心肌酶检测对非心源性危重病的评估价值

目的 研究非心源性危重病患者血清心肌酶学标记物肌红蛋白（Mb）、肌钙蛋白Ⅰ（cTNI）、肌酸激酶（CK）及其同工酶（CK—Mb）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）等的表达量;以APACHEⅡ评估体系和治疗结果为标准,分别探讨上述标记物在评估急诊监护病房的危重病患者病重程度及其预后的临床价值;初步探讨危重病的发病机制。方法 选择自2005年4月至12月间收住EICU的所有134例患者,根据APACHEⅡ评分结果（APACHEⅡ〈10,10-25,〉25）分成三组,并根据临床转归分为两组,即出院组和死亡组。用固相层析免疫分析技术及化学发光技术定量检测全套心肌蛋白,同步检测常规血液生化指标,所有患者随访至病情稳定出院或死亡。数据主要采用协方差分析、秩和检验和卡方检验。结果 随着APACHEⅡ分值的升高和病情的恶化,6项心肌酶谱测值均有不同程度的升高,以APACHEⅡ评估的轻、重、危三组间比较AST、LDH、CK、CK-Mb和Mb,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,其中Mb、CK在组间两两比较差异也具有统计学意义,轻、重、危三组Mb分别为（83．91±116．85）、（504．75±116．74）、（1302．23±189．75）,CK分别为（51．77±165．12）、（663．56±164．97）、（1720．04±268．14）（P〈0．05）。cTNI测值在轻、重、危三组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。出院和死亡组间APACHEⅡ评分、Mb、LDH、CK、AST差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,其中Mb、LDH与预后的相关性最好（P=0．0001）。结论 AST、LDH、CK和Mb能反映以APACHEⅡ为标准评估的疾病危重程度,能预测患者的生存率,其中Mb敏感性最高。Mb不仅能量化评估危重病程度和估测预后,而且与APACHEⅡ评分的关系最密切,适用于阶梯式划分和评估患者的病重状况和预后,是一种简单方便且有效的评估手段之一,值得进一步深入研究。     

危重病患者血清TNF—α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-10水平与APACHE II评分关系的临床意义

目的观察危重病患者血清中细胞因子TNF-α、IL—1β、IL-6和IL-10水平变化和进行急性生理学与慢性健康状况Ⅱ（APACHE11）评分的相关性。方法35按APACHEⅡ评分分值分为〈15分组（A组），15—20分组（B组）和〉20分组（C组），同时设立对照组。采用放免法和酶联免疫吸附法分别测定，血清TNF-α、IL—1β、IL-6和IL-10的浓度。结果患者血清TNF-α、IL—1β、IL-6和IL-10水平A、B和C三组均显著升高（P均〈0．01）；APACHEⅡ分值越高，TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-10水平升高越显著。结论危重患者TNF-α、IL—1β、IL-6和IL—10水平血清含量与病情轻重程度呈明显正相关，APACHEⅡ评分系统对危重病患者进行评分有助于评定患者病情和预测死亡危险性。     

危重病患者血乳酸水平与APACHEⅡ评分相关性研究

目的探讨预测危重病患者病情及预后的简便易行而有实用价值的指标。方法对48例EICU患者在入住EICU24h内分别进行APACHEⅡ和血乳酸浓度测定，比较不同APACHEⅡ评分分值组与血乳酸浓度。结果APACHEⅡ评分21～30分组血乳酸浓度明显高于11～20分组（P〈0．05），APACHEU评分〉30分组血乳酸浓度明显高于21—30分组（P〈0.01），血乳酸水平与APACHEⅡ评分显著相关（r=0.682，P〈0.01），死亡组血乳酸水平明显高于存活组。结论随着APACHEⅡ评分增高，血乳酸浓度也相应增高；血乳酸浓度与危重病严重程度正相关，是危重病严重程度的早期、敏感、定量的指标。     

