Alteration of Copolymer-Specific Humoral and Cell Mediated Immune Responses by Ethanol

Excessive alcohol consumption represents a major human health threat. The frequency and severity of infections in alcoholics is often pronounced, suggesting impaired immune function in these patients. The precise effect of ethanol on cells of the immune system is poorly understood. We have previously shown that synthetic copolymers of L-amino acids, GT and GAT, are powerful tools for clarifying the role of regulatory T-cells in both cell-mediated and humoral immunity in inbred mouse strains. We asked whether these same antigens would have application to a murine model of ethanol consumption. In this study, female mice were placed on a nutritionally complete liquid diet containing 35% ethanol-derived calories. As control, mice either were placed on a liquid control diet that isocalorically substitutes sucrose for ethanol or remained on a solid diet consisting of standard laboratory chow and water ad libitum. Our data show that the liquid ethanol diet severely inhibits two measures of cell-mediated immunity, the ability of responder B6 mice to make an anti-GAT delayed hypersensitivity and GAT-specific T-cell proliferative responses as compared with pair-fed liquid control diet or solid diet controls. On the contrary, this liquid ethanol diet does not significantly impair humoral immunity; it allows nonresponder C57BL/6 or C3H/HeN mice to respond in vivo to GT immunization. These findings suggested to us that the effect of ethanol may occur prior to antigenic stimulation, and this was confirmed by in vitro immunization.     

Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Modulates the Mucosal Immune Response in Giardia intestinalis-Infected BALB/c Mice

Background

Gut homeostasis can be altered by the oral administration of health-promoting microorganisms, namely probiotics that are known to reinforce the host immune response.

Aim

The aim of this study was to elucidate the immunomodulatory effect of orally administered probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) in Giardia-infected mice.

Methods

BALB/c mice were fed orally with probiotic LGG either 7 days prior to or simultaneously with the challenge dose of Giardia trophozoites. The administration of the probiotic was continued for 25 days, and immunomodulatory potentials in terms of secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels, CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes, and expression of pro-inflammatory [tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma (INF-γ)] and anti-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-10] were studied.

Results

Oral feeding of LGG prior to or simultaneously with the test dose of Giardia seems to have modulated both arms (humoral and cellular) of the mucosal immune system since a significant increase in the levels of specific secretory IgA antibody, IgA+ cells, and CD4+ T lymphocytes were observed in contrast with the decreased percentage of cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes. The stimulated mucosal immune response in probiotic fed Giardia-infected mice was further correlated with the enhanced levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine INF-γ.

Conclusions

This is the first study to show that oral administration of the effective probiotic LGG to Giardia infected mice could be used as a bacterio-therapy that restores the normal gut microflora and modulates the mucosal immune response.     

小鼠感染细粒棘球蚴原头节后的免疫水平及其成囊发育的组织学观察

小鼠自腹腔接种2000个细粒棘球蚴原头节后1～2个月,其细胞免疫水平明显升高,3～12个月后,则持续下降。在感染后1～3个月,其血清特异性抗体呈阳性反应,且抗体滴度随感染时间的延长而增高。组织学观察证明,原头节在发育成囊初期,其周围的宿主细胞反应较重,且有大量原头节死亡;感染后期,宿主细胞反应逐渐减轻或消失,对虫囊则无明显影响。     

Characterization of Immune Responses Induced by Combined Clade-A HIV-1 Recombinant Adenovectors in Mice

Background: Numerous evidences indicate that in some HIV-1 positive patients, the humoral and cellular immune responses are induced against HIV-1 proteins and this is inversely related to the progress of infection. Objective: The aim of this study was the evaluation of the Adenovectors containing HIV genes in induction of immune responses in mice. Methods: The HIV-1 genes including gag p24, rev, nef and exon-1 of tat were amplified from HIV-1 RNA (clade-A). The cDNA of each gene was cloned into a transfer vector. The transfer vector was then co-transformed into E. coli strain BJ5183 together with pAdenovector ΔE1/E3. The recombinant adenoviral construct was transfected into QBI-293A cells. Recombinant viruses were purified and titrated on 293 cell plates. Expression of transgenes was evaluated using western blotting. Then 1012 viral particles were injected into 15 groups of 5 mice and all patterns of combination of these 4 HIV-1 genes were evaluated. After 2 weeks, humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated using ELISA, cell proliferation and ELISpot (IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ) assays, consecutively. Results: It was demonstrated that each gene was expressed. The response targets were mostly toward Th1, though several Th2 responses were also observed. Single injection in our study induced a good cellular response but the humoral responses were not as strong as the cellular ones. Conclusion: Considering and comparing all results and evaluating the various possible interactions revealed that simultaneous injection of tat and gag has enhanced the humoral and cellular responses.     

