氨咖黄敏胶囊鉴别方法的改进

氨咖黄敏胶囊(原名:速效伤风胶囊)是最常见的一种抗感冒药,每粒(片)含对乙酰氨基酚250mg,咖啡因15mg,马来酸氯苯那敏1mg,人工牛黄10mg.现收载于<国家药品标准>(化学药品地方标准上升国家标准第三册),对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏已采用薄层色谱法鉴别,而对咖啡因的鉴别尚需提取、蒸干等,方法繁琐,费时.本文以薄层色谱法同时对对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、马来酸氯苯那敏3种成份进行鉴别;原标准中人工牛黄鉴别采用化学反应的方法,但专属性不强,颜色不明显,本实验也采用薄层色谱法,可鉴别人工牛黄中的胆酸、猪去氧胆酸两种成份,专属性强,斑点明显,操作简便快速,结果较为满意.     

咳特灵胶囊质量标准研究

目的建立咳特灵胶囊的质量控制标准。方法采用薄层色谱法鉴别方中马来酸氯苯那敏，采用反相高效液相色谱法测定成品中马来酸氯苯那敏的含量。结果鉴别方法专属性强，定量方法简便、准确，马来酸氯苯那敏进样量在0．050～2μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好，r=0．99998，平均回收率为98．22％，RSD为2．01％（n=9）。结论建立的咳特灵胶囊质量标准可有效地控制产品的质量。     

小儿氨酚黄那敏片质量标准的完善

目的:完善小儿氨酚黄那敏片质量标准.方法:采用薄层色谱法对人工牛黄中的胆红素、贝斯素、胆酸、猪去氧胆酸进行鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法对小儿氨酚黄那敏片中对乙酰胺基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏进行含量测定.结果:薄层色谱鉴别方法专属性强;含量测定方法简便,重复性好.结论:建立的方法可准确、快速地进行定性、定量测定,可用于该制剂的质量控制.     

小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒鉴别方法的改进

目的完善小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒质量标准。方法改进薄层色谱法对对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯的展开系统;采用薄层色谱法对人工牛黄中的胆酸、猪去氧胆酸进行鉴别,并采用分光光度法测定人工牛黄中胆红素的吸收峰。结果薄层色谱鉴别方法专属性强;分光光度法简单,重现性好。结论改进后的方法准确、快速地进行定性测定,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

贯黄感冒颗粒(无糖型)质量标准研究

目的建立贯黄感冒颗粒(无糖型)的质量控制标准。方法采用薄层色谱法鉴别制剂中的路边青和马来酸氯苯那敏；采用高效液相色谱法对马来酸氯苯那敏进行含量测定。结果马来酸氯苯那敏线性范围在0．2～1．2ug，相关系数r=0．9999；回收率96．8％，变异系数为1．2％(n=5)。结论本法简便，快速，测定结果准确，可以用于贯黄感冒颗粒(无糖型)的质量控制。     

复方感冒灵胶囊质量标准研究

目的:建立复方感冒灵胶囊的质量标准.方法:采用薄层色谱法,对三叉苦进行定性鉴别;采用HPLC法对马来酸氯苯那敏进行含量测定及含量均匀度检查.结果:该薄层色谱法专属性强、阴性无干扰,可对三叉苦进行定性鉴别;液相色谱条件有效改善了色谱峰拖尾现象,马来酸氯苯那敏在0.103 0～2.574 μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为102.0%(RSD=2.08%).结论:该方法简便、准确、稳定且无干扰,可作为该制剂的质量控制方法.     

复方北豆根氨酚那敏片质量标准研究

目的 完善复方北豆根氨酚那敏片的质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法对复方北豆根氨酚那敏片中北豆根、野菊花、金银花进行定性鉴别,同时采用高效液相色谱法对其中马来酸氯苯那敏含量进行测定。结果 复方北豆根氨酚那敏片中北豆根、野菊花、金银花供试品色谱中,在与对照品及对照药材色谱相应位置上显示相同颜色的斑点;马来酸氯苯那敏进样量在0.03382～0.67640μg与峰面积呈良好线性关系（R2=0.9999）,平均加样回收率为98.76%（RSD=0.85％）;马来酸氯苯那敏含量均高于5.60 mg/g,标示含量均高于95.00%。结论 高效液相色谱法测量马来酸氯苯那敏含量回收率高、重现性好、简便、快速、准确,可用于复方北豆根氨酚那敏片的质量控制。     

市售氯芬黄敏(感冒通)片质量考察及相关问题思考

氯芬黄敏(感冒通)片是常用感冒药,由于价格低廉,经济实惠,几乎所有零售药店均有出售,该药所含成分为双氯芬酸钠、人工牛黄、马来酸氯苯那敏,其中,双氯芬酸钠、人工牛黄为主要成分,马来酸氯苯那敏为微量成分.地方标准[1,2]测定双氯芬酸钠含量和人工牛黄含量(以胆酸计),而马来酸氯苯那敏只有薄层鉴别.     

复方氨酚烷胺片质量标准改进

目的修订提高复方氨酚烷胺片的质量标准：方法采用薄层色谱法对人工牛黄中的胆红素、贝斯素、胆酸、猪去氧胆酸进行定性鉴别；采用高效液相色谱法对复方氨酚烷胺片中的对乙酰胺基酚、咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏进行含量测定。结果薄层色谱鉴别方法专属性强；对乙酰胺基酚、咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏的质量浓度分别在50．10～500．60ug／mL，3．2～30．6ug／mL，0．525～5．20ug／mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好，平均回收率分别为99．72％，99．60％，98．96％，RSD分别为0．24％，0．75％，0．78％（n=6）。结论所用方法准确、快速，可用于该制剂的质量控制：     

薄层色谱法鉴别氨咖黄敏胶囊

目的以薄层色谱法同时对对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、马来酸氯苯那敏、人工牛黄4种成份进行鉴别。方法采用薄层色谱法。结果所显斑点清晰,无拖尾现象,分离度高,重现性好,比移值范围在0.2~0.8之间,符合色谱要求。结论专属性强,操作简便快速,结果较为满意。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.