先天性心脏病冠状动脉瘘的介入治疗

收集近年来国内外先天性冠状动脉瘘100例介入文献与85例手术文献,分析冠状动脉瘘的类型,治疗方法及预后。冠状动脉瘘起源于左冠状动脉多见,出口多在右心。单一冠状动脉瘘可以考虑以经导管介入封堵治疗,这是创伤小,相对安全有效的治疗手段且预后良好,适宜推广。合并其他先天性畸形者或冠状动脉病变者以及介入治疗失败者考虑手术治疗。     

先天性冠状动脉瘘的介入治疗现状

冠状动脉瘘是一类少见的先天性心血管畸形,既往主要靠外科手术修复治疗。近年来,经导管介入封堵术已成为治疗冠状动脉瘘的一种安全、有效手段。为提高对冠状动脉瘘临床特征及介入治疗特点的认识,现仅就冠状动脉瘘的临床分型、病理生理特征及经导管介入治疗的适应证、禁忌证、注意事项及并发症防治等相关问题作一综述。     

先天性冠状动脉瘘的治疗

冠状动脉瘘是一种连接于一支或多支冠状动脉与某一心腔或心脏周围血管之间的先天性或获得性冠状动脉畸形。发生率在先天性心脏疾病中为0.13%,而在总人群中的发病率大约为0.002%。最主要的症状为"窃血现象"导致的心肌缺血性症状。经典治疗方法为手术治疗,但随着介入治疗的发展,目前冠状动脉瘘临床治疗方案的选择尚存在争议,有待进一步的临床研究。     

Transcatheter Closure of Coronary Artery Fistulae: A Literature Review

Coronary artery fistulae (CAFs) are anomalous connections that bypass the myocardial capillary bed between 1 or more coronary arteries and other cardiac chambers or other vessels. These fistulae are usually asymptomatic and are, thus, diagnosed incidentally. However, larger CAFs can cause various symptoms such as angina, exertional dyspnea, syncope, palpitation, and even sudden cardiac death. Treatment options include surgical closure and percutaneous transcatheter closure (TCC) with comparable safety and efficacy. The choice of device in TCC depends on the anatomic characteristics of the CAF, the age and size of the patient, the size of the occluded vessel, the appropriate size of the catheter to be used, and the tortuosity of the catheter course to reach the intended point. Herein, we present 4 cases treated via TCC and then offer an in-depth discussion regarding this coronary artery anomaly.     

A Rare Case of Transcatheter Closure of Both Inlet and Outlet of a Left Coronary Artery-to-Left Ventricular Fistula with Giant Coronary Artery Aneurysm

A congenital coronary artery fistula (CCAF) combined with giant coronary aneurysm (CAA) is a rare congenital cardiac abnormality. We reported an 8-year-old patient who underwent transcatheter closure of both inlet and outlet of a proximal left coronary artery (LCA)-to-left ventricular (LV) fistula with CAA of 41 mm × 28 mm in diameter, during which acute occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occurred immediately after device implantation at the inlet of fistula. We managed to prevent the patient from major adverse cardiac events by conservative therapy with dual antiplatelet agents instead of surgical removal of the device. The patient recovered well and had been follow-up for 2 years with no late complications reported.     

先天性冠状动脉瘘5例治疗体会

总结先天性冠状动脉瘘５例手术治疗体会。作者认为：冠状动脉瘘虽为罕见先天性心脏畸形,但手术安全,效果良好。非手术治疗远期可发生心肌缺血、心肌梗死、冠状动脉瘤破裂等并发症。故一经确诊,均宜手术治疗。手术方法以体外循环下切开瘘口所在心腔或冠状动脉缝闭瘘口为宜。冠状动脉造影可确定瘘口位置,具有确诊价值。     

Infective Endocarditis Related to a Coronary Artery Fistula with an Unusual Localization and Ectatic Coronary Arteries

Coronary artery fistulas (CAF) are a rare cardiac anomaly that can be either congenital or acquired. CAFs have clinical significance because of complications such as dyspnea on exertion, congestive heart failure, and cardiac tamponade. The literature also contains case reports of CAF presenting as bacterial endocarditis. We describe a 31‐year‐old man who presented with native valve infective endocarditis related to an unusual form of a CAF between the circumflex coronary artery and left ventricle. He also had giant coronary arteries, which were imaged with computed tomography angiography and transesophageal echocardiography. The diameter of the circumflex coronary artery and left main coronary artery was measured as 19 mm. Surgical intervention for heart valves was performed because of vegetations resistant to continued antibiotic treatment. At the same time, the CAF was treated with surgery.     

先天性心脏病冠状动脉瘘的诊断及治疗

近年来冠状动脉瘘的诊断和治疗取得了长足的发展,冠状动脉造影检查是诊断冠状动脉瘘的金标准,冠状动脉瘘经导管封堵术和外科手术闭合治疗均安全、有效。     

Assessment of Coronary Artery Fistula by Color Doppler Echocardiography

Two patients with coronary artery fistula (CAF) were studied by color Doppler echocardiography, left coronary artery-right ventricle fistula in a child and right coronary artery-left ventricle fistula in an adult. Diagnosis was made by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and one adult by multiplane transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), respectively. The proximal dilated coronary artery, the course, and the drainage sites were demonstrated with color Doppler echocardiography in both patients.     

