经颅多普勒对动脉瘤夹闭术后迟发性脑缺血的早期预测研究

目的：观察经颅多普勒对破裂动脉瘤夹闭术后迟发性脑缺血的预测,并分析迟发性脑缺血发生的危险因素。方法回顾性分析46例因动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血接受动脉瘤夹闭手术患者的临床资料,用受试者工作曲线分析经颅多普勒对迟发性脑缺血的预测情况。用Logistic多元回归分析迟发性脑缺血的可能危险因素。结果大脑中动脉平均血流速度为160 cm／s对迟发性脑缺血的预测准确率最高,敏感度为92．3％,特异度为42．4％。改良Fisher分级（OR＝3．27,P＝0．02）和大脑中动脉平均血流速度≥160 cm／s （OR＝10．24,P＝0．04）与迟发性脑缺血有显著统计学相关性。结论经颅多普勒可用于动脉瘤夹闭术后的早期动态监测。大脑中动脉平均血流速度≥160 cm／s和改良Fisher分级都是迟发性脑缺血发生的危险因素。     

床旁TCD监测对蛛网膜下腔出血后迟发性脑缺血价值研究

目的 探讨床旁经颅多普勒超声（transcranial Doppler,TCD）监测在蛛网膜下腔出血（subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH）后预测和发现脑血管痉挛,减少迟发性脑缺血（delayed cerebral ischemia,DCI）发生 的价值。 方法 连续纳入2011年10月至2013年10月首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神内重症监护病房 （intensive care unit,ICU）住院的完成床旁TCD监测的222例SAH患者。记录患者的临床及影像资料、治 疗及并发症。入院24小时内完成TCD基线监测,根据结果分成正常组85例、流速增快组14例、血 管痉挛组123例,比较患者抗血管痉挛强化治疗的使用率、DCI及不良预后［3个月后改良Rankin量表 （modified Rankin Scale,mRS）评分4～6分］的发生率和治疗改善率的差异。 结果 3组患者比较,血管痉挛组和血流增快组的GCS评分低、Hunt-Hess分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级比例少、世界 神经外科医师联盟（World Federation of Neurosurgical Society,WFNS）分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级比例少、改良Fisher 分级3～4级所占比例多、颅内血肿发生率多,差异均具有显著性（P <0.05）。血管痉挛组和流速增快 组患者DCI 发生率高于正常组（68.2%、35.7%、3.2%,P＜0.01）。TCD流速增快组和血管痉挛组患者给 予的抗血管痉挛加强治疗（70.6%、100%、4.1%）及脑脊液置换治疗（21.2%、7.1%、5.7%）多,临床缓 解率（56.5%、28.6%、10.6%）高（P＜0.01）。90天随访血管痉挛组和流速增快组预后不良高于正常组 （30.6%、21.4%、15.4%,P =0.031）。 结论 TCD结果异常的患者（血管痉挛组和血流增快组）发病后的病情重,出血量大,尽管给予加强 治疗,DCI的发生率及预后不良率仍高于正常组。床旁TCD监测能够筛查出DCI高危患者并评价治疗效 果,是防治DCI所需的有效检测工具。     

蛛网膜下腔出血后无迟发性脑缺血相关因素分析

目的 分析动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aSAH)后无迟发性脑缺血(DCI)的相关因素,以期为DCI病人转出重症监护病房(ICU)提供临床依据.方法 选取2001-10 2011-06确诊的动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血且入住重症监护病房患者153例,其中DCI组67例,非DCI组86例;分析蛛网膜下腔出血后无迟发性脑缺血的相关因素.结果 DCI组一般情况相比非DCI组显示:平均年龄、入院血糖＞6.1 mmol/L、后循环动脉瘤、脑室出血差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);服用他汀类药物、GCS评分、WFNS Ⅰ～Ⅲ级、改良Fisher分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级、TCD血管痉挛、血管造影血管痉挛差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001);单因素分析显示:年龄＞65岁,WFNS分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级、改良Fisher分级1～2级、无颅内血肿和后交通动脉瘤与动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后无迟发性脑缺血相关(P＜0.05);多因素分析发现年龄＞65岁,WFNS Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,改良Fisher分级1～2级是未发生DCI的独立因素.结论 年龄＞65岁,WFNSⅠ～Ⅲ级和改良Fisher分级1～2级可作为病人转出ICU病房的依据.     

开颅减压术后脑组织血流动力学、颅内压和氧分压变化的临床研究

目的探讨重度颅脑损伤患者开颅减压术后脑组织血流动力学、颅内压及氧分压的改变。方法17例合并脑肿胀及脑疝症状的颅脑损伤患者接受开颅减压术,选用TCD检测手术前、后双侧大脑中动脉(MCA)及颈内动脉(ICA)颅外段的血流动力学改变,并监测手术前后脑组织氧分压及颅内压的变化。结果术后手术侧及对侧的MCA、ICA平均血流速度明显增加(P<0.01),而其PI值则明显下降(P<0.01)。术后颅内压明显下降(P<0.01),PO2则明显上升(P<0.01)。结论开颅减压术能明显增加外伤性肿胀脑组织的血流速度,降低脑血管抵抗性,并能明显缓解颅内压增高及脑组织的缺氧。     

经颅多普勒预测高改良Fisher分级蛛网膜下腔出血后迟发性脑缺血研究

目的 观察在高改良Fisher分级的蛛网膜下腔出血患者中双侧大脑中动脉血流速度比值（mean blood flow velocity ratio of the ipsilateral to contralateral middle cerebral arteries,I/C mBFV）对于迟发性脑 缺血（delayed cerebral ischemia,DCI）的预测价值是否高于大脑中动脉平均血流速度（mean blood flow velocity,mBFV）≥120 cm/s。 方法 回顾性连续收集2011年11月-2013年11月首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院NICU住院的改良 Fisher分级≥3级的蛛网膜下腔出血患者,所有患者均接受经颅多普勒（transcranial doppler sonography, TCD）检查。记录大脑中动脉mBFV及双侧I/C mBFV。终点事件为DCI。计算I/C mBFV和大脑中动脉 mBFV≥120 cm/s预测DCI的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。 结果 共44例患者纳入研究,共18例患者发生了迟发性脑缺血,发生率为41%。以大脑中动脉 mBFV≥120 cm/s为标准时,TCD诊断的敏感性是77.8%,特异性是50%,阳性预测值53.8%,阴性预测 值为75%。以I/C mBFV≥1.5为标准时,TCD的敏感性是71.8%,特异性是41.7%,阳性预测值50%,阴 性预测值为71.4%。 结论 对于高Fisher分级的蛛网膜下腔出血的患者,TCD仍是预测迟发性脑缺血的有利工具。与I/C mBFV≥1.5为标准相比,mBFV≥120 cm/s的预测价值更高。     

Rho激酶抑制剂对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后迟发性脑血管痉挛的疗效研究

目的 探讨Rho 激酶抑制剂对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aSAH)后迟发性脑血管痉挛(DCVS)的治疗效果.方法 按照是否应用Rho 激酶抑制剂对35 例自发性性蛛网膜下腔出血后发生迟发性脑血管痉挛的患者资料和治疗效果进行回顾性分析.结果 Rho 激酶抑制剂对迟发性脑血管痉挛临床症状改善率81.25%,与常规治疗组47.37%相比,具有统计学差异(P＜0.05);治疗后,Rho 激酶抑制组脑血流速度低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 Rho 激酶抑制剂能明显缓解aSAH 后迟发性脑血管痉挛的临床症状,为神经外科防治迟发性脑血管痉挛提供了临床依据.     

血清ET-1水平与动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后迟发性脑缺血的关系

目的 探讨血清内皮素-1(ET-1)水平对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（aSAH）后迟发性脑缺血（DCI）的预测效能。方法回顾性分析2019年9月至2023年1月收治的104例aSAH的临床资料。DCI定义为在排除手术相关脑缺血后,第3～14天出现CT低密度或相应的MRI表现。采用ELISA法检测入院时血清ET-1水平。结果 104例中,39例（37.50%）发生DCI。多因素logistics回归分析显示血清ET-1水平增高为DCI的独立危险因素（OR=9.784;95%CI 3.458～27.688;P<0.001）。ROC曲线分析显示,血清ET-1水平预测DCI的曲线下面积为0.840(95%CI 0.764～0.917),最佳截断值为33.25 pg/ml,灵敏度及特异度分别为79.5%、76.9%。结论 aSAH后血清ET-1水平升高,监测血清ET-1水平变化,可预测DCI的发生风险。     

蛛网膜下腔出血后迟发性脑缺血的临床观察

目的探讨SAH后迟发性脑缺血的发病情况,临床特点及发病机制。方法分析总结1999-01～2007-06在我科住院的49例SAH患者出现迟发性脑缺血的发生率,临床表现及CT分型之间的关系。结果49例SAH患者经常规抗纤溶及尼莫地平治疗后有9例出现迟发性脑缺血,FisherⅡ型发生率最高。结论SAH后迟发性脑缺血发病机制复杂,单纯依赖尼莫地平不能完全控制,应从多方面加以预防。     

蛛网膜下腔出血继发迟发性缺血性神经功能障碍患者TCD的动态观察

目的　研究蛛网膜下腔出血 (SAH)继发迟发性缺血性神经功能障碍 (DINDS)患者经颅多普勒(TCD)的动态变化。方法　应用TCD动态检查 2 3例SAH继发DINDS的患者 ,根据DINDS侧大脑中动脉(MCA)平均血流速度 (Vm)的改变分为流速增高组与流速正常组 ,并进行比较。结果　流速增高组DINDS侧MCA的Vm与脉动指数 (PI)均呈进行性增高并均高于对侧 (均P <0 0 1) ,且早于DINDS临床症状出现 (P <0 .0 1) ;流速正常组DINDS侧MCA的PI进行性增高并高于对侧 (P <0 0 1) ,同时Vm进行性减慢并低于对侧(P <0 0 1) ,早于DINDS临床症状出现 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　SAH继发迟发性脑血管痉挛 (DCVS)发生于脑底动脉 ,和其远端小动脉的TCD表现不同 ,两者的变化均早于临床症状出现。     

血糖波动对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后迟发性脑缺血及30天死亡的影响

目的 探讨血糖波动与动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,aSAH）患者发生迟发性脑缺血（delayed cerebral ischemic,DCI）及30?d死亡的关系。 方法 回顾性收集并分析aSAH患者的临床资料。连续收集患者14?d空腹血糖水平并按其特征分为4组：稳定组（第1天＜7?mmol/L,2～14?d均＜10mmol/L）、不稳定组（第1天＜7?mmol/L,2～14?d至少1次≥10?mmol/L）、控制良好组（第1天≥7?mmol/L,2～14?d均＜10?mmol/L）和控制不良组（第1天≥7 mmol/L,2～14?d至少1次≥10?mmol/L）,采用单因素和多因素分析探索血糖波动对患者发生DCI和30?d全因死亡的影响。 结果 研究共纳入341例患者,其中血糖稳定组212例,不稳定组23例,控制良好组62例,控制不良组44例。单因素分析显示,4组的DCI发生率差异有统计学意义（P=0.043）,其中不稳定组DCI发生率最高（39.13%）,其次是控制不良组（29.55%）、稳定组（17.92%）和控制良好组（17.74%）;30?d全因死亡率差异也有统计学意义（P<0.001）,其中控制不良组死亡率最高（15.91%）,其次是不稳定组（13.04%）、控制良好组（6.45%）和稳定组（1.42%）。多因素logistic回归分析显示,血糖控制不稳定（OR?6.032,95%CI?1.941～18.747,P=0.002）和控制不良（OR?2.889,95%CI?1.247～6.691,P=0.013）是aSAH患者发生DCI的危险因素,同时,血糖控制不稳定（OR?14.033,95%CI?1.971～99.921,P=0.008）和控制不良（OR?19.723,95%CI?3.597～108.143,P=0.001）也是aSAH患者30?d全因死亡的危险因素。 结论 aSAH患者血糖控制不稳定或控制不良与DCI和30?d死亡相关。     

急性脑梗死散在和单一弥散加权成像病损与其供血动脉狭窄的关系

目的 探讨急性脑梗死弥散加权磁共振成像(DWI)上大脑中动脉(MCA)供血区散在性或单一性缺血性病损与其脑供血动脉狭窄或闭塞的关系.方法 回顾性分析73例连续积累的DWI显示一侧MCA供血区脑梗死的病例,入组病例均排除心源性栓塞性脑梗死,所有患者均在发病24 h内进行MRI和MRA等检查,7例患者并进行DSA.采用DWI急性缺血性病损分类方法 分为散在病损组和单一病损组,比较两组的病灶同侧MCA、颈内动脉(ICA)颅内段和颅外段狭窄或闭塞的发生率.结果 散在病损组42例,单一病损组31例.在病损同侧ICA颅外段和MCA闭塞或重度狭窄方面两组差异有统计学意义(28.6%与0,x2=10.6,P=0.001).在病损同侧ICA颅内段并MCA轻中度狭窄方面,两组间差异具有统计学意义(31.0%与9.7%,x2=4.717,P=0.03).散在病损与MCA和(或)ICA严重或多发狭窄呈正相关(OR值为13.7,95%CI:3.6～52.5).在MRA或DSA未发现颅内外大血管狭窄方面,两组间差异具有统计学意义(11.9%与32.3%,x2=4.526,P=0.033).散在病损组与无明显血管狭窄呈负相关(OR值为0.284,95%CI:0.09～0.94).结论 (1)脑梗死急性期DWI显示的MCA区散在性病损患者,MCA和ICA狭窄、甚至闭塞的可能性较大,以ICA颅外段闭塞较为常见;(2)DWI显示单一病损时提示脑供血动脉狭窄程度较轻,范围较局限,小血管病变的可能性相对较高,很少为严重的ICA颅外段狭窄或闭塞.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the relationship between scattered or single lesion of acute cerebral infarction in middle cerebral artery territory on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and stenosis of middle cerebral artery (MCA) or internal carotid artery (ICA). Methods With exclusion of cardioembolism, 73 consecutive patients with acute cerebral infarction of the unilateral MCA territory on DWI were analyzed. All patients got magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and angiography (MRA) within 24 hours after onset, and 7 patients also had digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The patients were classified into single lesion group or scattered lesions group according to the DWI findings. The incidence of stenosis or occlusion of ipsolateral MCA, intracranial and extracranial ICA were compared between the two groups. Results 42 patients had scattered lesions and 31 patients had single lesion. The scattered-lesions group had a high incidence of ipsilateral extracranial ICA or MCA occlusion or severe stenosis ( 25.6%versus 0, x2 = 10.6, P = 0.001 ) and a high incidence of ipsilateral intracranial ICA or MCA moderate or mild stenosis (31.0% versus 9.7% ,x2 =4.717, P =0.03 ). A positive correlation was found between the scattered lesions and severe or multifocal stenosis of ipsilateral ICA and MCA ( OR: 13.7, 95% CI: 3.6 to 52.5). There was a low incidence of absence of extra- and intracranial stenosis on MRA or DSA in the scattered-lesions group ( 11.9% versus 32.3%, x2= 4.526, P = 0.033 ). A negative correlation was found between the scattered lesions and absence of large-artery stenosis ( OR: 0.284, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.94).Conclusions ( 1 ) Patients with acute cerebral infarction and scattered lesions on DWI were more likely to suffer from stenosis or occlusion of ICA or MCA, especially over the extracranial ICA. (2) Patients with single lesion were less likely to have severe or multiple stenosis of MCA and ICA, indicating the relevance of small-vessel pathogenesis.     

Usefulness of transcranial color-coded sonography in the diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The noninvasive diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm with the use of conventional transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) is based on a velocity study of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). The authors report a prospective comparative study between transcranial color-coded sonography (TCCS), conventional transcranial Doppler (TCD), and angiography in the diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm after surgical treatment for aneurysm. METHODS: Thirty consecutive patients underwent routine angiography after surgical treatment for intracranial aneurysm. The distribution of vasospasm was determined after a prospective calculation of the angiographic diameter of the MCA, internal carotid artery (ICA), and anterior cerebral artery (ACA). The blood flow velocities (systolic and maximum) of the MCA, ICA, and ACA were evaluated by TCCS and TCD. RESULTS: The correlation between mean maximum velocity and angiographic diameter was significant for the MCA (r=-0.637, P<0.0001), ICA (r=-0.676, P<0.0001), and ACA (r=-0.425, P<0.01). TCCS sensitivity and specificity were higher than those for TCD for MCA (100% and 93%, respectively) and ICA (100% and 96.6%, respectively). For ACA, the sensitivity and specificity were 71.4% and 84.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The authors suggest that TCCS is useful for accurate monitoring of cerebral vasospasm in the MCA and ICA. In the ACA, TCCS monitors the hemodynamic state of the anterior part of the circle of Willis, which could expose the patient to a delayed ischemic deficit.     

