Occupational therapists' perception of usage of information and communication technology (ICT) in Western Australia and the association of availability of ICT on recruitment and retention of therapists working in rural areas

Objective:  The purpose of this study was to investigate occupational therapists' usage of information and communication technology (ICT) in Western Australia and the association of availability of ICT on recruitment and retention of rural therapists.
Methods:  One thousand, one hundred and thirty-eight surveys were sent to all occupational therapists registered with the Western Australian Occupational Therapy Registration Board in January 2003. The survey was used to identify ICT access, support and literacy. The attitude of therapists towards using ICT as a communication tool and therapists' usage patterns of ICT in metropolitan and rural localities were analysed by using the Chi-squared test.
Results:  Email and the personal computer were used most frequently. On ICT global competency, 58% of therapists rated their competency level as good or better. Competence was rated lower for web searching (48.5%) and searching for electronic articles (29.8%). Approximately one-third of respondents were dissatisfied with the level of technical support available and only 38.4% of therapists had participated in basic computer training provided by their current employer. Rural therapists had less access to a computer in their work environments in comparison to their metropolitan peers (P  <  0.05). Nevertheless, rural therapists were using email, teleconferencing and videoconferencing more frequently than their metropolitan counterparts.
A proportion of rural therapists (45.5%) felt that ICT influenced their decision to continue working in rural areas.
Discussion and Conclusion:  Professional isolation has been cited as an inhibitor to recruit and retain health-care workers in rural areas. The higher ICT usage by rural therapists may represent the utility of ICT as a means of circumventing professional isolation that is inherent in rural and remote areas.     

开拓进取 稳步发展——《环境与职业医学》杂志第四届编辑委员会及编辑部工作回顾

《环境与职业医学》杂志第四届编辑委员会组建于2001年12月24日,至今已历时七年八个月。在上海市科委、上海市新闻出版局、上海市卫生局的领导下,在主办单位上海市疾病预防控制中心（以下简称“上海市疾控中心”）、中华预防医学会的指导、管理下,在编委和各方专家的支持下,《环境与职业医学》杂志立足国内学术前沿,汲取国际研究精华,     

The relationship between sleeping problems and aggression, anger, and impulsivity in a population of juvenile and young offenders

PurposeThe current study examines both the quantity and quality of sleep reported by male adolescents detained in prison, with a focus on exploring the association between the quantity and quality of sleep with aggression, impulsivity, or anger. This represents a novel area of study not yet explored among incarcerated male adolescents.MethodOne hundred eighty-four offenders took part; 104 young (average age 19 years) and 80 juvenile (average age 16 years). All completed a questionnaire exploring sleeping problems, and measures assessing aggression, anger, and impulsivity.ResultsAggression was found to relate both to the quantity and quality of sleep reported, with reduced quantity and quality predicted by increased overall aggression. Across aggression subscales, only increased hostility was predictive of reduced current hours of sleep and increased problems in sleep quality. Apnea risk scores were not predicted by aggression, anger, or impulsivity. Differences in sleep behavior before and during prison were demonstrated, with evidence for increased poor sleeping habits within detention. No differences were observed between young and juvenile offenders.ConclusionsThis study suggests a potential relationship between aggression and sleep among an incarcerated adolescent male sample, highlighting in particular a role for hostility. The findings are discussed in relationship to implications for treatment and directions for future research.     

缺铁性贫血对婴幼儿生长发育影响的调查分析

目的 了解缺铁性贫血对婴幼儿生长发育的影响.方法 对1905名6月～3岁小儿缺铁性贫血患病率进行调查,对贫血小儿和非贫血小儿的长速、丹佛智能筛查(DDST)结果、呼吸道感染和腹泻发病率进行比较分析.结果(1)贫血组小儿平均长速低于无贫血组,但差异不明显;(2)贫血组小儿DDST项目及格率明显低于无贫血组,差异有显著性;(3)贫血组小儿呼吸道感染和腹泻发病率明显高于非贫血组,统计学处理有显著性差异.结论 缺铁性贫血对婴幼儿生长发育有严重影响,应予以充分重视.     