鼠疫耶尔森菌F1抗原免疫Balb/c小鼠方法的研究

目的 观察鼠疫耶尔森菌F1抗原(F1Ag)单克隆抗体制备过程中,F1Ag免疫Balb/c小鼠的免疫剂量和方法,探索操作性强、用时短和免疫效果好的方法.方法 7～9周龄Balb/c小鼠48只,按体质量随机分成6组:150、100、50、25μg组(第1次接种为皮下多点注射,F1Ag分别为150、100、50、25μg,第2、3次接种分别为皮下多点注射和腹腔注射,F1Ag量均为100 μg)、皮下接种组(3次F1Ag接种均采用皮下多点注射,每次100 μg)、腹腔接种组(3次F1Ag接种均采用腹腔注射,每次100 μg),每组8只.首次免疫接种F1Ag+等量弗氏完全佐剂(CFA)的乳化剂;3周后第2次接种F1Ag+等量弗氏不完全佐剂(IFA)的乳化剂;1周后第3次接种F1Ag(不加佐剂);1周后取小鼠尾血,用双抗原夹心酶联免疫吸附试验(DAgS-ELISA)和间接血球凝集试验(IHA)微量法检测F1抗体.结果 不同剂量(150、100、50、25μg)组小鼠血清F1抗体效价(DAgS--ELISA法:G=12 173.87、13 440.37、15 024.19、4466.72;IHA微量法:G=19 972.32、18 089.40、23 170.47、4871.08)比较,差异有统计学意义(DAgS-ELISA法:F=3.11,P<0.05;IHA微量法:F=4.11,P<0.05).150、100、50 μg组小鼠血清F1抗体效价明显高于25μg组(DAgS-ELISA法:t值分别为2.18、2.39、2.73,P<0.05;IHA法:t值分别为2.54、2.73、3.13,P<0.05).不同接种途径条件下,皮下注射组、腹腔接种组、100μg组小鼠血清F1抗体效价呈渐次增高趋势(DAgS-ELISA法:G=8933.44、9986.16、13 440.37:IHA微量法:G=13 777.25、16 384.00、18 089.40),但差异无统计学意义(F值分别为0.66、0.25,P>0.05).结论 F1Ag免疫小鼠首次皮下多点注射50μg,加强免疫(腹腔注射)100μg,可以缩短整个免疫周期,免疫效果良好,抗体水平较高.     

The Effects of Peg-Interleukin-2 and Interleukin-2 on Essential Hypertension and Cellular Immune Function in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

The effects of recombinant human interleukin-2 covalently linked to polyethylene glycol (PEG-IL-2) or interleukin-2 (IL-2) on hypertension and in vitro suppressor T cell function in the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were investigated. Male young prehypertensive(4 weeks old) SHRs and adult (10 weeks old) SHRs with established hypertension were injected with low (5,000 units (u)/kg) or high (50,000-100,000 u/kg) dose of PEG-IL-2 or IL-2 as a single bolus or repeated injections. Systolic blood pressure was measured twice weekly using the tail-cuff technique. Systolic blood pressure in the PEG-IL-2 or IL-2 treated animals, irrespective of age, dose, or route of injection, did not differ significantly from that measured in vehicle-treated controls over a 10 week period. Mean arterial pressure measured by intra-arterial catheter was 159 ± 7 mm Hg 10 weeks after treatment with repeated injections of 5,000 u/kg of PEG-IL-2 and 158 ± 9 mm Hg in vehicle-treated controls. All rats injected with IL-2 had IL-2-specific IgG antibody in their sera. None of the PEG-IL-2 treated rats had any detectable anti-IL-2 antibodies in their sera. Thus, PEG-IL2 showed far less immunogenici than IL-2. Suppressor T (Ts) cells generated from adult SHR spleen cells failed to supress pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-driven immunoglobulin G (IgG) synthesis. PEG-2 or IL-2 supplementation both in vitra and in vivo restored the ability of adult SHR to enerate Ts cells able to inhibit IgG synthesis. Our data suggest that PEG-IL-2 or IL-2 administration does correct a rominent defective Ts cell activity found in adult SHR, but that correction or this immune abnormality is not attended by an attenuation of hypertension.     

In Vivo Effects of Bifidobacteria and Lactoferrin on Gut Endotoxin Concentration and Mucosal Immunity in Balb/c Mice

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of oral supplementation of newborn Balb/c mice with bifidobacteria (B. infantis, B. bifidum) and iron-free apo-lactoferrin (bovine, human) on gut endotoxin concentration and mucosal immunity. Endotoxin concentration was measured in ileocecal filtrates at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days postdelivery by a quantitative limulus amebocyte lysate test. While endotoxin levels in bifidobacteria-fed mice showed a steady rise over time, they were consistently lower than that observed in control animals. Results of lactoferrin supplementation varied depending on the specific time point, but overall by day 28, all treatment groups showed lower intestinal endotoxin concentrations compared to saline fed animals. Neither bifidobacteria nor lactoferrin stimulated an increase in B or T cells, or in cytokine production (IL-6, TNF-alpha, INF-gamma), in Peyer's patches as measured by flow cytometry. Bifidobacteria and lactoferrin were well tolerated as dietary supplements and showed promising potential to reduce gut endotoxin levels.     

Immune Responses to Antigens of in vitro Reared Echinococcus granulosus Adult Worms in Balb/c Mice

Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), also known as echinococcosis/hydatidosis, is one of the most important parasitic diseases in the world. It enhances both humoral and cellular (Th1 and Th2) responses in infected host. Different antigens of the worm may favor the Th1 or Th2 immune responses in CE patients. Objective: To evaluate the humoral and cellular immune responses of Balb/c mice against the crude and excretory/secretory (E/S) antigens of in vitro reared Echinococcus granulosus adult worms. Methods: A total of 20 Balb/c mice divided into 5 groups of 4 mice each. Three groups of mice (n=4) were immunized with crude, E/S and an immunodominant antigen of in vitro reared Echinococcus granulosus adult worms on day 1 and 28. The fourth and the fifth groups were negative control groups and received PBS plus adjuvant, or nothing, respectively. Two weeks after the second injection, the mice were killed and their blood was collected for determining antibody responses, and their spleens were employed for proliferation assay. Total IgG was measured by indirect ELISA. Spleen cells of immunized mice were cultivated and exposed to different antigens of adult worms including E/S and crude antigens. Levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-4 and IL-10 were measured in the recovered cell culture supernatants by capture ELISA. Results: Total IgG assay showed the highest level of antibody produced in mice immunized with crude antigens. Proliferation assay showed a statistically significant production of cytokines in the mice immunized with crude antigens (p<0.05). The highest levels of IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-4 were produced in mice immunized with crude antigen of the in vitro reared Echinococcus granulosus adult worms followed by E/S antigens. Immunodomonant antigen induced the lowest levels of cytokines (IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10) in immunized mice. Conclusion: Significant levels of Th1 related cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-12) were produced in Balb/c mice immunized with crude antigen of the in vitro reared Echinococcus granulosus adult worms.     