APACHEⅡ对高龄外科危重患者的预后评估

为了准确评估高龄外科危重患者的预后及治疗效果，作者对２０６例高龄危重患者进行了分析，采用ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分系统对疾病的危重程度进行评分，并对前后两个阶段病例进行分组对照，结果显示：ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分均值为２０．３分，死亡患者（２０例）的ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分（２６．３分）明显高于存活患者（１８６例）的ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分（１５．４分），差异有显著性。随着ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分增高，死亡率亦逐渐增高。通过ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分的动态观察，显示了对高龄危重患者治疗水平的变化，第一组患者经过两天治疗ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分下降２．７分，第二组下降６．６分，两组病种及最初进入ＩＣＵ病房的ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分无差异，在ＩＣＵ病房两组出现了不同的死亡率：１２．６％与６．８％，有显著性差异（ｐ＜０．０５）。作者认为：在高龄外科危重患者的临床工作中，ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分系统作为评估其预后指标有着重要作用。     

ICU危重病致高钠血症的危险因素及护理干预

目的：探讨急诊监护病房（EICU）危重病患者高钠血症发生危险因素，寻找有效的护理干预措施。方法：用单因素相关分析筛选出高钠血症的危险因素，应用X^2检验判定不同干预方法的疗效及病死率。结果：EICU严重颅脑疾病患者高钠血症发生率为28．6％，其病死率高于非高钠血症者，高钠血症的发生主要与意识障碍程度、多尿、APACHEⅡ评分有关。结论：高钠血症是严重颅脑疾病常见并发症之一，不同干预方法均可起到降低血钠作用。     

急性生理学与慢性健康状况Ⅱ评分在外科危重患者中的应用价值

为了解外科危重患者的疾病危重程度评分与其预后的关系，对216例外科危重患者进行了分析，以探讨急性生理学与慢性健康状况Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分在外科危重患者中的应用价值，为临床危重病监护提供参考。     

APACHE Ⅱ危重病评分系统在ICU中的应用

为了验证APACHEⅡ危重病评分系统是否适用于国内ICU病人评定，采取前瞻性研究方法，分析了上海华山医院1992年1月—1994年3月收住急诊科ICU病人334例中的269名危重病病人。结果发现APACHEⅡ评分的计分值与死亡率有密切关系，随着APACHEⅡ计分值的增加，死亡率增高。同时发现，加强对ICU病人的护理工作，可以降低死亡危险度。采用Logistic回归分析，死亡率与APACHEⅡ计分及于ICU住院时间的方程式如下：死亡率＝－5．7194＋1．7325APACHEⅡ计分－0．3386     

老年重症患者腹部手术后APACHE Ⅱ评分的连续观察

对腹部手术后转入ＩＣＵ的６５岁以上重症患者６２例进行了ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分的连续观察。术后第１周每天收集资料评分记录１次，此后根据病情１～３天评分记录１次，连续观察２１～２８天。病例分为４组：未出现术后严重并发症者３９例为对照组；成人呼吸窘迫综合征（ＡＲＤＳ）组５例；多器官衰竭（ＭＯＦ）存活组８例；ＭＯＦ死亡组１０例。结果显示：术后第１天的评分ＡＲＤＳ组显著高于其余各组，而其余各组之间无显著差异。对照组的评分于术后第３天出现一个较小的峰值，１周后稳定在较低的水平。ＡＲＤＳ组的评分在术后１～３天急剧升高，与急性呼吸衰竭的发生相关联。两组ＭＯＦ的评分在术后第１周呈现一个相对平稳的阶段，且两组间未见显著差异；１周后评分逐渐增高，两组间差异增大；２周以后存活组的评分缓慢降低，而死亡组评分继续升高。结果表明：对老年重症患者只进行术后２４ｈ的ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分并未显示重要意义，但若进行动态观察，则可反映病情变化趋势，有助于预测并发症的发生、发展和预后。     