Continual Transcranial Doppler in the Monitoring of Hemodynamic Change following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Aims: To analyze and compare the value of different treatment methods for acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH)‐related vasospasm. Cerebral hemodynamic variables’ changes were evaluated by transcranial Doppler (TCD) in aSAH patients within 14 days after onset. Methods: Thirty aSAH patients were enrolled in the study within 72 h after onset. Baseline CT and TCD were used for assessment. Patients were divided into three groups according to SAH severity and patients’ discretion: nonsurgical group, endovascular coiling, and neurosurgical clipping. TCD hemodynamic parameters were measured and Lindegaard index was calculated daily from onset to 14th day after SAH. The group mean cerebral blood velocity (MBFV) and Lindegaard index were compared using repeated measures analysis of variance (reANOVA). Least Significant Difference (LSD) test was used for post hoc comparison. All 30 patients were followed for 90 days after onset for outcome assessment. Results: The values of MBFV and Lindegaard index of anterior cerebral artery (ACA)/middle cerebral artery (MCA) from high to low is nonsurgical group, clipping and coiling (ACA: P= 0.0001/P= 0.006; MCA: P= 0.243/P= 0.317). Conclusions: These results indicate that both neurosurgical clipping and endovascular coiling management may relieve the severity of cerebral vasospasm in acute aSAH.     

Transdermal nitroglycerin in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage

Delayed ischemic neurological deficit (DIND) following cerebral vasospasm remains a cause for high morbidity and mortality in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). There is experimental and clinical evidence of positive effects of nitric oxide (NO) donors on cerebral vasospasm. We therefore analysed the effect of transdermal nitroglycerin in patients with SAH measuring transcranial Doppler velocities (TCD), cerebral blood flow (CBF) and DIND. Nitroglycerin was used in a target dose of 14 microg/kg/h. TCD assessment was performed daily. CBF measurements were done using the perfusion CT-technique. Blood pressure, volume intake and vasopressor administration, were registered. Nine patients were randomly assigned either to the nitroglycerin group (N-group) and eight patients in the control group (C-group). Mean TCD values in the extracranial portion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) were lower in the N-group (p<0.005). Mean TCD in the middle cerebral arteries (MCA) showed no difference. The Lindegaard ratio was higher in the N-group (p<0.04). CBF in the N-group was higher than in the C-group (p<0.03). Even though nitroglycerin reduces blood pressure and lowers ICA TCD-values and increases the Lindegaard ratio, a higher CBF was measured in the N-group. Thus, nitroglycerin influences the cerebral vascular tone and increases CBF. SAH therapy with nitroglycerin is possible without increasing the risk of DIND. The exact timing of onset, duration and reduction of nitroglycerin administration in respect to the appearance of vasospasm may have a strong impact on the success of such a therapy.     

Source of cerebral microembolic signals in occlusion of the internal carotid artery

Background and purpose: There are several possible sources of cerebral embolic ischaemia distal to an occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Our aim was to identify the source of microembolic signals in the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) by taking simultaneous bitemporal transcranial Doppler ultrasound recordings of the ipsilateral MCA and the contralateral ACA to find the route of potential microembolic material to MCA. Subjects and methods: The study group consisted of 38 patients with an occlusion of the ICA. With extracranial duplex sonography (ACUSON 128 XP; 7 MHz), performed by an experienced sonographer, the echo intensity and echo structure of the occluded ICA in the extracranial part (proximal) were classified as homogeneous or inhomogeneous. In addition, affected segments of the ipsilateral and contralateral carotid artery with arteriosclerotic vessel walls were compared. Microembolic signals were recorded with transcranial Doppler (TCD) monitoring. The microemboli counts in the MCA and ACA were added to the sum scores. Results: The number of affected segments of the carotid artery on the ipsilateral (the bifurcation, the external or common carotid artery) and contralateral side of occluded ICA were equally distributed. In ipsilateral MCA 3.1, 7.1 microemboli (average mean, SD) with a range of between 0 and 34 were counted, in the contralateral ACA 0.3, 0.6 (range of between 0 and 2). Regression analysis confirmed the non-predictability of the microemboli variance on the ipsilateral side of the occlusion from the variance on the contralateral side (multiple r: 0.024). We found no significant correlation between the echo intensity or echo structure of the occluded artery and an increased rate of microemboli in the ipsilateral MCA. Conclusions: Our results indicate a predominantly ipsilateral source for cerebral microemboli in ICA occlusion. The rate of cerebral microembolic signals was not influenced by the echo structure and echo intensity of the occluded ICA. Received: 24 May 1996 Received in revised form: 20 January 1997 Accepted: 31 January 1997     

动脉瘤夹闭术可能缩短急性动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血相关脑血管痉挛持续时间

目的   比较不同治疗方法对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,aSAH）后的血流动力学变化,并分析对aSAH后血管痉挛的影响。 方法  连续选取2008年4月～2009年10月首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经病学中心急诊入院的45例发病在72?h内的aSAH患者,收集基线资料、计算机断层扫描（computed tomography,CT）、经颅多普勒超声（transcranial Doppler,TCD）及90?d改良Rankin量表评分。根据患者接受的治疗分为保守组、填塞组和夹闭组。使用TCD连续测定14?d之内大脑中动脉及大脑前动脉血流速度,计算Lindegaard指数,比较3组的处理平均血流速度、Lindegaard指数及血管痉挛持续时间。 结果  大脑前动脉/大脑中动脉的平均血流速度及Lindegaard指数由高到低依次为保守组、夹闭组及填塞组［大脑前动脉：平均血流速度为（74.60±5.84）cm/s、（70.00±5.24）cm/s、（65.70±6.03）cm/s,P=0.0001;Lindegaard指数分别为3.87±0.32、3.82±0.31、3.65±0.36,P=0.006;大脑中动脉：平均血流速度分别为（101.2±9.1）cm/s、（87.0±6.2）cm/s、（76.2±9.2）cm/s,P=0.004;Lindegaard指数分别为5.50±0.65、4.15±0.46、3.81±0.55,P=0.005］。夹闭组患者脑血管痉挛持续时间较保守组短［（3.30±1.87）d vs?（7.29±2.23）d,P=0.035］。保守组患者90?d预后较差（P=0.028）。 结论  神经外科夹闭术和血管内动脉瘤填塞术均能缓解急性aSAH后脑血管痉挛的严重程度;外科夹闭术可缩短脑血管痉挛持续时间。     

Color-coded Ultrasound Diagnosis of Vascular Occlusion in Acute Ischemic Stroke

A combination of extracranial and transcranial color-coded sonography was used to identify the patterns of vascular occlusion in 47 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Total anterior circulation infarction (n = 20) was associated with internal carotid artery (ICA) or middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion (n = 8 and 9, respectively), or with significant reduction in ipsilateral MCA velocities (n = 5) Patients with partial anterior circulation (n = 22) infarction had patency of the ipsilateral ICA and MCA. In this group, significant reduction of ipsilateral MCA velocities (n = 7) was associated with more extensive infarcts on conventional neuroimaging (n = 6), suggesting multiple MCA branch occlusions. Ultrasound imagmg was unable to identify underlying vascular pathology in patients with postenor circulation infarction or with lacunar infarction (n = 5). An ultrasound-based approach enables noninvasive identification of major vascular pathology of the anterior cerebral circulation in patients with acute cerebral infarction. It may be useful for the rapid identification of patients most and those least likely to benefit from acute intervention, and for monitoring their response.     