The Cellular Immune Response after Splenectomy in Humans

The in vitro immune functions of peripheral blood lymphocytes have been studied in 70 splenectomized patients. 45 patients were splenectomized due to traumatic rupture of the spleen; in 22 of these patients residual splenic tissue was detected, employing a selective spleen scintigraphy. 14 patients were splenectomized due to hereditary spherocytosis and 11 patients due to immune thrombocytopenia or autoimmune haemolytic anaema; they were all without ectopic splenic tissue. The study revealed that splenectomized patients have (i) an elevated number of blood lymphocytes, (ii) an elevated relative number of EA-RFC, but normal %s of E, EAC-RFC and SmIg positive cells, (iii) normal T-cell mitogenic responses induced by PHA, but enhanced responses induced by ConA and PWM, (iv) normal cell-mediated enhancement of the PWM-induced proliferative B-cell response, (v) no cell-mediated inhibition of the T-cell dependent and PWM-induced proliferative B-cell response and (vi) an impaired number of PFC after stimulation with PWM. The findings were unrelated to the cause of the splenectomies or to the presence of residual splenec tissue. It is possible that the impaired B-cell response as shown by the reduced number of PFC after stimulation with PWM may be of significance for the in vivo resistance to infections in splenectomized patients.     

氯硝柳胺在小鼠血浆中的代谢及抗日本血吸虫尾蚴侵袭作用

目的通过观察氯硝柳胺口服后血药浓度变化,了解药物在小鼠血浆中的代谢情况,并对其抗日本血吸虫尾蚴侵袭的效果进行观察。方法将24只雌性昆明小鼠随机分成8组,每组3只。每鼠灌胃给药0.2 ml/20 g,剂量为120 mg/kg体重。于给药后0.25、0.5、1、2、4、8、16和24 h眼眶采血,收集血浆,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定不同时间点的血药浓度,计算药峰浓度(Cmax)、达峰时间(Tmax)、平均滞留时间(MRT)和消除半衰期(T1/2)等药代动力学参数。另取30只昆明小鼠,随机分成6组,每组5只,分别灌胃给药40、80、120、160和200 mg/kg,余下1组作为对照组。给药1 h后进行尾蚴攻击感染,每鼠(40±2)条。再取35只昆明小鼠,随机分成7组,每组5只,灌胃给药200 mg/kg,余下1组作为对照组。于给药后0.25、1、4、8、12和24 h进行尾蚴攻击感染,每鼠(40±2)条。各组小鼠均于感染后35 d处死,计数体内血吸虫成虫数,计算减虫率。结果 120 mg/kg氯硝柳胺灌胃给药后0.25 h,小鼠血药浓度即达到(0.40±0.28)μg/ml,1 h时达到最大值(0.91±0.34)μg/ml,到2 h时已降至(0.49±0.38)μg/ml,之后继续下降,16 h后趋近于0;MRT为(6.78±1.47)h,T1/2为(6.80±7.05)h。氯硝柳胺不同剂量组35 d后检获虫数与对照组差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。200 mg/kg氯硝柳胺给药后0.25 h进行尾蚴攻击,35 d后检获虫数显著少于对照组(P0.05),减虫率为79.1%,其他各组与对照组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论氯硝柳胺灌胃给药后,血药浓度迅速上升,1 h可达到峰值。200 mg/kg氯硝柳胺给药后0.25 h时对尾蚴侵袭有一定抵抗效果。     

Cellular and Humoral Immunity in Hodgkin's Disease

Cell-mediated and humoral immunity to herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) were examined in 37 patients with Hodgkin's disease in continuous long term remission. This group had lower blast-transformation than a matched control group to all 3 antigens. Patients originally showing B-symptoms had higher transformation to VZV than those with A-symptoms. Patients treated with irradiation only had higher transformation than those treated with either chemotherapy or a combination of chemotherapy and irradiation. There was a clear tendency towards lower transformation in patients having been in remission for 2 years or less. Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation gave lower response in the patient group than in the control group. Patients with B-symptoms had lower response than those with A-symptoms. Interferon production was specially impaired in patients with B-symptoms. The patient group had higher CF titers against HSV and CMV while the control group had higher titers against VZV. B-symptom patients had higher titers against VZV than A-symptom patients. It is concluded that HD patients have impaired immune function many years after discontinuation of therapy, but there are certain differences regarding the in vitro immunity within the patient groups.     

Humoral immune response to measles and varicella vaccination in former very low birth weight preterm infants

Introduction

Immune response to vaccination in infants born prematurely may be lower than in infants born at full-term. Some clinical factors might be associated with humoral immune response.

