“三明治”法重建颅底技术的探讨

目的探讨颅前窝底肿瘤切除后颅底重建技术。方法回顾性分析6例颅前窝底肿瘤的临床资料．复发颅咽管瘤2例,复发嗅沟脑膜瘤2例,筛窦低分化腺癌1例,嗅神经母细胞瘤1例。手术采用扩大双额、双骨瓣开颅．肿瘤切除后,颅前窝底骨质缺损直径5．0-7．0cm,颅前窝底硬膜缺损直径约6．0～9．0cm。采用“三明治”法重建颅底,硬膜缺损以游离自体骨膜或颞肌筋膜修补,额部带蒂骨膜覆盖于鼻根部小骨瓣并与颅底硬膜缝合,两者之间用钛板修补骨性缺损。结果肿瘤完全切除6例。术后无一例出现脑脊液鼻漏。术后颅内感染1例,经抗感染治疗及腰大池脑脊液持续引流后治愈。结论“三明治”法重建颅底可获得优良效果。颅前窝底肿瘤彻底切除后可获得良好的长期预后。     

鞍底带蒂粘膜骨瓣复位联合带蒂粘膜瓣进行鞍底重建在垂体腺瘤术中的应用

目的 探讨鞍底带蒂粘膜骨瓣复位联合鼻中隔粘膜瓣进行鞍底重建在垂体腺瘤经鼻蝶入路神经内镜切除术中的应用效果。方法 回顾性分析2016年3月至2021年11月经鼻蝶入路神经内镜手术治疗的36例垂体腺瘤的临床资料,术中应用鞍底带蒂粘膜骨瓣复位联合鼻中隔粘膜瓣重建鞍底。结果 36例完成鞍底带蒂粘膜骨瓣制作、复位,其中10例切除肿瘤过程中鞍隔破裂,术中出现脑脊液漏,结合鼻中隔粘膜瓣完成鞍底重建。肿瘤全切除31例,次全切除5例;肿瘤全切除率为86.1%(31/36)。术后无脑脊液鼻漏、颅内感染。术后随访3～12个月,无鞍底粘膜骨瓣移位,无迟发性脑脊液鼻漏、颅内感染。结论 鞍底带蒂粘膜骨瓣复位联合鼻中隔粘膜瓣重建鞍底,方法简单,可有效预防垂体腺瘤经鼻蝶入路神经内镜切除术后脑脊液漏。     

颅眶交界区显微解剖研究

目的研究颅眶交界区域显微解剖。方法从不同的方向对26侧颅眶交界区进行显微镜下解剖研究，并留取图像资料。结果颅眶交界区的侧方暴露有利于眶-翼腭窝-颞下窝沟通肿瘤的切除，额底眶顶暴露适合于眶-蝶沟通肿瘤的切除，海绵窦和眼眶沟通肿瘤的暴露要兼顾额叶底面、中颅窝底前部和眶外侧壁暴露以颞侧上方入路为佳，内侧中线的暴露适合于鼻-眶沟通肿瘤的暴露。结论颅眶交界区与眼眶后部、海绵窦前部、蝶鞍区、鼻腔顶部筛窦、颞下窝和翼腭窝相关，不同特点肿瘤可以通过不同的方向和手术入路暴露。     