Coronary Artery Fistula‐Associated Endocarditis: Report of Two Cases and a Review of the Literature

Coronary artery fistulae (CAF) are rare congenital anomalies and reported to have an incidence of 0.1–0.2% of all coronary angiograms. An association between fistulae and nonatherosclerotic coronary artery aneurysms is even more rare. In childhood, patients are mostly asymptomatic; however, patients older than 20 years old may present with signs of infective endocarditis, myocardial ischemia, congestive heart failure, and aneurysm rupture. CAF are typically identified by coronary angiography; however, there are some limited studies showing that transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) can also be useful in identifying CAF. Here we report two cases of endocarditis secondary to congenital coronary artery fistulae draining into either a cardiac cavity or a coronary sinus, which were detected by TEE. Vegetations were found at the site of the fistulae drainage. Management for young patients is either percutaneous or surgical intervention. For elderly patients with multiple comorbidities, conservative treatment is another option. In these two cases, treating endocarditis with proper antibiotics and supportive treatment, the patients' conditions improved significantly.     

Transesophageal Echocardiographic Diagnosis of a Congenital Circumflex Coronary Artery to Coronary Sinus Fistula in an Adult

We report a congenital circumflex coronary artery to coronary sinus arteriovenous fistula diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiography in a 38-year-old asymptomatic male. The coronary arteriovenous fistula was suggested by two-dimensional transthoracic color Doppler. A first nondiagnostic angiography was performed, and it was during the second one, that the fistula could finally be visualized after a special dye technique was used. The high fistula flow rate prevented us from seeing it with regular dye concentration. Transesophageal echocardiography was precise in the anatomical and hemodynamic evaluation and it was essential in guiding the angiographic examination and surgical repair.     

Left Main Coronary Artery Thrombus: A Case Series with Different Outcomes

Left main coronary artery (LMCA) thrombosis with acute myocardial infarction is an uncommon condition with an extremely high mortality. The small number of reported cases prevents the development of an evidence-based approach. Hence there are no clear-cut guidelines describing the best management approach for this condition. We describe our experience with six patients who presented with LMCA thrombosis and discuss the epidemiology, etiology and management options available for this high-risk subgroup.     

轨道辅助封堵迂曲粗大冠状动脉瘘

目的:观察伴轨道条件下释放封堵器治疗迂曲、粗大的先天性冠状动脉瘘(CAF)的可行性和安全性。方法:患者4例,非选择性主动脉或选择性冠状动脉造影后,建立动-静脉轨道,沿轨道静脉端插入长鞘至CAF最窄部位的动脉侧,保留轨道并沿长鞘推入国产动脉导管未闭封堵器,置于CAF最窄部位,重复冠状动脉造影,见残余微量血液分流或完全堵闭,观察心电图(ECG)无异常后释放封堵器。结果:4例迂曲、粗大CAF封堵成功,术中无并发症。术后分别追踪观察30个月、8个月、2个月和1周,经胸二维超声心动图(TIE)复查患者心脏大小恢复正常。血常规、血生化检查均正常,ECG:3例恢复正常。结论:对迂曲、粗大的CAF,用伴轨道释放封堵器的方法介入治疗安全、有效。用国产器械同样能获得满意效果。     

The clinical characteristics of coronary artery fistula anomalies in children and adults: A 24‐year experience

Objectives: The aim of our work is to investigate the clinical characteristics of coro‐ nary artery fistula (CAF) anomalies in South Vietnam.
Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of 119 patients with diagnosis of definite CAF between January 1992 and April 2016. The demographic, clinical, echocardio‐ graphic, and angiographic characteristics and management of CAF with short‐term outcomes are described.
Results: The median age was 15 years (range, 1‐79 years), with 49 male (41%) and 70 female (59%). There were 77 symptomatic patients (64.7%) and 91 patients (76.5%) who presented with a murmur. The electrocardiogram was abnormal in 45.4% and cardiac enlargement or increased pulmonary vasculature were seen in 76 patients (63.9%) on chest X‐ray. The sensitivity of echocardiography for CAF diagnosis was 79%. The source of the fistula was most often from the RCA (54%), most commonly to right atrium (34.5%) or right ventricle (31.1%). In comparison with surgery, tran‐ scatheter closure had a shorter hospital length of stay (5.4 ± 3.8 days vs 12.6 ± 6.5 days, P = .02) and better postprocedural left ventricular ejection fraction (67.9 ± 8.1% vs 62.9 ± 6.0%, P = .03).
Conclusion: The majority of fistula in this study originated from the RCA and termi‐ nated in the right atrium or the right ventricle. Transcatheter and surgical closure are both relatively safe and effective, with the potential for shortened length of hospital stay following transcatheter closure.     

Transesophageal Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Main Coronary Artery Fistula

We describe a patient with a left main coronary artery fistula with an opening at the superior vena cava-right atrial junction in whom three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography permitted more accurate assessment of the shape and size of the communication site than two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography.