Serum adiponectin levels predict the risk of coronary heart disease in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes

Aims/Introduction

An inverse association between adiponectin and coronary heart disease (CHD) has been found in Caucasians, but it is uncertain whether this association can be extrapolated to the East Asian population. The present study aimed to investigate whether serum adiponectin levels can predict CHD in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes as observed in Caucasians.

Materials and Methods

This longitudinal study included 504 patients with type 2 diabetes (342 men and 162 women) who were admitted to Sumitomo Hospital between July 2005 and December 2006. We used Cox proportional hazard analysis to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of CHD associated with serum adiponectin levels at baseline.

Results

During a median follow up of 5.7 years (2177 person‐years), 40 participants had new CHD and 10 had recurrent CHD. After multivariate adjustment, the highest compared with the lowest quartile of serum adiponectin levels had a significantly reduced risk of CHD (hazard ratio [HR] 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.13–0.94; P = 0.017). The multivariate adjusted HR for the risk of CHD according to a doubling of adiponectin at baseline was 0.61 (95% CI 0.39–0.97; P = 0.037).

Conclusions

High serum adiponectin levels are significantly associated with a lower risk of CHD in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. This association is independent of other well‐known CHD risk factors.     

Cardiovascular risk factor management is poorer in diabetic patients with undiagnosed peripheral arterial disease than in those with known coronary heart disease or cerebrovascular disease. Results of a nationwide study in tertiary diabetes centres

Aims To assess whether patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and unrecognized peripheral arterial disease (PAD), detected by the ankle–brachial index (ABI), have poorer cardiovascular risk factor management (CVRFs) and receive fewer medications than patients previously diagnosed with coronary heart disease (CHD) or cerebrovascular disease (CVD). Methods In 31 diabetes centres throughout Spain, 1303 patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus were screened for PAD using the ABI. Patient history of CHD and CVD and treatment and control of CVRFs were recorded. Results Forty-one patients had an ABI > 1.30 and were excluded, leaving 1262 patients (age 65.3 ± 7.7 years) for the study. Of those screened, 790 patients had a normal ABI (ABI > 0.9) and no known history of CHD or CVD (no CHD/CVD/PAD group), 194 had unrecognized PAD (ABI ≤ 0.9) with no known history of CHD or CVD (undiagnosed PAD group) and 278 had a known history of CHD and/or CVD (CHD/CVD group). The undiagnosed PAD group had higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (2.9 ± 0.83 vs. 2.4 ± 0.84 mmol/l; P < 0.001) and systolic blood pressure (150 ± 20 vs. 145 ± 21 mmHg; P < 0.001) compared with the CHD/CVD group. They were less likely to take statins (56.9 vs. 71.6%; P < 0.001), anti-hypertensive agents (75.9 vs. 90.1%, P = 0.001), and anti-platelet agents (aspirin, 28.7 vs. 57.2%; P < 0.001; clopidogrel, 5.6 vs. 20.9%; P < 0.001) and more likely to smoke (21.0 vs. 9.2%; P < 0.001). Higher LDL in the undiagnosed PAD group was associated with the underutilization of statins. Conclusions Measurement of ABI detected a significant number of patients with PAD, who did not have CHD or CVD, but whose CVRFs were under treated and poorly controlled compared with subjects with CHD and/or CVD.     

糖尿病与冠心病人QT间期及离散度变化的相关性研究

糖尿病和冠心病人的QTc和QTd明显长于非患病病者，町为预测心血管事件的发生提供依据。方法：采用病例一病例对照的研究方法，将130例糖尿病、冠心病病人分为冠心病组（G1）53例、糖尿病组（C2）47例、糖尿病合并冠心病组（G3）30例，对比QTc和QTd的变化及其与糖尿病和冠心病的相关性。结果：G3组病人的QTc和QTd较G1、G2组明显延长（P=0．010和0．017），相关分析结果显示QTd与QTc明显相关（R=0．252P=0．004），糖尿病或CHD病人的QTc与是否合并CHD或糖尿病独立相关（？=0．368和0．336P=0．007和0．046）。结论：糖尿病对心肌电活动的影响与心肌缺血引起的相近，二者合并出现后加重了心肌电活动的l不稳定性。     