四种危重病评分方法对颅脑外伤病人病情评估价值的比较

目的:比较GCS、APACHEⅡ、APACHEⅢ、SIRS四种评分方法对颅脑外伤病人病情评估价值。方法:回顾分析314例颅脑外伤病人的临床资料,分别进行GCS、APACHEⅡ、APACHEⅢ、SIRS评分。比较病死组与存活组之间各评分分值的差异;比较每种评分各分值段之间病人病死率的差异;以ROC曲线下面积的大小衡量各评分系统区别该类病人病死与存活的能力。结果:存活组病人GCS、APACHEⅡ、APACHEⅢ、SIRS评分分别为10.6±4.4,7.2±5.9,25.6±21.4,1.3±0.0;病死组分别为4.9±2.5,17.7±6.1,60.8±20.9,2.1±0.0,两组之间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。不同评分系统各分值段病人病死率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。即随APACHEⅡ、APACHEⅢ、SIRS各评分系统分值增加,GCS评分系统分值降低,病人病死率相应升高。GCS、APACHEⅡ、APACHEⅢ、SIRS评分ROC曲线下面积分别为0.901,0.884,0.847,0.649,其中以GCS评分最大,SIRS评分最小。结论:四种评分方法均可在一定程度上评估颅脑外伤病人的病情,预测其预后,其中仍以GCS评分效力最大,SIRS评分效力最小,临床应用宜以GCS评分首选。     

腹部外科危重患者凝血与纤溶变化的临床研究

目的：探讨腹部外科危重患者凝血与纤溶动态变化特征。方法：监测腹部外科危重患者凝血与纤溶的一周变化，按是否有并发症分组分析。结果：就诊时各病例血抗凝血酶－Ⅲ（AT-Ⅲ）、纤溶酶原（Plg）降低，血管性假血友病因子（vWF)、α颗粒膜蛋白－140（GMP－140）升高，并发症组纤溶酶原激活物（t-PA）降低、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂（PAI）升高，且vWF、GMP－140升高及Plg降低更显著；无并发症组AT－Ⅲ和vWF逐渐恢复正常，并发症组仍持续异常；并发症组持续t-PA降低及PAI增高，无并发症组却无变化；两组血小板（PLT）、纤维蛋白原（Fg）及α2－纤溶酶抑制剂（α2-PI）均无变化。结论：腹部外科危重患者存在凝血与纤溶激活和血小板、内皮细胞受损；并发症组血小板和内皮细胞受损更严重，并伴有纤溶受抑，导致凝血与纤溶间失衡而产生高凝状态；无并发症组不存在纤溶受抑，其凝血激活和内皮细胞受损呈逐渐缓解趋势。     

A checklist for intrahospital transport of critically ill patients improves compliance with transportation safety guidelines

ObjectivesCritically ill patients are often transferred from the intensive care unit (ICU) to other locations around the hospital during which adverse events, some life threatening, are common. An intercollegiate guideline covering the transport of critically ill patients exists in Australasia; however, compliance with this guideline has previously been shown to be poor, and its role in improving safety in transportation of patients in the ICU is unknown. We performed a pre–post interventional study in a tertiary metropolitan ICU, assessing the impact of the introduction of a transport checklist on guideline compliance.MethodsWe performed a prospective, pre–post interventional study, including a total of 76 transfers of critically ill patients between August 2016 and April 2017.ResultsAfter introduction of the checklist, aggregate median (interquartile range) guideline compliance improved from 86.7% (80.0–92.9) to 90% (86.7–100) (p = 0.01). Significant improvements were found in notification of the transport destination (83.7% vs 100%, p = 0.010) and transporting doctors' knowledge of the Cormack–Lehane grade of laryngoscopy (60.5% vs. 84.2%, p = 0.021). There was, however, a reduction in the proportion of full oxygen cylinders taken on transports (100% vs. 76.3%, p = 0.002).ConclusionsWe conclude that a checklist is useful in improving safety in the transport of a critically ill patient population.     

Validation of the multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) score in critically ill medical and surgical patients

Objective To validate the Multiple Organ Dysfunction (MOD) score externally.Design Prospective observational cohort study.Setting Mixed medical/surgical ICU in a tertiary referral university hospital.Patients and participants Thousand eight hundred and nine patients admitted to ICU for more than 24 h over a 3-year period.Interventions None.Measurements and results The MOD score was calculated daily for all patients. The criterion validity of the individual organ scores, the maximal MOD score and the change in MOD score were assessed by examining the relationship between increasing scores and ICU mortality. Increased maximal MOD scores and each of the six individual organ scores, and change in MOD scores were associated with increased mortality.Conclusions Maximal and individual organ scores have criterion validity when tested in a different ICU from that in which the scores were derived, indicating that the scoring systems are reproducible. The association of change in MOD score with mortality indicates that the score is responsive. These data, combined with previous data establishing concept and content validity, indicate that the MOD score is a valid measure of multi-organ dysfunction.     