Association and diffusion of nutrition and physical activity policies on the state and district level

BACKGROUND: School district wellness policies designed to reduce obesity and promote student health and well‐being often lack specific requirements or any mandate that schools comply with the policy. Researchers, educators, and policymakers have called for states to take an active role in shaping district policies. The objective of this study was to determine if states with strong school‐based nutrition and physical activity (PA)‐related policies have stronger district wellness policies, and explore the direction of policy diffusion between states and districts. METHODS: State policies and nationally representative samples of district policies for the 2006–2007 and 2008–2009 school years were obtained across 5 domains—competitive foods, school meals, nutrition education, physical education (PE), and PA—and were classified as “strong” or “weak,” based on policy language, in each grade level (elementary, middle, high). Linear models estimated the cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between state and district policies. RESULTS: In 2006–2007 and 2008–2009, district elementary school competitive food policies were stronger in states with strong policies. For policies governing competitive foods in high schools and school meals at all grade levels, mean district policy strength increased from 2006–2007 to 2008–2009 in states with strong 2006–2007 policies. States that strengthened their PE policies from 2006–2007 to 2008–2009 saw an increase in mean district PE policy strength. Across all domains, states that had weak 2006–2007 policies and made no changes saw little increase in district policy strength. CONCLUSION: District competitive food, school meal, and PE policies are stronger in states that have developed strong policies in these domains.     

国际托育质量评估与监测体系

高质量的托育服务能为儿童、家庭和社会带来持续性的收益。建立完备的托育质量评估和监管体系,有助于保障托育服务的高质量发展。目前我国尚未建立托育机构质量监测系统,也缺少专业化和标准化的托育质量评估工具。本研究系统梳理了国际组织、发达国家和地区的托育质量监测和评估体系,包括政府的监管部门、评估内容架构和评估方式等。提示我国应尽快建立完善托育质量管理和评估体系,加强对托育机构的结构质量、过程质量和结局质量的系统评估。从政策保障、制度建设、专业评估工具研发等方面着手,逐步形成由政府主导,多方参与的托育质量监管模式,以保障托育机构健康和高质量发展。     

《食品卫生法》与《食品安全法》关于食品进货查验的概况及有关规定比较研究

为了2009年6月1日起实施的《中华人民共和国食品安全法》关于食品进货查验索证索票工作的规定和执行起到借鉴作用,并为国家相关部门制定有关细化要求提供参考依据。本文就之前,各监管部门主要是卫生行政部门,执行《中华人民共和国食品卫生法》在食品索证监督管理方面的难点等情况进行了整理、总结、概述,并与《中华人民共和国食品安全法》的规定进行了比较。     

医疗服务操作分类与编码的设计与应用简

医疗服务操作分类与编码是医学信息标准化的重要组成部分,是临床数据提取、分析和应用的基础。世界卫生组织及世界多国一直致力于开发、更新和维护此分类与编码。我国此前一直沿袭美国准备在2014年停止使用的ICD-9-CM-3（卷3）,中国需要结合国际主流设计思路,根据国情开发出适宜的多轴、一体化的医疗服务操作分类与编码体系。     

城市医院改扩建方式与方法的探索

本文以潍坊市人民医院新老院区规划建设为例,从规划指导思想、规划原则、规划目标和内容、实施步骤等方面,探讨城市医院改建、扩建的方式和方法。     

重庆市医疗卫生机构放射诊疗频度调查分析

目的 掌握2019年重庆市医疗卫生机构放射诊疗频度,为有关单位开展放射诊疗监督监测提供基础数据.方法 采用调查表法,调查放射诊疗机构基本情况,X射线诊断、介入治疗、核医学诊疗、放射治疗等放射诊疗频度.结果 放射诊疗机构1845家,放射诊疗设备3769台,医学放射工作人员8647人.X射线诊断1843.0501万人次(应...     

