0.1-0.8) mortality risks. CONCLUSIONS: High serum copper, low serum magnesium, and concomitance of low serum zinc with high serum copper or low serum magnesium contribute to an increased mortality risk in middle-aged men.     

Psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine

This paper examines the relationship between psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine. These countries have been subjected to highly stressful and extensive social change associated with the transition out of communism. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews (n = 10,406) in November 2001. Distress was measured by 12 psychological distress symptoms. Health lifestyles focused on measures of alcohol consumption, smoking and diet. We found that females carried a much heavier burden of psychological distress than males, but this distress did not translate into greater alcohol consumption and smoking for these women or for men. The greatest influence of distress on health lifestyle practices was on daily diets in that both less distressed females and males consumed a more balanced diet than more distressed persons. Our findings suggest that it is the normative demands of a particular lifestyle, rather than distress, that principally shapes the pattern of heavy male drinking. This is an important finding as some sources indicate heavy drinking is largely responsible for the health crisis in the former socialist states.     

Dietary sodium, calcium, and potassium, and blood pressure

The cross-sectional association of systolic blood pressure with dietary sodium, calcium, and potassium, as estimated from dietary histories, was investigated by multiple regression analysis of data gathered in the Netherlands in the early 1950s in a general health examination of 2,291 middle-aged civil servants and spouses of civil servants. A statistically significant negative trend with systolic blood pressure was seen for calcium intake in both males and females, even after adjustments for covariates. For sodium and potassium intake, the observed negative trends were not significant after multivariate analyses. In addition, no consistent associations were found between diastolic blood pressure and the micronutrients after multivariate analyses, except for a significant negative association with calcium intake in females. In this study population, blood pressure was a strong independent risk factor of total mortality: 15- and 25-year mortality was about twice as high for hypertensives (greater than or equal to 160 mmHg) as for normotensives (less than 160 mmHg). These findings support the conclusion in recent epidemiologic studies that higher intakes of calcium are associated with lower systolic blood pressure, and they extend the evidence to an earlier time period.     

Professional and Consumer Publications, Programs, Audiovisuals, and Software

Books, curricula, audiovisuals, and other resources that nutrition professionals may use for reference, continuing education, or in a formal or informal education setting are designated “professional.” Books, handouts, diet plans, and other resources specified by authors as being written for general audiences are categorized as “consumer.” Inclusion of any material in this section does not imply endorsement by the Society for Nutrition Education. Evaluative comments contained in the reviews reflect the views of the authors. Prices quoted are those provided by the publishers at the time materials were submitted. They may no longer be current when the review is published.