全身炎症反应综合征评分应用于产科急危重症患者中的效果评价

目的 探究全身炎症反应综合征(systemic inflammatory response syndrome, SIRS)评分应用于产科急危重症患者中的效果。方法 选取我院 2016年10月-2018年10月收治的产科急危重症患者134 例,按照随机数表法将其分为对照组和观察组,各67例,对照组给予常规干预,观察组采用SIRS评分干预。比较2组不良妊娠结局、并发症发生率及围生儿死亡率。结果 干 预后观察组不良妊娠结局发生率及并发症发生率均低于对照组(X₂=4.968,P=0.026;X₂= 3.890,P=0.049);2组围生儿死亡率比较,差异无统计学意义(X₂=3.890,P=0.049)。结论 SIRS评分应用于产科急危重症患者中,可改善患者的不良妊娠结局,降低并发症发生率,值得推广。     

危重患者早期血糖波动与预后的相关性研究

目的 探讨危重患者早期血糖波动与预后的相关性.方法 回顾性分析95例危重患者的临床资料,根据入重症监护病房( ICU )28 d预后分为死亡组(43例)和存活组(52例),监测住ICU 72 h内的血糖,比较两组入ICU时血糖(BGadm)、平均血糖(MBG)、高血糖指数(HGI)、血糖不稳定指数(GLI)、低血糖发生率、胰岛素总用量;通过多因素logistic回归分析确定独立危险因素,并应用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)下面积(AUC)比较预测价值.结果 死亡组BGadm(mmol/L)、MBG(mmol/L)、HGI、低血糖发生率与存活组比较差异均无统计学意义(BGadm:9.87±4.48比9.26±3.07,MBG:8.59±1.23比847±1.01,HGI6.0:2.45±0.94比1.68±1.05,HGI83:0.84±0.70比0.68±0.51,低血糖发生率:9.30％比5.77％,均P＞0.05);急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分(分)、GLI、胰岛素72 h总用量(U)均显著高于存活组[APACHEⅡ评分:23 +6比19±6,GLI:56.96(65.43)比23.87(41.62),胰岛素72 h总用量:65.5( 130.5)比12.5(90.0),均P＜0.05].多因素logistic回归分析显示,APACHEⅡ评分与GLI为死亡独立危险因素[APACHEⅡ评分:优势比(OR)=1.09,95％可信区间(95％CI) 1.01～ 1.17; GLI:OR=1.03,95％口1.01～1.06,均P＜0.05];APACHEⅡ评分与GLI的AUC分别为0.69、0.71,二者无显著差异(P＞0.05).结论 危重患者早期血糖波动是患者入ICU 28 d死亡的独立危险因素,控制早期血糖波动可能有利于改善预后.     

Selenium supplementation in critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose

The oxidative stress is recognized as a constant feature in critical illness. Nevertheless, the use of antioxidant therapy remains controversial. We tried to demonstrate that intravenous selenium supplementation could promote antioxidant status and help protect against infection and organ failure, improving outcome in critically ill patients.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the exogenous supplementation of selenium versus standard therapy without any adjuvant in critically ill adults.

Results

Nine RCTs met inclusion criteria. Selenium supplementation was associated with a reduction in 28-day mortality of borderline statistical significance (risk ratio = 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.71–0.99, P = .04). The analysis of pre-defined subgroups detected no significant effects regarding the supplementation with doses of selenium ≤ 500 μg/d, administration of a load dose with a bolus and duration of treatment. Only 2 studies analyzed 6-month mortality and could not show a difference. No effects could be demonstrated on hospital length of stay, pulmonary infections, or renal failure.

Conclusions

The use of high-dose selenium might be associated with a beneficial effect on 28-day mortality in critically ill patients. Nevertheless, the use of selenium as adjuvant therapy needs further evaluations.     

