超声引导下间断给药星状神经节阻滞术效果和并发症

目的 对比以不同方式行星状神经节阻滞术(SGB)对于疗效及并发症的影响。方法 对127例患者分别于超声引导下间断给药(A组,n=45)、超声引导下连续给药(B组,n=42)及解剖定位盲法穿刺给药(C组,n=40)后行首次SGB,比较组间首次穿刺成功率、SGB成功率、药物跨越警戒点(颈总动脉与颈内静脉交汇处)者占比、霍纳综合征出现和维持时间差异及短期并发症情况;以二分类logistic回归模型分析药物跨越警戒点与声音嘶哑的关系。结果 A、B组首次穿刺成功率及SGB成功率均高于C组(P均<0.05)。B组药物跨越警戒点者占比高于A组(P<0.05)。A、B组出现霍纳综合征时间均早于C组(P均<0.05);A组霍纳综合征维持时间最长,B组次之,C组最短,两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。术后A组2例、B组8例、 C组12例声音嘶哑,B、C组声音嘶哑发生率明显高于A组(P均<0.05);A组2例、B组2例、C组7例穿刺点疼痛;C组4例食管损伤,其穿刺点疼痛及食管损伤发生率均高于A、B组(P均<0.05)。结论 超声引导下间断给药法SGB较超声引导下连续给药及解剖定位盲法穿刺给药成功率高,维持时间长且并发症少。     

微导丝贯穿法联合臭氧介入治疗输卵管阻塞性不孕症

目的 观察微导丝贯穿法联合臭氧介入治疗输卵管阻塞性不孕症效果。方法 回顾性分析149例输卵管阻塞性不孕症患者资料,其中A组（n=44）接受常规输卵管再通术（FTR）,B组（n=51）接受微导丝贯穿法FTR,C组（n=54）接受微导丝贯穿法联合臭氧FTR治疗;比较治疗后1个月各组输卵管复通率及1年内自然妊娠率。结果 治疗后1个月,A、B、C组输卵管复通率分别为63.38%（45/71）、80.22%（73/91）及92.78%（90/97）,各组依次升高（P均＜0.05）;1年内A、B、C组自然妊娠率分别为20.45%（9/44）、27.45%（14/51）及48.15%（26/54）,C组高于A、B组（P均＜0.05）,且A、B组差异无统计学意义（P=0.427）。结论 微导丝贯穿法联合臭氧介入治疗输卵管阻塞性不孕症效果优于常规FTR及单独微导丝贯穿法FTR。     

微创和传统开放后路腰椎椎间融合术治疗腰椎退行性疾病的远期预后

目的探讨微创后路腰椎椎间融合术(MIS-PLIF)和传统开放PLIF对腰椎退行性疾病(LDD)远期疗效及安全性的影响。方法 2011年1月-2014年12月收治LDD患者182例,其中96例采用传统开放PLIF治疗(PLIF组),86例采用MIS-PLIF治疗(MIS-PLIF组)。比较2组腰椎矢状位参数、多裂肌横截面积及萎缩率、融合率、疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分、日本骨科学会(JOA)评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)及术后并发症发生情况,分析多裂肌萎缩率与顽固性腰背痛的相关性。结果 2组术后各随访时间点椎间隙高度恢复值和节段性前凸角恢复值差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。2组术后1年腰椎前凸角恢复值差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);但术后5年和末次随访时,MIS-PLIF组腰椎前凸角恢复值显著高于PLIF组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。MIS-PLIF组术后各随访时间点多裂肌横截面积大于PLIF组,多裂肌萎缩率低于PLIF组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。2组术后随访6个月融合率差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。2组术后各随访时间点下肢痛VAS评分差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);MIS-PLIF组术后各随访时间点腰痛VAS评分、JOA评分及ODI均优于PLIF组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。MIS-PLIF组顽固性腰背痛发生率显著低于PLIF组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。合并顽固性腰背痛患者多裂肌萎缩率高于未合并顽固性腰背痛的患者,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。结论术后多裂肌萎缩可能是导致顽固性腰背痛的重要原因,相较于传统开放PLIF,MIS-PLIF治疗LDD能够更有效地保持腰椎生理曲度,改善肢体活动功能,降低多裂肌萎缩程度,有助于避免顽固性腰背痛的发生。     

术中间歇性充气加压系统联合3M升温仪预防股骨近端抗旋髓内钉手术患者下肢深静脉血栓

目的: 探索股骨转子间骨折患者行新型股骨近端防旋髓内钉(proximal femoral nail antirotation,PFNA)手术过程中,双下肢间歇性充气加压装置(intermittent pneumatic compression,IPC)联合3M升温仪对预防下肢深静脉血栓形成(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)的效果。方法: 回顾性分析2016年3月至2019年8月行PFNA手术治疗的127例股骨转子间骨折患者,按术中不同血栓防治方法分为两组,A组63例不使用IPC及3M升温仪;B组64例使用IPC联合3M升温仪。应用彩色多普勒超声动态监测围手术期下肢DVT及变化情况,分别在术毕0、24、72 h以及>72 h(以后每3 d复查1次直至出院)进行下肢静脉血栓形成情况进行监测。结果: 两组PFNA手术后患者下肢DVT发生情况:B组5例(7.8%),而A组20例(31.7%),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.001);术后0、72 h及>72 h两组下肢DVT比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),但术后24 h时A组DVT形成率明显高于B组(P=0.049);A组患者右下肢及双下肢DVT形成与B组比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05);但A组左下肢DVT形成明显高于B组(P=0.012)。结论: 术中IPC联合3M升温仪治疗可有效预防行PFNA手术患者下肢DVT形成。     

鸡尾酒疗法联合硬膜外单次小剂量吗啡对全膝关节置换术后疼痛控制的研究

目的 研究鸡尾酒疗法联合硬膜外单次小剂量吗啡对全膝关节置换术（total knee arthroplasty, TKA）后疼痛的控制作用。方法 采用随机双盲对照研究,选取2018年2月至2018年9月我院收治的拟行初次单侧TKA的膝骨关节炎病人160例,随机分为4组,每组40例,麻醉方式均采用硬膜外麻醉。A组病人给予鸡尾酒疗法（含激素）联合硬膜外单次小剂量吗啡;B组病人给予鸡尾酒疗法（不含激素）联合硬膜外单次小剂量吗啡;C组病人给予单纯鸡尾酒疗法（含激素）;D组为对照组,给予单纯鸡尾酒疗法（不含激素）。记录4组病人术后2、6、12、24、48、72 h静息状态下及术后24、48、72 h活动状态下的疼痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue score, VAS）评分,术后48 h、72 h、4 d、5 d的膝关节最大屈曲活动度以及术后不良反应。结果 4组病人术后静息状态下、活动状态下的VAS评分及膝关节活动度总体比较,差异均有统计学意义（F=10.798,P＜0.001;F=6.220,P=0.001;F=6.075,P=0.001）。A、B、C组术后静息状态、运动状态下的VAS评分均显著低于D组,且其膝关节活动度均显著大于D组,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。C组病人静息状态下VAS评分的总体均数高于A组,差值为0.52,差异有统计学意义（P=0.005）。结论 鸡尾酒疗法联合硬膜外单次小剂量吗啡在TKA术后显示出更强且更协同的镇痛效果,可更好地改善术后膝关节活动度;在无激素禁忌及不良反应的条件下,建议“鸡尾酒”混合镇痛药中添加糖皮质激素。     

双侧竖脊肌平面阻滞在胸腰椎手术中的应用

目的 探究双侧竖脊肌平面阻滞在胸腰椎手术中的应用效果。方法 选取2017年1月—2020年6月接受胸腰椎手术的60例患者作为研究对象，采用随机数字表法分为对照组（n=30）和观察组（n=30）。对照组予以全身麻醉，观察组在对照组基础上联合双侧竖脊肌平面阻滞。记录2组患者手术时间、阻滞所需时间、术后气管拔管时间、睁眼时间、麻醉苏醒期躁动发生率及术后麻醉相关并发症发生情况；比较2组患者麻醉恢复情况，术后镇痛情况，包括疼痛视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分、首次静脉自控镇痛泵（PCIA）按压时间、PCIA按压次数、补救性镇痛给药次数，以及2组患者麻醉诱导前（T₀）、气管插管时（T₁）、手术结束时（T₂）、气管拔管时（T₃）的血流动力学指标，包括收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）。结果 观察组睁眼时间多于对照组，麻醉苏醒期躁动发生率低于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）；2组手术时间、术后气管拔管时间差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。观察组术后VAS评分、PCIA按压次数、补救性镇痛给药次数低于对照组，首次PCIA按压时间多于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。观察组患者T₁、T₂、T₃时间点的SBP、DBP、HR低于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。2组麻醉相关并发症差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 双侧竖脊肌平面阻滞应用于胸腰椎手术有助于维持患者术中血流动力学稳定，减少患者麻醉苏醒期躁动的发生，并提升术后镇痛效果。     

腹腔镜超声用于复杂肝胆管结石病腹腔镜术

目的 观察腹腔镜超声(LUS)用于复杂肝胆管结石病腹腔镜术中的价值。方法 回顾性分析43例接受腹腔镜手术治疗的复杂肝胆管结石病患者,根据术中是否应用LUS将其分为LUS组(n=18)和未应用LVS(non LVS, NLVS)组(n=25),对比组间一般资料、术中及术后相关情况。结果 组间患者性别、既往史、合并症,以及具体术式、中转开腹、手术时间及术中失血量差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。LUS组术后胆道残石率为44.44%(8/18),NLUS组为80.00%(20/25),组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。术中应用LUS是术后胆道残石率较低的独立影响因素[OR=0.20,95%CI(0.05,0.77),P＜0.05]。结论 在复杂肝胆管结石病腹腔镜术中应用LUS可降低术后胆道残石率。     

腹股沟韧带上髂筋膜阻滞联合经静脉患者自控镇痛在老年髋关节置换术后的应用

目的：比较经静脉患者自控镇痛(patient controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)与腹股沟韧带上髂筋膜阻滞联合PCIA在老年髋关节置换术后的应用效果。方法：2019年6月至2021年6月84例老年患者接受髋关节置换术,其中42例以PCIA镇痛作为对照组,男18例,女24例;年龄60~78(70.43±3.67)岁;股骨颈骨折28例,股骨头坏死14例;另42例以腹股沟韧带上髂筋膜阻滞联合PCIA镇痛作为研究组,男20例,女22例;年龄61~76(69.68±3.74)岁;股骨颈骨折25例,股骨头坏死17例。分别于术后2、6、12、24、48 h进行疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)及Ramesay镇静评分。观察比较两组术后48 h的舒芬太尼总消耗量、PCIA总按压次数、术后首次下地时间、住院时间、不良反应发生率、镇痛满意度等随访结果。结果：两组术后随访9~24(13.85±2.67)个月。两组手术时间和术中出血量比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。两组术后2 h的VAS比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),研究组术后6、12、24、48 h的VAS均低于对照组(P＜0.05)。研究组术后2、6、12 h的Ramesay镇静评分均高于对照组(P＜0.05),两组术后24、48 h的Ramesay评分比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。研究组术后48 h内舒芬太尼消耗量、PICA按压次数少于对照组(P＜0.05),术后首次下地时间早于对照组(P＜0.05)。研究组镇痛满意度高于对照组(P＜0.05)。两组住院时间、不良反应发生率、随访期间并发症比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论：腹股沟韧带上髂筋膜阻滞联合PCIA在老年髋关节置换术后镇痛和镇静效果显著,可减少舒芬太尼使用量及PCIA总按压次数,有利于患者早期下床活动,提高镇痛满意度。     

超声引导下连续髂筋膜间隙阻滞用于老年髋部骨折患者围术期镇痛的研究

目的:研究超声引导下髂筋膜间隙阻滞对老年髋部骨折患者围手术期疼痛控制及术后并发症的影响。方法:选择2021年1月至2021年9月收治的老年髋部骨折手术患者127例,按照镇痛方法不同分为连续髂筋膜间隙阻滞组(F组)和静脉镇痛对照组(C组)。其中F组62例,男19例,女43例;年龄66~95(82.4±7.2)岁;股骨颈骨折25例,股骨转子间骨折37例。C组65例,男18例,女47例;年龄65~94(81.4±8.7)岁;股骨颈骨折29例,股骨转子间骨折36例。观察两组患者围术期不同时间点的疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)、简易精神状态评价量表(minimental state examination,MMSE)评分、警觉-镇静评分(observer''s assessment of alertness/sedation,OAA/S)、改良Bromage评分、术后并发症及患者住院期间情况。结果:F组实施阻滞后30 min、麻醉摆放体位时,术后6、24、48 h的静息及运动VAS低于C组(P<0.05)。F组术前12 h,术后1、3 d的MMSE评分及术后3 d的OAA/S评分高于C组(P<0.05)。F组不良反应发生率、需要额外镇痛人数低于C组(P<0.05)。F组围术期镇痛满意度及住院时间均优于C组(P<0.05)。两组患者在各时间点患肢Bromage评分及术后30 d死亡率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:超声引导下连续髂筋膜间隙阻滞可为老年髋部骨折患者提供安全、有效的围术期镇痛效果,改善术后认知功能,减少术后并发症,从而缩短住院时间,提高住院期间生活质量。     

抗血栓治疗对大结肠息肉患者内镜下黏膜切除术后迟发性出血的影响

背景与目的 抗血栓治疗被认为是结肠息肉切除术后出血的危险因素。然而,抗血栓治疗对大结肠息肉患者术后迟发性出血的影响尚未完全明确。因此,本研究探讨抗血栓治疗及其相关因素对大结肠息肉患者行内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR）后迟发性出血的影响,以期提高医生对该类患者围手术期管理的认识。方法 回顾性收集2019年1月—2022年12月因大结肠息肉（>10~20 mm）行EMR的157例患者资料,根据EMR期间是否接受抗血栓治疗、使用抗血栓药物类型、术前是否停用抗血栓药物,分别将患者分为抗血栓组（n=51）与非抗血栓组（n=106）、抗凝组（n=33）与抗血小板组（n=36）、停药组（n=35）与未停药组（n=41）。比较各组间术后迟发性（24 h至30 d内）出血发生率及出血时间点的差异,并通过Kaplan-Meier曲线分析各组间术后30 d累积出血发生率。结果 抗血栓组与非抗血栓组迟发性出血发生率差异有统计学意义（19.61% vs. 5.66%,χ²=7.32,P=0.01）;抗血栓组的出血时间点明显早于非抗血栓组（t=2.17,P=0.047）;抗血栓组术后30 d累积出血发生率明显高于非抗血栓组（χ²=6.18,P=0.01）。抗凝组与抗血小板组迟发性出血发生率差异无统计学意义（24.24% vs. 27.78%,χ²=0.11,P=0.74）,两组在出血时间点、术后30 d累积出血发生率方面差异均无统计学意义（t=0.25,P=0.80;χ²=0.13,P=0.72）。停药组与未停药组迟发性出血发生率差异有统计学意义（14.29% vs. 29.27%,χ²=3.97,P=0.046）,未停药组在出血时间点方面明显早于停药组（t=3.03,P=0.01）;停药组术后30 d累积出血发生率明显低于未停药组（χ²=4.36,P=0.04）。结论 抗血栓治疗可能导致大结肠息肉EMR后迟发性出血发生率升高,但术后迟发性出血发生率与抗血栓药物类型无明显关系。术前适当停药可能是降低患者术后出血的有效策略。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.