初乳中矿物质与微量元素的测定及临床营养学意义

对65例健康产妇初乳中的矿物质和微量元素钙、镁、磷、锌、铜和硒进行了测定,并以市售牛乳为对照。结果表明,初乳中微量元素锌、铜、硒含量丰富,基本能满足新生儿的营养需求;而矿物质元素钙、镁、磷的含量则显著低于牛乳。由于母乳中的无机元素生物利用度较高,所以初乳仍不失为新生儿早期矿物质及微量元素的最佳来源。同时也提示孕妇在孕期注意矿物质元素的及时补充对产后提高乳汁质量是非常重要的。     

深圳市母乳中矿物质含量及重金属负荷水平研究

目的了解深圳市初产、顺产妇的乳汁中8种矿物质(钙、钾、钠、镁和微量元素锌、铁、硒、铜)含量和3种有毒元素(铅、砷、镉)负荷水平,以评估该地婴儿8种常量元素和微量元素的营养状况和3种有毒元素污染水平。方法于2007年7～10月采集在深圳生活5年以上20～35岁的初产妇产后3周～2月龄的母乳共60份,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法及电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定母乳中的常量元素钙、钾、钠、镁和微量元素锌、铁、硒、铜及有毒元素铅、砷、镉的含量。结果所测母乳的8种矿物质和重金属中,常量元素钙、钾、钠、镁的平均含量分别是280.22、498.61、188.65和28.31mg/L,微量元素锌、铁、硒、铜的平均含量分别是2.29mg/L、358.88μg/L、8.28μg/L和339.16μg/L,铅的平均含量是2.13μg/L。砷和镉的含量均小于0.005μg/L。结论与国际原子能机构的标准及国内的一些地区调查结果比较,深圳地区母乳中常量元素钙、钾、钠、镁和锌、铁、铜7种矿物质的平均含量基本合理,砷、镉的污染水平低,但是存在微量元素硒的缺乏和重金属铅的污染。     

人乳的微量元素研究

用日本岛津ＡＡ─６７０型原子吸收分光光度仪以ＡＡＳＦ法对人乳中不同泌乳期的铜、铁、锌、钙、镁、锰、铬七种元素进行了测定，以牛乳为对照组。结果表明：人乳中锌、铜、镁三种元素随着泌乳期的延长其含量逐渐下降；铬、铁两种元素在不同泌乳期中变化不大；锰则随着泌乳期的延长其含量逐渐增加；钙在初乳中的含量明显高于过渡乳，但低于成熟乳。     

1989—2018年中国15个省(自治区、直辖市)18～35岁成年人部分矿物质摄入现状及其变化趋势

目的 分析中国15个省(自治区、直辖市)18～35岁成年人1989—2018年部分矿物质摄入量,了解其变化趋势。方法 利用开放性纵向追踪队列研究“中国健康与营养调查(1989—2018年)”11轮的随访调查数据,选取18～35岁成年人为研究对象。个人连续3天24小时膳食回顾法结合家庭称重记账法进行膳食调查,计算钙、磷、钾、钠、镁、铁、锌、硒、铜和锰10种矿物质的膳食摄入量,利用非参数统计方法分析摄入量随年份的变化趋势。将膳食矿物质摄入量与平均需要量进行比较,膳食矿物质摄入不足风险的人群比例的变化趋势利用Cochran-Armitage趋势检验分析。针对2018年不同人口特征分析膳食摄矿物质的摄入状况。结果 2018年青年人膳食矿物质的摄入量中位数分别为钙302.96 mg/d、磷887.91 mg/d、钾1451.69 mg/d、钠3760.09 mg/d、镁238.50 mg/d、铁19.40 mg/d、锌9.91 mg/d、硒43.54μg/d、铜1.41 mg/d和锰4.59 mg/d,并且不同性别间摄入量差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。城市地区钙、钾、硒膳食摄入量显著高...     

2156例婴幼儿体内6种微量元素水平测定结果分析

目的了解南京市浦口区婴幼儿体内6种微量元素水平及缺乏情况。方法采集健康体检的6月龄³岁的婴幼儿无名指末梢血40μL,采用AA-7000型原子吸收光谱仪测试血中锌、铁、镁、铜、钙、硒6种微量元素含量。结果调查2 156名婴幼儿中,微量元素平均水平:锌含量为(8.38±2.54)μg/mL,铁含量为(384.29±121.33)μg/mL,镁含量为(90.90±29.76)μg/mL,铜含量为(2.18±0.72)μg/mL,钙含量为(90.00±31.96)μg/mL,硒含量为(0.182±0.019)μg/mL。婴幼儿微量元素缺乏率由高到低依次为铁(31.08%)、锌(25.42%)、硒(15.03%)、钙(14.84%)、镁(1.11%)、铜(0.42%)。婴儿组铁、硒、镁缺乏率低于幼儿组,而锌、钙缺乏率高于幼儿组(P<0.05);女童铁、锌、硒、钙缺乏率均高于男童(P<0.05)。结论南京市浦口区婴幼儿微量元素缺乏中铁和钙缺乏较为常见,日常膳食中应注意合理补充微量元素从而保障婴幼儿健康成长。     

膳食矿物质与骨密度关系调查

目的 研究老年人膳食中矿物质含量对骨密度（BMD）的影响，探讨防治老年骨质疏松的措施。方法 对309例60岁以上老人进行了膳食调查及健康检查。结果 老年女性骨矿物质含量（BMC）和骨密度（BMD）显低于男性。健康老人平均每日摄入钙、锰、铜、硒的量男性均显高于女性。OP患与同性别健康老人每日矿物质摄入量相比，OP组钾钙、镁、铁、锰、锌、磷、来源于奶的钙（简称奶钙）、硒摄入量均显低于同性别健康老人组，BMD与钾、钙、镁、锌、铜、磷、硒、奶钙摄入量和钙磷比值均呈显正相关。结论 膳食矿物质与BMD存在一定的关系，膳食钾、钙、锌等摄入量不足可能导致BMD降低。     

母乳和牛奶中铜、铁、锌、锰、铬含量的比较

以原子吸收光谱法测定产后不同泌乳时期(1～90天)母乳及牛奶中铜、铁、锌、锰、铬的含量变化/结果表明,母乳中铜、铁、锌,锰的含量随泌乳期延长而下降,铬无显著变化。母乳中铜、铁、锌、铬的含量均较牛奶丰富。母乳喂养和牛奶喂养婴儿每日微量元素摄入量与其摄入推荐量相比较:母乳微量元素的营养价值较牛奶高。本研究为提倡母乳喂养,指导牛奶喂养者补充微量元素提供了科学依据。     

1800名婴幼儿头发中铜锌铁钙镁含量探讨

目的 :通过对武汉市某区 180 0名 3岁以下婴幼儿发样分析 ,探讨该区婴幼儿发中铜、锌、铁、钙、镁含量的正常水平和婴幼儿部分微量元素营养状况。方法 :采集婴幼儿发样进行预处理后用火焰原子光谱法测定其铜、锌、铁、钙、镁含量 ,并对测定结果进行卫生统计学处理。结果 :发铜在性别间有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,年龄间差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;发锌、钙、镁、铁性别间差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,0～ 3月组与其它组别差异显著(P <0 0 5 ) ,0～ 3月婴儿发中铜、锌、铁、钙、镁含量均处于一个较高水平。锌、铜随着年龄的增长至 3～ 12月其含量均呈下降趋势 ,随着年龄进一步增长至 12～ 2 4月 ,其含量略呈回升趋势。铁、钙、镁的含量随年龄的增加呈下降趋势 ,但均处于正常水平 ,且钙与镁呈伴随趋势。结论 :婴幼儿应加强微量元素的营养补充。     