Hypocholesterolemia and risk of death in the critically ill surgical patient

Objective To evaluate the additional information provided by the determination of cholesterolemia to the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score.Design Retrospective evaluation of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).Setting ICUs in a university hospital.Patients 638 consecutive critically ill surgical patients.Interventions Surgical and medical therapy according to clinical status.Measurements and main results Two indices were devised: DELCUPOS and DELCUNEG (cubed absolute value of the difference between measured cholesterol and the value of 190 mg/dl when cholesterolemia was, respectively, over and under 190 mg). The first estimation of cholesterolemia was taken upon admission to the ICU. The APACHE II score was computed from the worst values obtained during the first 24 h of the ICU stay, including the pre-operative period for patients transferred from the operating theatre. Mortality (24.4%) over the whole time of hospitalization has been considered. A stepwise linear logistic regression on APACHE II, DELCUPOS, DELCUNEG, and on interactions among these three factors has been carried out. A U-shaped relationship between cholesterolemia and mortality was demonstrated. The significance of DELCUPOS (p=0.0021) and DELCUNEG (p=0.0002), considered together with the APACHE II score, has demonstrated an additive information content with respect to the APACHE score for the prediction of mortality.Conclusion Both hyper- and hypocholesterolemia have a highly significant relationship to mortality. Cholesterolemia improves the prognostic power of the APACHE II score. This result could be used to create a more powerful prognostic index.     

A preliminary study of atorvastatin plasma concentrations in critically ill patients with sepsis

Objective  A lack of published pharmacokinetic data on statins in sepsis has prompted concerns about their safety and toxicity. This study determined single dose pharmacokinetics of Atorvastatin administered orally to acutely ill patients. Design, setting and participants  A prospective open label study conducted in a tertiary referral centre on 5 healthy volunteers, 5 acutely ill patients admitted to the medical ward and a heterogeneous cohort of 25 critically ill patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Intervention  All participants received a single oral dose of 20 mg of atorvastatin. Measurement and results  Plasma pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin as measured by maximal plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) _0–24 h. Critically ill patients with sepsis had a significantly higher Cmax and AUC as compared to healthy volunteers [110.5(86.5) vs. 5.9(2.50) ng/ml, p < 0.01 and 1,051(810) vs. 67(48) ng h/ml (p < 0.0001)], respectively. Atorvastatin concentrations in the plasma of critically ill patients with sepsis remained supratherapeutic for up to 20 h after a single dose. The AUC was significantly higher for those patients on concomitant CYP 450 inhibitor therapy as compared to those patients not on inhibitors (1,518 ± 793 vs. 584 ± 540 ng h/ml, p = 0.0260). Conclusions  Very high plasma concentrations were achieved in intensive care patients with sepsis. This can only be partly explained by altered metabolism of atorvastatin. Further investigations are essential to better describe the pharmacokinetics of statins in various groups of critically ill patients. Caution should be exercised prior to adopting high dose regimens in patients with severe sepsis.     

Utility of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy for critically ill pediatric patients:A systematic review

AIM: To investigate the diagnostic yield, therapeutic efficacy, and rate of adverse events related to flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy(FFB) in critically ill children. METHODS: We searched Pub Med, SCOPUS, OVID, and EMBASE databases through July 2014 for English language publications studying FFB performed in the intensive care unit in children 18 years old. We identified 666 studies, of which 89 full-text studies were screened for further review. Two reviewers independently determined that 27 of these studies met inclusion criteria and extracted data. We examined the diagnostic yield of FFB among upper and lower airway evaluations, as well as the utility of bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL). RESULTS: We found that FFB led to a change in medical management in 28.9%(range 21.9%-69.2%) of critically ill children. The diagnostic yield of FFB was 82%(range 45.2%-100%). Infectious organisms were identified in 25.7%(17.6%-75%) of BALs performed, resulting in a change of antimicrobial management in 19.1%(range: 12.2%-75%). FFB successfully reexpanded atelectasis or removed mucus plugs in 60.3%(range: 23.8%-100%) of patients with atelectasis. Adverse events were reported in 12.9%(range: 0.5%-71.4%) of patients. The most common adverse effects of FFB were transient hypotension, hypoxia and/or bradycardia that resolved with minimal intervention, such as oxygen supplementation or removal of the bronchoscope. Serious adverse events were uncommon; 2.1% of adverse events required intervention such as bag-mask ventilation or intubation and atropine for hypoxia and bradycardia, normal saline boluses for hypotension, or lavage and suctioning for hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: FFB is safe and effective for diagnostic and therapeutic use in critically ill pediatric patients.