经蝶垂体瘤手术后脑脊液漏多因素回归方程搭建及预测价值研究

目的 研究经蝶垂体瘤手术后脑脊液漏多因素回归方程搭建及预测价值。方法 分析2018年5月—2020年9月郴州市第一人民医院56例经蝶窦手术的垂体腺瘤患者资料,其中运用改良带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣32例,未用24例。筛查经蝶垂体瘤手术后脑脊液鼻漏的相关因素。结果 经蝶垂体瘤手术后脑脊液鼻漏与年龄大于65岁、肿瘤直径大于2 cm、术中鞍膈破裂、手术时间超过120 min都呈正相关（均P<0.05）,与用改良带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣呈负相关（P<0.05）。影响经蝶垂体瘤手术后脑脊液鼻漏的因素有再次手术（95％CI:1.205～859.886, P=0.038)、肿瘤直径大于2 cm(95％CI:1.371～375.766, P=0.029)、术中鞍膈破裂（95％CI:5.351～14461.621,P=0.005)、用改良带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣（95％CI:0.001～0.371, P=0.009)。模型预测值绘制ROC曲线及分析,得到AUC=0.971（95%CI：0.935~1.000）,敏感度为1,特异性为0.882。结论 再次手术、肿瘤直径大于2 cm、术中鞍膈破裂、未用改良带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣是经蝶垂体瘤手术后脑脊液漏的危险因素,而应用改良带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣能减少这种不良并发症的发生。     

神经内镜下经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤切除术中鞍底重建

目的比较神经内镜下经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤切除术中两种鞍底重建方法的临床效果。方法 2011年8月至2013年8月神经内镜下经鼻蝶垂显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤患者134例,采用带血管蒂的鼻中隔黏膜瓣技术进行鞍底重建69例（对照组）,使用国产医用诱导骨基质为主要支撑材料的改良多重加固新技术重建65例（观察组）。结果观察组术后脑脊液漏发生率及术后并发症发生率与对照组无显著差异（P〉0.05）。但观察组术中修补时间[（21.7±4.8）min]较对照组[（43.7±6.4）min]显著缩短（P〈0.05）,术后住院时间[（6.8±2.3）d]较对照组[（10.1±3.7）d]显著缩短（P〈0.05）。结论以医用诱导骨基质为主体的鞍底重建新技术具有安全、有效、方便、快捷的特点,能够取得良好的重建效果。     

蝶窦鞍底黏膜骨瓣翻转术在内镜下经鼻蝶入路手术颅底重建中的应用

目的探讨蝶窦鞍底黏膜骨瓣翻转术在内镜下经鼻蝶入路手术颅底重建中的方法及应用价值。方法回顾性分析2014年10月至2016年1月在内镜下经鼻蝶入路手术治疗的23例鞍区病变的临床资料,术中均采用蝶窦鞍底黏膜骨瓣翻转术进行颅底重建,即术中在导航引导下确定鞍底粘膜骨瓣的大小,使用磨钻制作骨瓣并向底部翻转,形成半游离的黏膜骨瓣;肿瘤切除后,将半游离的黏膜骨瓣翻转复位,辅以生物蛋白胶固定。结果 23例中,颅咽管瘤1例,鞍上型Rathke囊肿2例,垂体腺瘤20例。术中发生脑脊液漏3例,采用人工材料常规修补后以蝶窦鞍底黏膜骨瓣翻转术。23例术后随访6个月,均未出现脑脊液漏、细菌性脑膜炎和张力性气颅等并发症。结论在内镜下经鼻蝶入路手术中,采用蝶窦鞍底黏膜骨瓣翻转术进行颅底重建中是一种可靠、安全、有效的方法。     

内镜颅底肿瘤切除术中高流量脑脊液鼻漏修补失败原因及处理

目的探讨内镜颅底肿瘤切除术中高流量脑脊液鼻漏修补失败原因及处理方法。方法5例患者均为2012年12月至2016年6月经鼻蝶和唇下-上颌窦入路行内镜颅底肿瘤切除术中发生高流量脑脊液鼻漏并首次颅底重建失败而行二次修补的病例,通过自体脂肪片+自体鼻中隔黏膜瓣、自体脂肪片+自体阔筋膜+自体鼻中隔黏膜瓣、自体脂肪片+自体阔筋膜等修补材料重建颅底。结果二次修补术分别采用硬膜下覆盖自体脂肪片+自体鼻中隔黏膜瓣(1/5例)、硬膜下覆盖自体脂肪片+硬膜外覆盖自体阔筋膜(1/5例),以及硬膜下覆盖自体脂肪片+硬膜外覆盖自体阔筋膜+自体鼻中隔黏膜瓣(3/5例)修补漏口,颅底创面愈合良好;平均随访20个月,无脑脊液鼻漏复发。结论高流量脑脊液鼻漏修补和颅底重建是内镜颅底肿瘤切除术成败之关键。修补失败原因包括人工硬膜完全吸收、未以脂肪组织封堵术区残腔或脂肪片液化、中鼻甲黏膜瓣与硬脑膜愈合不佳、未以阔筋膜封堵硬脑膜缺损、阔筋膜移位或鼻中隔黏膜瓣缺血坏死。多层组织重建联合带蒂组织瓣的修复方式安全、可靠,术前制定详细的手术方案、术中严格按照手术规程操作,可避免修补失败。     

颅眶交界区肿瘤的分型及手术治疗

目的探讨颅眶交界区肿瘤的分型及手术方法。方法根据肿瘤主体位置和侵袭方向,将32例颅眶交界区肿瘤分为眶颅型（7例）、颅眶型（11例）、颅鼻眶型（8例）和眶尖-视神经管型（6例）。均行显微手术切除肿瘤,其中采用经额下硬膜外入路11例,眶-翼点入路15例,额颞眶颧入路6例;对8例颅鼻眶型肿瘤联合使用经鼻内镜、鼻侧切开入路。术后按颅底缺损位置和范围分别采用游离骨膜瓣、人工脑膜补片及带蒂膜瓣修补硬膜缺损,并用钛板修复颅底骨缺损。结果肿瘤全切除27例,次全切除5例。无手术死亡及颅内感染、脑脊液漏、搏动性突眼等严重并发症发生。结论根据肿瘤主体位置和侵袭方向进行肿瘤分型和选择手术入路,显微手术切除颅眶交界区肿瘤,同时修复颅底缺损,能提高手术疗效和减少术后严重并发症的发生。     

《内镜颅底外科学》出版发行

本书共14章,内含433张图片。主要简述内镜颅底外科的发展概况,介绍内镜经鼻入路的解剖、历史沿革以及内镜颅底外科基本技术,详述作者近20年在内镜经鼻颅前窝底、鞍区、斜坡、岩尖、海绵窦、颞下窝、颈静脉孔区和颅颈交界区数千例手术的经验,内容涵盖几乎所有颅底区域。     

带蒂骨膜瓣预防额窦开放颅脑手术后脑脊液鼻漏的作用探讨

<正>颅脑手术中常发生额窦开放,尽管术中常规应用骨蜡封闭,但术后仍有部分病例发生脑脊液鼻漏,甚至出现颅内感染等严重危及患者生命的并发症。因此,对于额窦开放的颅脑手术病例,研究如何降低术后脑脊液鼻漏的发生具有重要意义。文献[1-2]报道,利用带蒂骨膜瓣反转覆盖治疗外伤性前颅窝底脑脊液鼻漏效果显著。亦有部分研究显示,带蒂骨膜瓣反转覆盖能够降低额窦炎和颅内感染的发生率[3]。本文探讨与单纯骨蜡封闭相比,术中加用带蒂骨膜瓣     

Experience of skull base defect reconstruction using local pedicled grafts in endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery

Since endoscopic technique was introduced in transsphenoidal surgery, the midline skull base from olfactory fossa to craniocervical junction has become available through transnasal corridor. One of the most challenging aspects in these types of surgery is watertight closure of skull base defect and prevention of postoperative CSF leaks. Various materials and sealants are applied in different clinics. Recently mucoperiosteal flap from nasal septum was introduced as "gold standard" for multilayer skull base reconstruction. We present our algorithm for selection of skull base reconstruction technique in endoscopic endonasal surgery. We demonstrate our experience of using of pedicled autografts (middle turbinate and mucoperiosteal flap). Surgical technique of grafting is described in details. Clinical results in 41 surgically treated patients are presented. First results of using of pedicled autografts demonstrated high effectiveness of this technique with acceptable rates of nasal complications in comparison to standard methods.     