孕妇及其新生儿血清和发中锌、铜、钙、磷、镁的含量

用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定了104名孕妇及其新生儿血清和发中锌、铜、钙、磷,镁五种元素含量。结果发现,孕妇血清锌、钙和镁随孕期进展显著下降,血清铜和磷自孕早期开始就持续显著升高;脐血铜和磷低于母血,镁与母血一致,锌和钙都显著高于母血水平;孕期发锌、铜和磷变化不明显,钙和镁随孕期进展逐渐显著降低;除新生儿发铜显著低于母发外,锌、钙、磷和镁都高于母发含量。     

9962例婴幼儿指血5种元素水平分析

目的 了解湖南省妇幼保健院门诊健康体检婴幼儿血常量元素、微量元素水平,为防治儿童矿物质元素缺乏提供资料. 方法 采取指血,采用原子吸收光谱法,使用BH-5100五通道火焰原子吸收光谱仪,对来本院健康体检婴幼儿检测铜、锌、钙、镁、铁5种元素,2013年1-6月共检测9 962例.分析5种元素含量水平与缺乏情况. 结果 婴幼儿指血各种元素均数在年龄组间差异均有统计学意义,其中,血锌均数随年龄增长而升高（P＜0.01）.铁、锌、钙缺乏率分别为23.9％、20.3％、18.4％,且均随年龄增长呈下降趋势（P＜0.01）.分性别统计,除女性婴幼儿铁缺乏率下降趋势不明显外,其余指标均随年龄增长呈下降趋势.铜、镁缺乏率均为0.04％. 结论 婴幼儿时期指血锌含量随年龄增长而上升.婴幼儿时期最容易发生缺乏的矿物质元素是铁、锌、钙,应定期检测,有针对性地进行补充,以提高儿童的健康水平.     

Case study of temporal changes in maternal dietary intake and the association with breast milk mineral contents

Minerals play important roles in infant growth and development, even though they only make up to 0.2 g% of the mature breast milk contents. Limited studies examined the association between maternal dietary intake and breast milk mineral contents in a temporal manner. Twenty Malaysian Malay postpartum mothers were recruited by either convenience or snow balling sampling from the urban lower middle income residential areas. Dietary intake of the subjects was obtained by 24-hour recall during each breast milk collection. Adequacy of maternal mineral intake was compared with the latest Recommended Nutrient Intake for Malaysia. Each of the subject provided breast milk samples for three times (T1, T2, and T3) at consecutive 2-week intervals. Breast milk concentrations of selected macro- and micro-minerals, including Ca, P, K, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, I, Cr and Mo were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Subjects were aged 31.4 ± 6.1 years with a majority (60 %) having post-secondary school/ college education. While maternal intake of macro-minerals, Ca, P, K and Mg, did not display a significant temporal changes from T1 to T3, the intake of micro- minerals, Cu, Mn and I decreased significantly over time from T1 to T3. Breast milk K, Fe, Zn and Cu concentrations showed a significant decreased with the progression of lactation from transitional (2–3 weeks) to established stage (>8-12 weeks). Significant correlations were established between maternal intake of K, Na, Fe and Se and their respective concentrations in breast milk in the present study. This case study revealed an inadequate maternal intake of several key micro- minerals (Cu, Mn, I) among the postpartum Malay mothers and a decreasing concentrations of certain essential minerals (K, Fe, Zn and Cu) in breast milk with lactation stage.     