人口与健康领域国家"十一五"科技支撑计划招(评)标情况分析报告

通过对“人口与健康领域”国家“十一五”科技支撑计划重大（重点）项目招（评）标过程管理信息的分析，归纳总结了该计划招（评）标阶段的基本特点、存在问题，并提出相应的改进意见。     

全方位生长发育监测及早期综合干预对婴幼儿发展的影响

目的:研究全方位生长发育监测和早期综合干预对婴幼儿体格及智能发育的影响。方法:随机抽取年龄为48天~5个月的正常婴儿80例为实验组,按1∶1配对原则选取对照组80例。实验组入组后采用全方位生长发育监测及早期综合干预技术对其体格发育及神经精神发展进行定期跟踪监测、评估,同时实施早期干预方案。两组儿童30个月时,对其体格、智能发育指标进行统计分析。结果:实验组总发育商明显高于对照组;实验组在大动作、精细动作、个人社交3个能区发育商数(DQ)高于对照组,同时实验组身高、体重增加值明显大于对照组。结论:婴幼儿全方位生长发育监测技术及早期综合干预技术是一种比较全面的婴幼儿生长发育监测技术,能明显促进婴幼儿体格及智力的全面协调发展,可以面向广大妇幼保健机构推广应用。     

大型仪器设备使用管理探索与实践

大型仪器设备是高校的重要资产,其使用管理的质量直接影响到实际的教学和科研。某军医大学结合军队院校的特点和实际对大型仪器设备使用管理进行有益的探索和实践;本文介绍了大型仪器设备使用管理的经验和方法,以及所取得的成效与体会。     

儿童心理行为问题的咨询矫治模式及其效果研究

【目的】建立儿童心理行为问题咨询矫治模式，评估其可行性及有效性。【方法】建立专科门诊，设置咨询矫治流程和模式，对1784例儿童心理行为问题进行诊断、咨询，对其中488例进行训练矫治。【结果】显效303例（占62．1％），有效169例（占34．6％），无效16例（占3．3％）。诊断越早、训练越早、年龄越小、训练强度越大、时间越长，家长越配合，效果越好。【结论】多学科参与的综合训练和行为矫治对儿童心理行为问题疗效显著，该儿童心理行为问题咨询矫治模式是可行、有效的，可在地市级以上的医疗保健机构加以实施。     

儿童青少年超重、肥胖现状及影响因素的研究

【目的】 了解南宁地区7~18岁儿童青少年超重、肥胖的流行现状及影响因素,为进一步研究肥胖的发病机制及制订有效的防治措施提供科学依据。 【方法】 按照分层整群随机抽样的方法抽取南宁地区5 658个 7～18岁儿童青少年,测量其身高、体重,以《中国学龄儿童青少年超重、肥胖筛查体重指数值分类标准》作为判断标准,并对检出的超重、肥胖儿童青少年进行影响因素调查及多元逐步回归分析。 【结果】 南宁地区7～18岁儿童青少年超重、肥胖检出率分别为10.12％、8.48％;男童超重、肥胖检出率明显高于女童(P<0.01);各年龄组间超重及肥胖检出率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。从回归系数的数据表明,对超重、肥胖性质影响最大的变量,从大到小依次是父母肥胖史、看电视(玩电子游戏)时间、户外运动时间、吃油腻食物及甜食、进食速度、出生时体重、婴儿4个月内喂养方式。 【结论】 南宁地区7~18岁儿童青少年超重及肥胖发生率接近全国平均水平,遗传、饮食行为和运动是儿童青少年肥胖的主要影响因素。     

出入境人员核与辐射法规执行现状及思考简

对现行出入境人员核与辐射法规执行情况和存在的风险进行分析,讨论了现行法规的执行难点和不足,提出了在出入境人员核与辐射监管和处置方面必须解决的几个方面问题.表明了加强机制建设对于口岸卫生辐射检疫的监管和法规执行大有裨益.     

Expression pattern, ethanol-metabolizing activities, and cellular localization of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases in human large bowel: association of the functional polymorphisms of ADH and ALDH genes with hemorrhoids and colorectal cancer