Immune Responses against a New HIV-1 p24-gp41/pCAGGS-IL-12 DNA Vaccine in Balb/c Mice

Background: Development of an effective vaccine is highly needed in order to restrict the AIDS pandemic. DNA vaccines initiate both arms of immunity without the potential of causing disease. HIV-1 p24 and gp41 (gag and env) proteins play important roles in viral pathogenesis and are effective candidates for immune induction and vaccine design. Objective: In this study, new DNA vaccine candidates constructed from HIV-1 fused p24-gp41 or gp41 alone were evaluated in Balb/c mice for induction of cellular and humoral immune responses. Methods: Recombinant plasmids, pcDNA3.1/Hygro expression vector containing immunogenic sequences of fused p24-gp41 or gp41alone were produced. Dendrosome used as a system for carrying vectors in laboratory animals, and an IL-12 containing vector (pCAGGS-IL-12) was co-immunized with the p24-gp41 vector as a genetic adjuvant. Induction of effective immune responses against the designed vectors as DNA vaccine candidates in Balb/c mice was evaluated. Levels of total antibodies, IgG isotypes (IgG2a and IgG1); IFN-γ and IL-4 were measured by ELISA. MTT assay was used to evaluate lymphoproliferation. Results: The results confirmed that the immunogenic epitopes of both p24 and gp41 genes are highly effective inducers of immune responses, and administration of fused p24-gp41 alone or along with IL-12 resulted in further enhancement of immune responses. Group 4 that received fused fragments (p24-gp41) along with an IL-12 expressing vector demonstrated a significantly higher Stimulation Index (SI) and IFN-γ production (p<0.0001) with a significant increase in IgG2a/IgG1 ratio, indicating the stimulation of CMI towards Th1. Although gp41 containing vector (group 6) also showed significant increases in both proliferation and IFN-γ production, the responses were persistently lower than that of p24-gp41 containing vectors. Total antibody production was highest in group 6 as expected. Conclusion: Dendrosome proved to be an efficient carrier of recombinant plasmids constructed in this study. Further studies are necessary to evaluate these constructs as HIV vaccine candidates.     

Humoral and Cellular Immune Response After Third and Fourth SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination in Liver Transplant Recipients

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胎脑注射液对老龄小鼠细胞免疫功能影响的实验研究

本文研究了人胎脑注射液对老龄小鼠细胞免疫功能的影响。实验组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬率,吞噬指数,消化异物的能力以及酸性非特异性萘酯酶(ANAE)活性都显著高于对照组(P<0.001);外周血T细胞总数及亚群(点状颗粒型)也显著高于对照明(P<0.001)。结果表明,人胎脑注射液能显著的提高老年小鼠的细胞免疫功能,并能增强其体质。     

The Protein Kinase Receptor Modulates the Innate Immune Response against Tacaribe Virus

The New World (NW) mammarenavirus group includes several zoonotic highly pathogenic viruses, such as Junin (JUNV) or Machupo (MACV). Contrary to the Old World mammarenavirus group, these viruses are not able to completely suppress the innate immune response and trigger a robust interferon (IFN)-I response via retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I). Nevertheless, pathogenic NW mammarenaviruses trigger a weaker IFN response than their nonpathogenic relatives do. RIG-I activation leads to upregulation of a plethora of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), which exert a characteristic antiviral effect either as lone effectors, or resulting from the combination with other ISGs or cellular factors. The dsRNA sensor protein kinase receptor (PKR) is an ISG that plays a pivotal role in the control of the mammarenavirus infection. In addition to its well-known protein synthesis inhibition, PKR further modulates the overall IFN-I response against different viruses, including mammarenaviruses. For this study, we employed Tacaribe virus (TCRV), the closest relative of the human pathogenic JUNV. Our findings indicate that PKR does not only increase IFN-I expression against TCRV infection, but also affects the kinetic expression and the extent of induction of Mx1 and ISG15 at both levels, mRNA and protein expression. Moreover, TCRV fails to suppress the effect of activated PKR, resulting in the inhibition of a viral titer. Here, we provide original evidence of the specific immunomodulatory role of PKR over selected ISGs, altering the dynamic of the innate immune response course against TCRV. The mechanisms for innate immune evasion are key for the emergence and adaptation of human pathogenic arenaviruses, and highly pathogenic mammarenaviruses, such as JUNV or MACV, trigger a weaker IFN response than nonpathogenic mammarenaviruses. Within the innate immune response context, PKR plays an important role in sensing and restricting the infection of TCRV virus. Although the mechanism of PKR for protein synthesis inhibition is well described, its immunomodulatory role is less understood. Our present findings further characterize the innate immune response in the absence of PKR, unveiling the role of PKR in defining the ISG profile after viral infection. Moreover, TCRV fails to suppress activated PKR, resulting in viral progeny production inhibition.     