Longitudinal changes in the mineral composition of mouse milk and the relationship to zinc metabolism of the suckling neonate

We studied changes in the mineral composition of milk of lactating Swiss-Webster mice and the relationship of those changes to mineral metabolism of suckling mouse pups. Concentrations of Zn, Cu, Mg and Ca were analyzed in maternal and neonatal tissues and in milk; Zn metabolism was studied using 65Zn. Although Cu, Ca and Mg concentrations in milk declined during the first 2 d of lactation, only the concentration of Zn decreased progressively throughout 30 d. Various pup tissues were characterized by developmental changes in concentrations of some elements. Turnover of Zn in neonatal tissues was studied by radiolabeling litters in utero and fostering them at birth to nonradiolabeled lactating dams. The turnover of whole-body 65Zn in suckling mice decreased during development, and, at 20 d of age, the biological half-life of 65Zn in the neonate was approximately the same as for a nonpregnant, nonlactating adult female (20 d). The decreased turnover of 65Zn in lactating dams that characterized progressive lactation and was reflected in the Zn concentration of milk is in agreement with changes in whole-body 65Zn turnover observed for the suckling mouse. These findings demonstrate that the metabolism of the suckling neonate is directly related to longitudinal changes in the composition of maternal milk.     

Mineral Concentrations in Cow's Milk from the Canary Island

Concentrations of selenium (Se), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were determined in samples of raw and sterilized cow's milk. The following mean concentrations (and ranges) were recorded in raw cow's milk: Se (μg/L), 16.44 (6.8–28.6); Fe (mg/L), 0.515 (0.19–1.00); Cu (mg/L), 0.076 (0.03–0.16); Zn (mg/L), 4.41 (2.3–6.6); Na (mg/L), 534.1 (278–870); K (mg/L), 1424 (1035–1874); Ca (mg/L), 1653 (1196–2236); Mg (mg/L), 113.9 (71.5–159.4). The sterilized cow's milk showed mean concentrations of Fe (0.170 mg/L) and Zn (3.06 mg/L) significantly lower than the concentrations observed in raw cow's milk; however, the mean concentrations of Se (14.90 μg/L) and Cu (0.110 mg/L) were similar and significantly higher than in raw cow's milk, respectively. No significant differences for Na, K and Mg were observed between the mean concentrations in raw and sterilized cow's milk. An important contribution to the daily intake of Ca and K for Canarian people due to the consumption of cow's milk was observed. Moderate amounts of Mg and Na, and smaller amounts of Zn and Se are also supplied. Our data for the mineral concentrations in cow's milk were within normal intervals of concentration described in the literature. The concentrations of Fe, Cu, Na, K and Ca in raw cow's milk remained approximately constant during the 12 months sampled. In contrast, the Se, Mg and Zn concentrations varied significantly with the climatic season, presenting the lowest mean concentrations during autumn.     

职业接触汞女工胎盘微量元素含量及其对子代影响的研究

本文通过收集职业性接触汞蒸气女工和对照组在分娩时的母体血、脐带血、胎盘和乳汁生物样品,应用原子吸收光谱法测定其汞含量以及胎盘Pb、Mn、Cd、Zn、Fe、Mg、Ca和Se微量元素含量,并随访观察两组子代的生长发育情况。研究结果表明,接触组乳汁、母体血、脐带血和胎盘汞含量均显著高于对照组,表明职业性接汞可使女工体内汞负荷增加,且金属汞易经胎盘转运和乳汁分泌。两组胎盘10种微量元素含量无明显差异。对两组儿童在出生时、生后三个月和生后六个月的随访,其双顶径、身长、体重和胸围没有发现明显差异,表明现有职业性接汞水平对儿童生长发育无明显影响。     

Content of macro- and microelements and evaluation of the intake of different dairy products consumed in Croatia