缺血修饰白蛋白对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后 脑血管痉挛的评估价值

目的 探讨缺血修饰白蛋白（IMA）对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（aSAH）后脑血管痉挛的评估价值及其与病人预后的关系。方法 回顾性分析2015年6月至2017年6月收治的198例aSAH的临床资料。入院后14 d内每天应用血清白蛋白钴结合（ACB）试剂盒检测血清IMA水平，ACB值越低表示IMA水平越高；同时，使用经颅多普勒监测大脑中动脉平均血流速度（Vm）评估脑血管痉挛（CVS），其中120~140 cm/s为轻度，141~200 cm/s为中度，>200 cm/s为重度。结果 发病14 d内，Vm先增高（P<0.05），后降低（P<0.05），7~10 d达峰值；ACB值先降低（P<0.05），后增高（P<0.05），7~10 d最低。随改良Fisher分级增高，CVS发生率明显增高（P<0.05），ACB值明显降低（P<0.05）。发病6个月，预后不良（GOS评分1~3分）69例，预后良好（GOS评分4~5分）129例；预后不良组ACB值[（42.76±5.63）U/ml]明显低于预后良好组[（61.18±5.91）U/ml；P<0.01]。结论 血清IMA水平能反映aSAH后脑缺血情况，与CVS严重程度呈正相关，对CVS的评估有重要价值；并且血清IMA可辅助判断预后。     

Vasospasm after SAH due to aneurysm rupture of the anterior circle of Willis: value of TCD monitoring

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to verify the presence of angiographic vasospasm in patients with transcranial Doppler (TCD) of high velocities after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS: Seven hundred and eighty-six cases admitted within 48 hours after SAH due to the rupture of anterior circulation aneurysm, were prospectively studied with TCD. In cases of TCD velocities higher than 120 cm/s (TCD vasospasm), the patient underwent a control angiography. Hunt-Hess and Fisher's grade on admission CT and location of the aneurysm were related to occurrence of TCD vasospasm. The increase in TCD velocities within 24 hours was calculated and related to the presence of cerebral ischemia on discharge CT, considering three groups of patients: Group A with an increase in velocities higher than 60%, Group B with an increase in velocities between 30 and 60%, and Group C with an increase in velocities lower than 30%. RESULTS: TCD vasospasm was observed in 216 patients (27%). In 97% of patients with TCD vasospasm on middle cerebral artery (MCA) and in 71% with TCD vasospasm on anterior cerebral artery (ACA), control angiography confirmed the vasospasm, with a significant lower diagnostic TCD predictivity of ACA spasm (chi2=28.204, p=0.000). The overall positive predictive value of TCD was 89%. There was no significant correlation of TCD vasospasm with clinical status on admission and location of the aneurysm, but a significant correlation between occurrence of TCD vasospasm and Fisher's grade (chi2=15.470, p=0.002) and between the increase rate in TCD velocities and cerebral ischemia (chi2=56.564, p=0.000). CONCLUSION: Our study shows a good correlation between TCD and angiography to detect vasospasm on MCA, but the correlation is low for ACA. TCD alone cannot discriminate different hemodynamic pathways after SAH.     

Doppler ultrasound measurement of blood flow volume in the extracranial internal carotid artery for evaluation of brain perfusion after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Monitoring of cerebral blood flow (CBF) is an essential part in the early diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Several methods have been established to monitor cerebral perfusion in these patients. During last few years, a new sonographic approach has been introduced, the so called 'angle independent ultrasound system' for monitoring volume flow in the internal carotid artery (ICA). The angle independent Doppler ultrasound system Quantix ND (Cardiosonix Ltd, Israel) determines the diameter of the ICA as well as the velocity of blood flow in the extracranial part of this vessel. Thus, a determination of the global CBF in the anterior circulation can be achieved. Aim of our study was to compare the Quantix ND system and the commonly used transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) in patients suffering from aneurysmal SAH. We included 11 patients (eight female and three male; Hunt and Hess I-V) and performed post-operatively/post-interventionally daily measurement of blood flow volume in the ICA, and determined the blood flow velocity in middle and anterior cerebral artery (MCA and ACA) with TCD. Six patients post-operatively/post-interventionally developed cerebral vasospasm, resulting in ischemia and territorial infarction. Three patients were chosen as case studies. In contrast to the TCD, we found a strong significant correlation of blood flow volume with Quantix ND in the ICA and the occurrence of cerebral infarction (p<0.001). These preliminary data justify further investigation of this angle independent Doppler ultrasound device. We postulate that this new tool might be effective for monitoring the CBF in the critical post-operative/post-interventional interval following aneurysmal SAH.