The Pattern of "A" and "V" Syndrowes

“A” and “V” syndromes are vertically incomitant horizontal squints characterized by a significant difference in the horizontal deviation between upward and downward gaze. Our experience indicates that they occur in 33% of all cases of strabismus and either produce symptoms per se, or affect the outcome of surgery in 25% of all cases. For this paper, 504 cases of strabismus presenting at the Orthoptic Department of the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital over the past 10 years were analysed to ascertain the incidence of the various syndrome types as well as their influence on treatment. The cause and best method of surgical correction from experience with these cases is suggested.     

Separate processing of "color" and "brightness" in goldfish.

Spectral sensitivity was measured under different adaptation levels using a behavioral training technique in which the fish had to discriminate between a dark test field and a test field illuminated with monochromatic light. Depending on which of the two test fields was used as training test field, two functions were obtained which differ (1) in absolute sensitivity and (2) in shape. When trained on the dark test field, the fish seems to discriminate on the basis of a "color" cue, but it uses a "brightness" cue when trained on the illuminated test field. This was concluded from measurements of wavelength discrimination. Under low levels of the adaptation light (1.5 and 0.2 lx instead of 20 lx), the L-cone type contributes to perception of "brightness" but not to color vision. This difference in the adaptation behavior in the long-wavelength range was used to identify the ganglion cells which may represent channels for "brightness" and "color" in the retina. Action spectra were recorded extracellularly at different levels of dark- and light-adaptation.     

The filtration "pseudopad"

Among 10 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma with a filtration "pseudo-cushion" that prevented compensation of intraocular pressure after trabeculectomy, normalization of intraocular pressure by means of medicamentous treatment (thymolol) could be achieved in 1 patient; in the rest of the patients surgical intervention was required. It is stated that the most effective is early surgical intervention: dissection of the Tenon's capsule "cyst" and resection of the episclera in the zone of the primary surgery.