Use of end-tidalPco2 and transcutaneousPco2 as noninvasive measurement of arterialPco2 in extubated patients recovering from general anesthesia

This study was designed to assess the accuracy of end-tidalPco ₂ and transcutaneousPco ₂ as measurements of arterialPco ₂ in extubated, spontaneously breathing patients recovering from general anesthesia. In 30 patients, measurement of arterial transcutaneous, and end-tidalPco ₂ were taken simultaneously with body temperature approximately every 15 minutes over a 2-hour period. ArterialPco ₂ values were corrected for body temperature. Values for Paco ₂ were compared with those forPetCO₂ and Psco ₂ by linear regression analysis and by calculation of bias ± precision. Thirty-six percent of the capnogram tracings obtained did not develop a plateau phase. We found poor correlation between end-tidal and arterialPco ₂ regardless of the shape of the capnogram tracing, as well as poor correlation between transcutaneous and arterialPco ₂. Although the measurements of bias and precision of noninvasivePco ₂ monitors in this population are comparable to studies in other populations, we advise caution in relying on the routine use ofPetCO₂ or Psco ₂ for the noninvasive assessment of respiratory depression in extubated, spontaneously breathing patients recovering from general anesthesia.     

布托啡诺在全麻后气管拔管期的应用

目的：探讨布托啡诺在全麻后气管拔管期的应用效果。方法：选择18～65岁，70kg以下，ASAI～Ⅱ级的全麻病人40例。随机分为布托啡诺组（n=20）和曲马多组（n=20）。全麻术毕即进入麻醉后恢复室（PACU）等待全麻苏醒拔管。布托啡诺、曲马多组分别给予布托啡诺0．03mg／kg和曲马多1．5mg／kg静注镇痛。记录病人不同时间点的生命体征，吸痰和拔管时的躁动评分，拔管后10min的清醒评分（Ramsay）、舒适评分（BCS）、满意评分及不良反应，病人的苏醒时间、拔管时间、恢复定向力时间，并进行组间比较。所有病人达到Modified Aldrete Score 9分及以上则可以离开PACU回病房。结果：布托啡诺组镇痛、镇静满意，镇痛效果与等效剂量曲马多镇痛效果相似；两组对强刺激引起的心血管反应不能完全抑制，但布托啡诺组优于曲马多组（P〈0，05）；两组均无明显呼吸抑制作用；两组患者的躁动评分、BCS舒适评分、满意评分相似（P〉0．05）；两组不良反应的情况亦相似，但布托啡诺组嗜睡率较高，达40％，同时苏醒期痛苦记忆率较低。结论：布托啡诺（最大剂量不超过2mg）可以安全、有效地用于围拔管期的镇痛和镇静，病人舒适、满意。     

全身麻醉苏醒延迟原因及处理

目的探讨全身麻醉（全麻）患者全麻后苏醒延迟的原因并总结处理经验。方法回顾性分析15例患者全麻后苏醒延迟的原因和处理方法。结果15例患者均安全度过麻醉恢复期,未发生严重并发症。苏醒延迟的原因为麻醉药物作用延长、低氧血症和（或）CO2蓄积、手术前夜有效睡眠时间过短、术中体温过低。处理的方法为在支持治疗的同时积极查找和针对原因处理,并加强术后随访。结论患者全麻后苏醒延迟的原因复杂,在支持治疗基础上尽早发现原因并处理,可避免严重并发症,确保患者恢复期安全。Ramsay镇静深度评分有利于判断患者苏醒程度。     

醒脑静注射液对老年患者全静脉麻醉恢复期心率变异性的影响

目的研究醒脑静注射液（XNJI）对老年患者全静脉麻醉恢复期心率变异性（HRV）的影响。方法80例择期全静脉麻醉下行腹部手术的老年患者,随机分为XNJ组（x组）和对照组（c组）,各40例。入恢复室后,x组患者在10min内滴注催醒液100ml（含XNJ10．5ml／kg）,C组患者则给与等量生理盐水。记录两组患者给药前（To）、给药后不同时点的平均动脉压（MAP）和心率（HR）,及动脉血肾上腺素（E）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）、皮质醇（COR）浓度;并记录总频功率（1]P）、低频功率（LF）、高频功率（HF）、低／高频功率比（LF／HF）。结果MAP、HR两组均上升,c组苏醒时明显高于T0,且与X组比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;E、NE,X组在给药前后无明显变化,c组升高,且与x组比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两组COR均升高,其中c组在围拔管期高于x组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两组的HRV中TP、LF、HF在拔管前上升至最高并在拔管后回落,x组的LF／HF无明显变化,而c组LF／HF在围拔管期高于Tn且高于x组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论醒脑静注射液用于老年患者全静脉麻醉恢复期,可明显抑制拔管期应激反应,促进HRV的恢复、改善心脏自主神经的均衡性。     