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) are principal enzymes responsible for metabolism of ethanol. Functional polymorphisms of ADH1B, ADH1C, and ALDH2 genes occur among racial populations. The goal of this study was to systematically determine the functional expressions and cellular localization of ADHs and ALDHs in human rectal mucosa, the lesions of adenocarcinoma and hemorrhoid, and the genetic association of allelic variations of ADH and ALDH with large bowel disorders. Twenty-one surgical specimens of rectal adenocarcinoma and the adjacent normal mucosa, including 16 paired tissues of rectal tumor, normal mucosae of rectum and sigmoid colon from the same individuals, and 18 surgical mixed hemorrhoid specimens and leukocyte DNA samples from 103 colorectal cancer patients, 67 hemorrhoid patients, and 545 control subjects recruited in previous study, were investigated. The isozyme/allozyme expression patterns of ADH and ALDH were identified by isoelectric focusing and the activities were assayed spectrophotometrically. The protein contents of ADH/ALDH isozymes were determined by immunoblotting using the corresponding purified class-specific antibodies; the cellular activity and protein localizations were detected by immunohistochemistry and histochemistry, respectively. Genotypes of ADH1B, ADH1C, and ALDH2 were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms. At 33 mM ethanol, pH 7.5, the activity of ADH1C*1/1 phenotypes exhibited 87% higher than that of the ADH1C*1/*2 phenotypes in normal rectal mucosa. The activity of ALDH2-active phenotypes of rectal mucosa was 33% greater than ALDH2-inactive phenotypes at 200 μM acetaldehyde. The protein contents in normal rectal mucosa were in the following order: ADH1 > ALDH2 > ADH3 ≈ ALDH1A1, whereas those of ADH2, ADH4, and ALDH3A1 were fairly low. Both activity and content of ADH1 were significantly decreased in rectal tumors, whereas the ALDH activity remained unchanged. The ADH activity was also significantly reduced in hemorrhoids. ADH4 and ALDH3A1 were uniquely expressed in the squamous epithelium of anus at anorectal junctions. The allele frequencies of ADH1C*1 and ALDH2*2 were significantly higher in colorectal cancer and that of ALDH2*2 also significantly greater in hemorrhoids. In conclusion, ADH and ALDH isozymes are differentially expressed in mucosal cells of rectum and anus. The results suggest that acetaldehyde, an immediate metabolite of ethanol, may play an etiological role in pathogenesis of large bowel diseases.     

进出口食品卫生法律法规的缺陷及修改建议

[目的]为修改完善进出口食品卫生法律法规提供依据。[方法]对现有进出口食品卫生法律法规进行综合评估。[结果]进出口食品卫生法律法规存在立法缺陷,应在区域限制、各部门的职责、权限、监督管理程序、食品卫生监督员制度等方面进一步完善,明确违法所得的概念。[结论]进出口食品卫生法律法规存在立法缺陷,应进行修改完善。     

北京市昌平区儿童青少年超重和肥胖流行状况

目的 阐明北京市昌平区儿童青少年超重肥胖的流行状况。方法 2007年5—10月采取分层整群随机抽样,对北京市昌平区4247名7～18岁中小学生进行调查。测量指标包括身高、体重、收缩压、舒张压等。使用SPSS 11．5进行统计学处理,各组率的比较,采用x^2检验。结果 ①共4247名中小学生参加调查,其中女生2090名,男生2157名,超重肥胖572名;②儿童青少年超重肥胖患病率13．47％;③超重肥胖儿童青少年的高血压与体重正常高血压患病率分别为23．7％和6．3％,患病率差异有统计学意义（x^2=39．89,P〈0．01）。结论 儿童青少年患有超重肥胖率较高,有必要对超重肥胖儿童青少年控制体重,减少高血压的患病率。     

广东省2002-2012年6~17岁儿童青少年超重/肥胖变化趋势分析

目的 分析2002-2012年广东省6～17岁儿童青少年超重/肥胖的流行状况及其变化趋势。方法 2002年营养调查采用多阶段分层与整群随机抽样方法,在全省抽取13个监测点共7 075名6～17岁儿童青少年进行调查。2009-2012年的广东省居民营养调查采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,在广东省9区/县城乡调查点抽取2 319名6～17岁儿童青少年,进行身高和体重测量。结果 2009-2012年广东省6～17岁儿童青少年平均超重率和肥胖率分别为7.3%和4.5%,男生超重率和肥胖率（8.9%和6.5%）均高于女生（5.3%和2.2%）,城市超重率和肥胖率（9.3%和5.6%）均高于农村（4.7%和3.2%）;以9～11岁组超重率（8.8%）和肥胖率（6.0%）最高。与2002年比较,除城市女生肥胖率下降外,城市男生、农村男生和女生的超重率和肥胖率均明显上升,其中农村超重和肥胖增幅高于城市,男生增幅高于女生。结论 广东省6～17岁儿童青少年超重和肥胖率较2002年有较大上升,其中农村、男生和9～11岁超重/肥胖比例较高,应重点关注。