β受体阻滞剂治疗扩张型心肌病药理机制的探讨

采用心肌细胞毒试验，对１１例扩张型心肌病患者血清中抗β受体抗体进行研究，发现该抗体引起心肌细胞毒性损害，具有钙依赖性；倍他乐克能够抑制细胞毒性反应，使细胞死亡率均值从７０．８２±８．０４％降到３８．５５±１０．５２％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；正常人血清无此反应．提示抗β受体抗体通过受体门控机制介导心肌细胞毒性损害；β受体阻滞剂可以预防免疫性心肌损害，是治疗扩张型心肌病的新型药理机制．     

人促甲状腺激素受体膜外区N端基因免疫诱导Balb/c小鼠实验性格雷夫斯病

目的 观察人促甲状腺激素受体(human thyrotropin receptor,hTSHR)膜外区N端(氨基酸29～280区域)的抗原性及其与格雷夫斯病(Graves病)发病的关系.方法 提取人正常甲状腺组织总RNA,反转录后进行PCR,扩增产物与表达载体pcDNA3.1进行连接得到重组质粒pcDNA3.1/hTSHR188-940bp.用重组质粒免疫Balb/c小鼠,检测小鼠血清中甲状腺素(thyroxin,T4)、抗TsHR抗体(anti-TSHR antibody,TRAb)、甲状腺刺激抗体(thyroid stimulating antibody,TSAb)水平的变化,光镜下观察甲状腺组织的结构变化.结果 PCR扩增得到hTSHR膜外区N端753 bp的基因片段hTSHRl88-940bp,该片段与表达载体pcDNA3.1连接后,经HindⅢ酶切和核苷酸序列测定方法鉴定证实hTSHR188～940bp片段插入序列和方向正确.用pcDNA3.1/hTSHR188～940 bp免疫Balb/c小鼠后发现,血清TRAb水平从第6周(0.148±0.018)开始升高,到第10周(0.134±0.011)一直维持在比较高的水平,与第0周(0.106±0.006)比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).血清T4、TSAb水平在第10周[(62.20±12.77)μg/L、1.392±0.615]出现明显升高,与第0周[(41.02±7.97)μg/L、0.864±0.076]比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).甲状腺病理学检查发现大部分小鼠甲状腺滤泡上皮增生,滤泡腔增大,偶见炎细胞浸润.结论 TSHR188～940bp编码的hTSHR膜外区N端氨基酸29～280区域抗原决定簇使机体产生TSAb,从而导致甲状腺功能亢进,出现类Graves病表现,说明TSHR的这个区域与Graves病密切相关,可能是导致该病的重要因素.     

Role of Cellular Receptors in the Innate Immune System of Crustaceans in Response to White Spot Syndrome Virus

Innate immunity is the only defense system for resistance against infections in crustaceans. In crustaceans, white spot diseases caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) are a serious viral disease with high accumulative mortality after infection. Attachment and entry into cells have been known to be two initial and important steps in viral infection. However, systematic information about the mechanisms related to WSSV infection in crustaceans is still limited. Previous studies have reported that cellular receptors are important in the innate immune system and are responsible for the recognition of foreign microorganisms and in the stimulation of the immune responses during infections. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the functions of cellular receptors, including Toll, C-type lectin, scavenger receptor, β-integrin, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, laminin receptor, globular C1q receptor, lipopolysaccharide-and β-1,3-glucan-binding protein, chitin-binding protein, Ras-associated binding, and Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule in the innate immune defense of crustaceans, especially shrimp and crabs, in response to WSSV infection. The results of this study provide information on the interaction between viruses and hosts during infections, which is important in the development of preventative strategies and antiviral targets in cultured aquatic animals.