Diabetic retinopathy is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular events in Type 2 diabetic patients

Aims We investigated the association of diabetic retinopathy with the risk of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in a large cohort of Type 2 diabetic adults. Methods Our study cohort comprised 2103 Type 2 diabetic outpatients who were free of diagnosed CVD at baseline. Retinal findings were classified based on fundoscopy (by a single ophthalmologist) to categories of no retinopathy, non‐proliferative retinopathy and proliferative/laser‐treated retinopathy. Outcomes measures were incident CVD events (i.e. non‐fatal myocardial infarction, non‐fatal ischaemic stroke, coronary revascularization procedures or cardiovascular death). Results During approximately 7 years of follow‐up, 406 participants subsequently developed incident CVD events, whereas 1697 participants remained free of diagnosed CVD. After adjustment for age, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking, lipids, glycated haemoglobin, diabetes duration and medications use, patients with non‐proliferative or proliferative/laser‐treated retinopathy had a greater risk (P < 0.001 for all) of incident CVD events than those without retinopathy [hazard ratio 1.61 (95% confidence interval 1.2–2.6) and 3.75 (2.0–7.4) for men, and 1.67 (1.3–2.8) and 3.81 (2.2–7.3) for women, respectively]. After additional adjustment for hypertension and advanced nephropathy (defined as overt proteinuria and/or estimated glomerular filtration rate ≤ 60 ml/min/1.73 m²), the risk of incident CVD remained markedly increased in those with proliferative/laser‐treated retinopathy [hazard ratio 2.08 (1.02–3.7) for men and 2.41 (1.05–3.9) for women], but not in those with non‐proliferative retinopathy. Conclusions Diabetic retinopathy (especially in its more advanced stages) is associated with an increased CVD incidence independent of other known cardiovascular risk factors.     

The locus of control in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes managed by individual and group care

Aims The locus of control theory distinguishes people (internals) who attribute events in life to their own control, and those (externals) who attribute events to external circumstances. It is used to assess self‐management behaviour in chronic illnesses. Group care is a model of systemic group education that improves lifestyle behaviour and quality of life in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. This study investigated the locus of control in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes and the possible differences between patients managed by group care and control subjects followed by traditional one‐to‐one care. Methods Cross‐sectional administration of two questionnaires (one specific for diabetes and one generic for chronic diseases) to 83 patients followed for at least 5 years by group care (27 Type 1 and 56 Type 2) and 79 control subjects (28 Type 1 and 51 Type 2) of similar sex, age and diabetes duration. Both tools explore internal control of disease, the role of chance in changing it and reliance upon others (family, friends and health professionals). Results Patients with Type 1 diabetes had lower internal control, greater fatalistic attitudes and less trust in others. Patients with either type of diabetes receiving group care had higher internal control and lower fatalism; the higher trust in others in those with Type 1 diabetes was not statistically significant. The differences associated with group care were independent of sex, age and diabetes duration. Conclusions Patients with Type 1 diabetes may have lower internal control, fatalism and reliance upon others than those with Type 2 diabetes. Receiving group care is associated with higher internal control, reduced fatalism and, in Type 1 diabetes, increased trust in others.     

微量清蛋白尿与2型糖尿病合并冠心病的关系

目的:探讨2型糖尿病患者微量清蛋白尿(MA)与冠心病的关系。方法:342例2型糖尿病患者根据冠状动脉(冠脉)造影结果分为合并冠心病组(106例)和不合并冠心病组(236例),测定2组24h尿清蛋白、血糖、糖化血红蛋白及血脂等相关指标;比较MA阳性组(139例)和MA阴性组(203例)冠心病的发病率及冠脉造影特点。采用多元Logistic回归方法分析2型糖尿病患者冠脉病变的危险因素。结果:糖尿病合并冠心病组MA水平明显高于不合并冠心病组(P<0.01),多元逐步回归分析也表明MA与糖尿病患者冠心病的发生显著相关(P<0.05);MA阳性组冠心病发病率明显高于MA阴性组(42.5%比23.2%,P<0.01);此外,与MA阴性组比较,MA阳性组重度血管狭窄、弥漫性和闭塞性病变更多(P0.05)。结论:MA是2型糖尿病患者冠脉病变的重要危险因素,且伴MA的2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者冠脉病变更严重。     

Prevalence of erectile dysfunction in Korean men with Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Aims We investigated the prevalence and risk factors for developing erectile dysfunction (ED) in 1312 Korean men with diabetes in a multicentre study. Methods We used the modified International Index for Erectile Function‐5 criteria to identify mild, moderate and complete ED. A standardized face‐to‐face questionnaire was used by trained interviewers, and validated against telephone interviews. We recorded the duration of diabetes, level of glycaemic control, vital signs, complications, exercise and alcohol and smoking habits, and diabetes treatments used. Results The mean age and median duration of diabetes were 53.8 ± 6.65 and 6 years (range 1–43), respectively. The mean HbA_1c and fasting glucose levels were 7.9 ± 1.65% and 8.6 ± 2.82 mmol/l, respectively. The overall prevalences of mild, moderate, complete ED and all ED (mild‐to‐complete) were 20.1, 19.5, 25.8 and 65.4%, respectively. ED was more common with age, reaching 79.3% in men aged > 60 years. Subjects aged > 60 years and with a duration of diabetes > 10 years were at greatest risk for all ED (OR = 10.4, 95% CI 5.8–18.5, P < 0.001) and complete ED (OR = 13.2, 95% CI 7.3–23.9, P < 0.001) when compared with the reference group (age 40–50 years with duration < 6 years). Age, duration of diabetes, HbA_1c, insulin use, neuropathy and macrovascular complications were positively associated with ED, but alcohol consumption and exercise habits were negatively associated. Conclusions The prevalence of complete ED was approximately six times higher than in the general population.     

Ketoacidosis occurs in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes— a population‐based study from Northern Sweden

Aims To determine the occurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in adult Type 2 and Type 1 diabetic patients in Northern Sweden and to determine whether DKA presents with a different clinical picture in Type 2 compared with Type 1 diabetic subjects. Methods All adult patients from a hospital catchment area in Northern Sweden with diagnosed DKA episodes during 1997–2000 were included in a retrospective study. Medical records and laboratory reports were analysed. Results During the years 1997 to 2000, the average annual incidence rate for DKA was 5.9 per 100 000 adult inhabitants. Twenty‐five patients developed DKA, eight (32%) had Type 2 diabetes, while 17 (68%) had Type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetic patients with DKA were older and had higher levels of C‐peptide than Type 1 diabetic patients. On admission because of DKA, a similar degree of hyperglycaemia was present in Type 1 and Type 2 patients. Metabolic acidosis was more severe in Type 1 compared with Type 2 diabetic patients. In 50% of the Type 2 diabetic patients, diabetes was diagnosed at the episode of DKA. Conclusions DKA occurs in Caucasian Type 2 diabetic patients within a Swedish population. Although the frequency of DKA is much higher in Type 1 diabetic patients, Type 2 diabetes may account for as much as one‐third of the overall DKA cases.     

新双源flash-CT评价老年冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者血管成像特点

目的探讨老年冠心病（CAD）合并2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者冠状动脉CT血管成像（CTA）的成像特点。方法入选2012年10月至2013年10月冠状动脉造影检查确诊为CAD的老年患者640例,其中合并T2DM者350例,无合并T2DM者290例,冠状动脉造影后2周内行新双源flash-CT冠脉成像,分析老年CAD合并T2DM患者冠状动脉CTA的诊断特点。结果新双源flash-CT冠状动脉CTA对T2DM合并CAD患者冠状动脉病变的诊断特异性为89.6%。CAD合并T2DM患者冠状动脉钙化较严重,病变支数多,随着钙化积分的增高,特异性有所下降,但CTA对于介入治疗仍有指导作用。结论新双源flash-CT冠状动脉CTA是诊断老年CAD合并T2DM患者冠状动脉病变可靠、无创的检查方法,但严重钙化者要结合冠脉造影结果进行综合判断。     

Prevalence of GORD (gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease) in Type 2 diabetes and a comparison of clinical profiles between diabetic patients with and without GORD

Aims To examine the incidence of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and its associated factors in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM). Methods In 859 Type 2 DM outpatients, we conducted a QUEST inquiry and considered those showing a QUEST score of 4 or higher as having GORD. We surveyed clinical variables {physical findings, gender, age, duration of disease, glycated haemoglobin (HbA_1c), type of oral glucose‐lowering agent, presence or absence of insulin therapy, complications, and presence or absence of agents that may be associated with GORD [Ca channel blocker (CCB) anti‐platelet agents]} to investigate their association with the onset of GORD. Results We analysed 813 subjects, of whom 56.6% were male. The mean age was 63.7 ± 11.3 years and HbA_1c 7.2 ± 1.2%. The incidence of GORD was 29.0% (n = 221). GORD was positively correlated with body weight, body mass index (BMI) and HbA_1c. It was negatively correlated with age, serum creatinine and proportion of patients treated with pioglitazone or CCB. In addition, GORD was more common in females. The incidence of GORD was significantly higher in younger patients. Conclusions Previous studies have suggested a relationship of GORD with pioglitazone/CCB. However, the results of this study do not support this; these agents may not induce GORD.     

Coronary heart disease is associated with mean platelet volume in type 2 diabetic patients

Background: Mean platelet volume (MPV) is an indicator of platelet activation which is a central process in the pathophysiology of coronary heart disease (CHD). The aim of the study was twofold; first to determine whether MPV values is increased in patients with DM, and secondly to evaluate the relation between diabetic complications and MPV. Methods: The study population included 258 patients divided into two groups. Group A composed of 158 type 2 diabetic patients with coexistent coronary artery disease (stenotic lesions of 50%) (78 women, 80 men; mean age 53.9_10.8; mean diabetes duration 13.1_6.0). One hundred subjects (48 women, 52 men; mean age 53.9_11) without type 2 diabetes with normal coronary angiographies were taken as the control group (group B). To evaluate the extension of CHD, Gensini scoring system was used. Results: The MPV was significantly different in the patient group compared to the controls (9.79 ± 1.5 fl vs 8.3 ± 0.9 fl, P<0.001). The existence of CHD was associated with MPV with odds ratio (95% CI) of 2.31 (1.55–4.42, p50.001). Conclusion: We have found that diabetic patients with coronary heart disease have significantly higher MPV values compared to control subjects without diabetes and with angiographically normal coronary arteries.     

Association between depression and concurrent Type 2 diabetes outcomes varies by diabetes regimen

Aims Although depression has weak associations with several Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) outcomes, it is possible that these associations are concentrated within certain patient subgroups that are more vulnerable to their effects. This study tested the hypothesis that depression is related to glycaemic control and diabetes‐related quality of life (DQOL) in patients who are prescribed injected insulin, but not those on oral glucose‐lowering agents alone. Methods Participants (103 on insulin, 155 on oral glucose‐lowering agents alone) with Type 2 DM were recruited from a large US healthcare system and underwent assessment of glycaemic control (glycated haemoglobin; HbA_1c), medication adherence and diabetes self‐care behaviours, DQOL and depression (none, mild, moderate/severe). Results There was a significant regimen × depression interaction on HbA_1c (P = 0.002), such that depression was associated with HbA_1c in patients using insulin (β = 0.35, P < 0.001) but not in patients using oral agents alone (β = –0.08, P = NS). There was a similar interaction when quality of life was analysed as an outcome (P = 0.002). Neither effect was mediated by regimen adherence. Conclusions The generally weak association between depression and glycaemic control is concentrated among patients who are prescribed insulin. Similarly, the association between depression and illness quality of life is strongest in patients prescribed insulin. Because this is not attributable to depression‐related adherence problems, psychophysiological mechanisms unique to this group ought to be carefully investigated. Clinicians might be especially vigilant for depression in Type 2 DM patients who use insulin and consider its potential impact upon their illness course.     

The prevalence of coronary heart disease in the multiethnic and high diabetes prevalence population of Mauritius

Abstract. The prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) was determined in a population survey in Mauritius where the prevalence of non-insulin dependent diabetes and mortality from CHD are amongst the highest in the world. Men and women aged 35–74 years of all major ethnic groups were included: Asian Indians (Hindus and Muslims). Creoles and Chinese. ECG abnormalities suggesting either ‘probable CHD’ or ‘possible CHD’ were defined using standard criteria. The overall prevalence of probable CHD was 2.7% in men and 0.9% in women, and that of probable or possible CHD together 17.8% in men and 33.3% in women. The prevalence of CHD did not vary significantly between the four ethnic groups. In the multivariate analyses, age and high blood pressure were the most important independent predictors of ECG abnormalities. Neither diabetes nor serum insulin seemed to contribute independently to the prevalence of CHD. This survey confirmed the high ranking of Mauritius in international mortality statistics. The high rates of CHD seen in Asian Indians, African-origin Creoles and Chinese in the rapidly developing country of Mauritius may be a pointer to future problems in their regions of origin.     

Symptoms of depression in people with impaired glucose metabolism or Type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Hoorn Study

Objective To study the prevalence and risk factors of depressive symptoms, comparing subjects with normal glucose metabolism (NGM), impaired glucose metabolism (IGM) or Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Research design and methods Cross‐sectional data from a population‐based cohort study conducted among 550 residents (276 men and 274 women) of the Hoorn region, the Netherlands. Levels of depressive symptoms were measured using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D score ≥ 16). Glucose metabolism status was determined by means of fasting and post‐load glucose levels. Results The prevalence of depressive symptoms in men with NGM, IGM and DM2 was 7.7, 7.0 and 15.0% (P = 0.19) and for women 7.7, 23.1 and 19.7% (P < 0.01), respectively. Depression was significantly more common in women with IGM [odds ratio (OR) = 3.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.57 to 8.28] and women with DM2 (OR = 3.18, 95% CI = 1.31 to 7.74). In men, depression was not associated with IGM (OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.32 to 2.57) and non‐significantly more common in DM2 (OR = 2.04, 95% CI = 0.75 to 5.49). Adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular disease and diabetes symptoms reduced the strength of these associations. Conclusions Depressive symptoms are more common in women with IGM, but not men. Adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular disease and diabetes symptoms partially attenuated these associations, suggesting that these variables could be intermediate factors.     

2型糖尿病伴冠心病患者血清胱抑素C水平及其意义

目的:探讨血清胱抑素C(Cys C)水平与2型糖尿病伴冠心病的关系。方法:收集40例单纯2型糖尿病患者(DM组)、120例2型糖尿病伴冠心病(CHD)患者(DM+CHD组)及40例健康者(对照组)的血清。分别测定基础代谢率、血压、血脂、血清糖化血红蛋白及Cys C水平。结果:血清Cys C水平在DM组[(1.58±0.78)mg/L]、DM+CHD组[(2.12±0.94)mg/L]较对照组[(0.82±0.23)mg/L]明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),DM+CHD组明显高于DM组(P<0.05)。冠状动脉狭窄支数越多,血清Cys C水平越高。结论:2型糖尿病伴CHD患者的血清Cys C水平增高,且随冠状动脉狭窄病变支数的相应增加呈增高趋势,提示Cys C在2型糖尿病伴CHD的发生发展中起一定作用。     