Reconstructive outcome of intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak after endoscopic endonasal surgery for tumors involving skull base

Endoscopic transnasal surgery for tumors located at the base of the skull has a high incidence of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks. Here, we assessed the repair outcomes for high-flow CSF leaks based upon the tumor location, and analyzed the reasons for repair failure after transnasal endoscopic surgery solely for tumors involving the base of the skull. From Feb. 2009 to Dec. 2014 we performed endoscopic endonasal surgery for a variety of skull base lesions in 788 patients at our institution. Among them, 95 patients with intradural skull base tumors underwent endoscopic transnasal surgery. We performed surgical repairs with a multilayered nonvascularized construct (38 patients) and a vascularized pedicled nasoseptal flap construct combined with a fascia graft (57 patients). Overall, 14 of 95 patients (14.7%) who underwent endoscopic transnasal surgery for skull base tumors developed postoperative CSF leaks. The major causes of repair failure included graft disruption by a lack of counter-pressure in the multilayered non-vascularized technique, and inadequate drilling of the sphenoid bone, displacement of the flap due to pressure from CSF or gravity, or disruption of flap integrity in the vascularized pedicled flap technique. Logistic regression analysis revealed that there was no significant association between repair failure and age, sex, type of reconstructive method used, and primary tumor type (p > 0.05). Reconstruction after endoscopic endonasal surgery remained challenging, especially for non-pituitary skull base tumors requiring intra-arachnoidal dissection. Recent advances in reconstructive techniques require the accumulation of experiences with sufficient dexterity to achieve an acceptable morbidity rate.     

Patient Wellbeing and Quality of Life After Nasoseptal Flap Closure for Endoscopic Skull Base Reconstruction

BackgroundThe endoscopic endonasal approach to the skull base avoids some of the surgical morbidity associated with a transcranial approach, however it often results in large skull-base defects requiring secure closure. The nasoseptal flap has become the preferred method for closure of such defects but may be associated with its own morbidity.MethodsA consecutive cohort of patients with skull base pathology with prospectively collected quality of life data using ASBQ and SNOT was analysed. They were grouped into those who received a nasoseptal flap and those who did not. Pre-operative total ASBQ and SNOT scores, and their individual components, were compared to data collected at days 1, 3, and 7; six-weeks; and 3, 6, and 12-months postoperatively.ResultsOf 158 patients available for analysis, nasoseptal flaps were performed in 52 (33%). Average follow-up (±standard deviation) was 8.1 ± 3.9 months for ASBQ data and 8.2 ± 3.8 months for SNOT data. In the first post-operative week, nasal symptoms and otalgia were worse in the flap group. At six-weeks and beyond, there was no difference between groups in overall ASBQ or SNOT scores, or in the rate of clinically-significant improvement in SNOT or ASBQ scores or their components.ConclusionIn the largest cohort of patients to date, the use of a nasoseptal flap is associated with nasal symptoms and otalgia in the acute post-operative period, but is not associated with any long-term detriment to quality of life after endoscopic skull base surgery.     

Significance of the simultaneous combined transcranial and endoscopic endonasal approach for prevention of postoperative CSF leak after surgery for lateral skull base meningioma