Macromineral and microelement contents were measured by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry in 51 dairy products (milk, four types of cheese and butter). Significant differences in the concentrations of Ca, K, Na, Mg, Zn and Cu were observed (p < 0.05, all) between dairy products. Higher levels of Ca, Na, Mg and Se were measured in hard cheese than in semi-hard, fresh and cream cheese samples. The highest mean levels of elements were measured in products (mg kg⁻¹): milk: K 2070; hard fat cheese: Ca 10,700, Na 10,300, Mg 440, Zn 91.3, Se 0.78; cream cheese: Cu 3.12, Fe 3.9; butter: Se 0.79. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) calculated for milk show contribution to the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for the elements (%): Ca 42, K 13.2, Mg 10.3–13.3, Zn 11.4–15.7, Se 13.1. The highest contribution of elements to the RDA values was determined for hard fat cheese (%): Na 7.93, Zn 16.6–22.8, Se 28.4. However, a contribution to the RDA of less than 1% was determined for K, Mg and Fe in cheeses. The contribution of Cu to the RDA value ranged in cheese samples between 2.78 and 6.93%, though this was less than 1% in milk.     

上海市区母乳中几种无机盐和维生素含量测定

于春夏两季各采集8名居住于上海市的授乳母亲乳汁进行分析,其中所分析的无机盐为铁、铜、锌、钾、钠、钙、镁等,维生素为A、B_1、B_2等。对每名授乳母亲于婴儿出生后的第1至第4个月每月各采集母乳样品1次,共4次。通过本次测定得到了上海市春夏两季婴儿1～4月龄时母乳中铁、铜、锌、钾、钠、钙、镁和维生素A、B_1、B_2含量的一些数据。这些数据显示,婴儿1～4月龄时,各月龄间母乳中铁、钠、钙、镁和维生素A、B_2含量无显著差异。但钾的含量不论春夏季1月龄的均高于2、3、4月龄,而锌、铜和维生素B_1的含量,在夏季1月龄的亦高于2、3、4月龄。春、夏两季间乳汁中无机盐含量比较,铜和锌未见春夏的差异,但钠、钾、镁在部分月龄中夏季低于春季。     

Zinc, calcium, and magnesium concentrations in milk from American and Egyptian women throughout the first 6 months of lactation

Effects of stage of lactation, nutrient intake, and cultural differences on the composition of human milk were examined during the first 6 mo of lactation in American and Egyptian women. In both population groups zinc levels in milk decreased from 1 to 6 months of lactation. American women supplemented with Zn had higher levels of Zn in their milk than did unsupplemented American or Egyptian women. Concentrations of calcium and magnesium were not significantly different in milk of American and Egyptian women except at month 6 of lactation. Ca levels in milk of both population groups increased from 1 to 2-3 mo of lactation and then decreased at 6 mo; Mg concentrations increased from 1 to 3 mo and then reached a plateau. Similarities in the longitudinal decrease observed in Zn levels of milk in Zn supplemented and unsupplemented subjects suggested physiological regulation.     

Minerals and trace elements in a collection of wheat landraces from the Canary Islands

Phosphorous, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and Se were determined in eighteen wheat landraces from Canary Islands and a commercial cultivar. The mean values obtained were: P (2370 ± 333 mg/kg); Na (102 ± 52 mg/kg); K (4363 ± 386 mg/kg); Ca (351 ± 62 mg/kg); Mg (1163 ± 155 mg/kg); Fe (40.0 ± 5.5 mg/kg); Cu (2.68 ± 0.93 mg/kg); Zn (32.1 ± 2.9 mg/kg); Mn (22.1 ± 3.5 mg/kg); Se (67.7 ± 40.4 μg/kg). There were differences (P < 0.05) in the mineral and trace element between the analyzed cultivars, and between the species and subspecies of wheats. Therefore, the Triticum aestivum species had higher mean P, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn concentrations, and a lower mean Se concentration, than Triticum turgidum species. The environment and agronomic practices could affect the genetic information of the seeds determining changes in the mineral and trace element composition. The wheat represents an excellent source of Mn (over 100% of recommended dietary intake, RDI), as well as P, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Se (20–50% of RDI). Many correlations were found between the parameters analyzed emphasizing the Cu–Mg (r = 0.691) and Cu–Mn (r = 0.619) correlations. Linear discriminant analysis allowed a good differentiation of the wheat samples according to the cultivar (89.7% of wheat samples classified correctly).