Antiplatelet strategy in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A perspective from the guideline appraisal

Aims/IntroductionTo appraise guidelines on the antiplatelet strategy of prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and highlight the consensuses and controversies to aid clinician decision‐making.Materials and MethodsA systematic search was carried out for guidelines regarding CVD prevention or focusing on type 2 diabetes patients. Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II instrument was utilized to appraise the quality of included guidelines.ResultsOf the 15 guidelines with discrepant Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II scores (66%; interquartile range 51–71%), 10 were defined as “strongly recommended” guidelines. For secondary prevention, >60% of guidelines advocated that the dual antiplatelet therapy was used within 12 months when the type 2 diabetes patients experienced acute coronary syndrome and/or post‐percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting, with subsequent long‐term aspirin use. For primary prevention, 80% of guidelines supported that aspirin should not be routinely used by patients with type 2 diabetes. No consensus on whether to prolong dual antiplatelet therapy in secondary prevention, and whether to use aspirin in type 2 diabetes patients with high CVD risk exists in current guidelines.ConclusionsPhysicians should use the recommendations from “strongly recommended” guidelines to make informed decisions and know the consensuses of current guidelines. Dual antiplatelet therapy should be used within 12 months when type 2 diabetes patients experience acute coronary syndrome and/or percutaneous coronary intervention/coronary artery bypass grafting, with subsequent long‐term aspirin use. In primary prevention, aspirin should not be routinely used by individuals with type 2 diabetes, but might be considered for those with high CVD risk.     

伴有糖代谢紊乱冠心病患者的临床特征

为了解冠心病患者伴有或不伴有糖代谢紊乱时临床特点，为此，回顾分析８１０例冠心病患者，其中合并糖尿病占１７．２％，合并应激性高血糖状态占１５．８％。冠心病合并糖尿病患者中伴高血压、脑卒中、高脂血症及阳性家族史率较非糖尿病冠心病患者明显升高，该组患者无胸痛型较多（占４９．２％），病情较重，病死率是非糖尿病冠心病者的２．３６倍，该组病人中近四分之一的糖尿病诊断于冠心病之后，近四分之一是两者同时诊断，无论二者诊断先后，其冠心病的其它危险因素的伴发率、临床特征及病死率无显著差异。这提示糖尿病与冠心病可能为伴发或并发关系，前者是后者的危险因素之一，糖尿病的早期诊治对冠心病的预后非常重要。合并应激性高血糖状态的患者年龄较大，病情较重，病死率高，需予重视。     

Laboratory-based calculation of coronary heart disease risk in a hospital diabetic clinic.

AIMS: To develop an estimation of risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) based on the Framingham equation for use in a diabetes clinic, given concerns about the accuracy of the Sheffield risk tables in this setting. METHODS: A computer program using the Framingham equation based on patients' age, sex, systolic blood pressure, smoking history, presence of diabetes and left ventricular hypertrophy was applied to requests for lipid screening of patients attending the diabetes clinics of Birmingham Heartlands Hospital. The calculated risks for the population were compared with those estimated from the Sheffield tables. RESULTS: Of 1060 patients with diabetes mellitus, 215 (20%) had an annual CHD risk > or =3%, which is considered to be the threshold at which lipid-lowering drugs are cost-effective. Only 24 of these 215 patients (11%) were correctly identified by the Sheffield tables, which we conclude have an unacceptably low sensitivity in diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS: A laboratory-based CHD risk calculation system is a practical alternative to the Sheffield system and may have a greater sensitivity in the diabetic clinic.