Lateral skull base meningiomas, particularly sphenoorbital meningiomas, sometimes extend extremely widely into adjacent structures including the paranasal sinuses. For endonasal skull base reconstruction using a vascularized nasoseptal flap for prevention of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, the simultaneous combined transcranial and endoscopic endonasal approach was applied for resection of these extensive tumors. We performed a retrospective review of four patients treated with the simultaneous combined transcranial and endoscopic endonasal approach for resection of lateral skull base meningiomas. Preoperative characteristics, tumor extent, extent of resection, complications, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. The tumor extended into the paranasal sinus, infratemporal fossa, and pterygopalatine fossa in all patients. Extracranial extension into the cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure was detected in two and three patients, respectively. In one patient without extension into the cavernous sinus and superior orbital fissure, gross total resection was achieved, whereas in the other three patients, subtotal resection was performed, and small residual masses of the tumor remained in the cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure to minimize the risk of postoperative ocular nerve damage. No patients experienced postoperative CSF leak. The simultaneous combined transcranial and endoscopic endonasal approach is useful for a subgroup of patients with lateral skull base meningiomas for prevention of postoperative CSF leak. Particularly in recurrent cases in which vascularized flaps from the transcranial side are likely unavailable due to prior tumor resection, this combined approach is worth considering depending on tumor extension into the paranasal sinus.     

带蒂帽状腱膜下层骨膜瓣修复前颅底缺损的临床研究

目的 探讨带蒂帽状腱膜下层骨膜瓣在前颅底缺损修复中的治疗作用.方法 额发际内冠状切开头皮和帽状腱膜,紧贴帽状腱膜深面锐性分离,按缺损分型和范围设计瓣膜大小,将帽状腱膜下疏松结缔组织层和颅骨外膜合为一层从颅骨表面剥离,制成带蒂帽状腱膜下层骨膜瓣,用于修补15例外伤及26例肿瘤术后前颅底缺损患者.结果 本组患者缺损面积2.0 cm × 1.5 cm～6.5 cm ×4.0 cm,其中6例缺损＞4.0 cm×3.0 cm患者使用钛网板修复颅底骨缺损.所有外伤患者术后与颅底缺损有关的症状消失,两组均无颅内感染、搏动性突眼、额纹消失、上睑肌无力及额部头皮麻木和坏死等并发症发生,无围手术期死亡.术后两组各有1例发生脑脊液鼻漏,均经腰椎穿刺置管引流7 d内消失.结论 带蒂帽状腱膜下层骨膜瓣制备简单,对外伤或肿瘤术后2.0 cm×1.5 cm～4.0 cm×3.0 cm的前颅底缺损修补效果良好,是一种修补可靠、取材方便的前颅底缺损修补材料.     

内镜经鼻颅底手术中骨性解剖标志的临床意义

目的探讨内镜经鼻颅底手术中骨性解剖标志的临床意义。方法测量100例干性颅底骨性标本的相关解剖数据;并分析2000年9月～2007年3月进行的172例内镜经鼻颅底手术录像,评价中鼻甲、筛窦、蝶窦腔内骨性隆起、蝶骨翼突等作为骨性解剖标志的临床意义。结果骨性解剖数据:两侧翼突内侧板、枕髁前缘和破裂孔间距分别为26.47mm、16.92mm和19.98mm;视神经管与破裂孔、卵圆孔和下颌关节窝内缘距离约26mm、30mm和44mm。在172例内镜经鼻颅底手术中,与手术入路相关的并发症包括颈内动脉损伤1例,视神经损伤1例,其他并发症包括脑脊液鼻漏14例,蛛网膜下腔出血1例,脑膜炎致死1例;中鼻甲、筛窦、蝶窦腔内骨性隆起及蝶骨翼突是内镜经鼻前颅底、鞍区、斜坡、海绵窦、颞下窝和翼腭窝手术中指导手术的重要解剖标志。结论颅底骨性解剖标志对于内镜经鼻颅底手术有指导作用,正确认识这些解剖标志有助于提高手术安全性。     

神经内镜下经鼻扩大入路至中颅底的解剖学研究

目的明确神经内镜下经鼻扩大入路至中颅底的各种重要解剖标志,探讨该入路临床应用的影响因素和手术特点。方法分别运用直径4 mm,长度18 cm的0°、30°和45°硬质内镜(Karl Storz),在动脉灌注后的成人尸头上模拟手术过程,神经导航的引导下经双侧鼻腔扩大入路对中颅底进行内镜解剖。测量各个解剖标志之间的距离。结果蝶窦后壁可分为鞍区、鞍上区、海绵窦区和斜坡区。在蝶窦后壁可见鞍底、后组筛房、蝶骨平台、鞍结节、斜坡、斜坡隐窝、海绵窦、颈内动脉隆起、视神经管隆起、颈内动脉-视神经隐窝。在蝶窦腔的外侧壁可见眶尖隆起、上颌神经隆起、下颌神经隆起和翼管神经,并分别形成视神经颈内动脉和动眼神经三角、V_1~V_2三角、V_2~V_3三角。两侧颈内动脉-视神经隐窝内侧距离为(11.3±1.2)mm,两侧垂体前部距离为(12.2±2.1)mm,两侧垂体中部距离为(21.5±2.5)mm,两侧垂体后部距离为(17.6±3.4)mm,垂体前后径为(9.1±2.9)mm。硬膜内的鞍上区又可分为视交叉上部、视交叉下部、鞍背后部和脑室部。在剪开海绵窦和垂体之间的硬膜后,海绵窦段的颈内动脉可分为三叉神经段、后曲段、下水平段、前曲段和上水平段。结论神经内镜经鼻扩大入路至中颅底可清晰显示鞍区、鞍上区和海绵窦区的解剖结构,为该区域的病变提供一条有价值微侵袭的手术方法。颈内动脉-视神经隐窝是该区域手术的关键性标志。     

单鼻孔直达蝶窦入路垂体瘤切除术鞍底的精确定位

目的 探讨经单鼻孔直达蝶窦入路垂体瘤切除术鞍底定位.方法 77例垂体瘤术前行蝶窦矢状位、冠状位CT扫描,并测量前颅底鞍底夹角(简称颅鞍角)、鞍底斜坡夹角(简称鞍斜角)的大小,前鼻棘到颅鞍角、鞍斜角的距离,在头颅MRI上测量颈内动脉海绵安段之间的最短距离;术中在正中矢状位先找到颅鞍角,向后下绕过鞍底找到鞍斜角,通过两个夹角,正确定位鞍底.结果 ≥90°颅鞍角61例,<90°颅鞍角16例,≥190°鞍斜角48例,<90°鞍斜角29例,前鼻棘到颅鞍角的平均距离(64.90±7.41)mm,前鼻棘到鞍斜角的平均距离(71.74±7.70)mm;所有患者都正确找到鞍底,切除肿瘤,手术顺利.结论 蝶窦欠状位、冠状位CT扫描可以正确了解蝶窦、鞍底的形态和位置;头颅正中矢状位上的前颅底鞍底夹角和鞍底斜坡夹角可直接应用于经鼻蝶安入路垂体瘤切除术鞍底的精确定位.     

颅前窝内外沟通性肿瘤切除术后的颅底重建

目的总结手术切除颅前窝内外沟通性肿瘤后颅底重建的方法。方法回顾性分析21例颅底肿瘤切除术后的颅底重建经验。对颅底小缺损（〈1.0cm×1.5cm）,行颞肌筋膜修补7例;对颅骨大缺损（≥1.0cm×1.5cm）,采用“四步法”行颅底重建：第一步取自体脂肪填塞肿瘤切除后的残腔;第二步用带血管蒂骨膜瓣覆盖颅底骨缺损,边缘严密缝合于周围硬脑膜;第三步用自体骨或钛板等颅骨修补材料修补骨缺损;第四步取自体筋膜修补硬脑膜;本组14例。结果颅底缺损修补均获得满意效果。术后脑脊液漏1例,经腰穿置管引流后痊愈。术后3个月出现局部感染1例,经抗炎治疗后缓解。无局部脑膨出、脑膜炎等并发症发生。结论“四步法”重建颅底简单易行,能有效预防脑脊液漏、局部脑膨出和脑膜炎等并发症的发生。