Clopheline as a component of general anesthesia during surgery in elderly and aged patients

Clopheline (2-3 micrograms/kg; 2-2.2 micrograms/kg in weak patients) as a component of premedication, for the induction to anesthesia, and in combined endotracheal anesthesia as an analgesic and vegetostabilizing agent has been used in 150 patients, aged 60 to 85 years during planned and emergency surgery. Reduced doses of barbiturates (3 mg/kg) and fentanyl (1.5-2.1 micrograms/kg for the induction to anesthesia and 0.5-0.67 micrograms/kg for analgesia maintenance) were used. At certain stages use was made of droperidol, beginning with a test dose 1.25 mg and not exceeding 5 mg during surgery. The use of clopheline in this category of patients ensures neurovegetative inhibition adequate to the operation stress. In 80% of patients favourable hemodynamic changes have been observed. 20% of patients require droperidol administration at a dose 1.25-5 mg during surgery. Due to low doses, the risk of complication associated with the use of narcotic analgesics in elderly and old patients is reduced considerably.     

二氧化碳气腹对全身麻醉下肺萎陷的影响

目的 观察二氧化碳(CO2)气腹对全身麻醉下肺萎陷程度及肺部氧合的影响.方法 选择术前心肺功能正常,预在全身麻醉下行胆囊切除手术的患者40例.分别于诱导前、诱导后10 min和气腹后10 min抽取患者桡动脉血行血气分析,记录pH值、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血气二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、肺泡-动脉氧分压差[D(A-a)O2];同时采用密闭式氯稀释法测量肺功能残气量(FRC).结果 与诱导前比较,诱导后10min,惠者FKC明显降低(P＜0.01);与诱导后10 min比较,气腹后10 min,患者FRC进一步降低(P＜0.01).与诱导后10 min比较,气腹后10 min患者PaCO2明显增高(P＜0.01),PaO2轻度升高、D(A-2)O2和pH轻度降低,但无统计学意义(P＞0.01).结论 二氧化碳气腹可以使全身麻醉下肺萎陷程度加重,但短时间内不会引起PaO2下降.     

Bioz无创监测系统评价氢吗啡酮对老年高血压患者全麻术后血流动力学的影响

目的探讨Bioz无创血流动力学监测系统评价氢吗啡酮对老年高血压患者全麻术后血流动力学的影响。方法60例行择期全麻腹部手术的老年高血压患者为氢吗啡酮组(HM组)和生理盐水组(SP组)。手术结束前15 min,HM组皮下注射氢吗啡酮,SP组皮下注射生理盐水。观察2组患者在麻醉诱导前(T1)、拔管时(T2)、拔管后10 min(T3)的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、心输出量(CO)、心脏指数(CI)、外周血管阻力(SVR)。记录2组患者自主呼吸恢复时间、唤醒时间、拔管时间和转出PACU时间。记录患者进入PACU后5 min(H1)、15 min(H2)、30 min(H3)的视觉模拟评分(VAS)评分、Ramsay镇静评分。结果与HM组相比,SP组患者HR、MAP、SVR、VAS评分、Ramsay评分显著增高(P0.05);与T1时相比,2组T2时HR、MAP、SVR显著升高,CO、CI显著降低(P0.05);2组T3时SVR较T2降低,但显著高于T1(P0.05)。HM组H2、H3时刻VAS评分、Ramsay评分显著升高(P0.05)。2组患者自主呼吸恢复时间、唤醒时间、清醒拔管时间无显著差异(P0.05)。结论 Bioz无创血流动力学监测系统能够提供全面有效的血流动力学信息,术毕前皮下注射氢吗啡酮1 mg可有效维持老年高血压患者全麻恢复期血流动力学的稳定。     

Remimazolam benzenesulfonate anesthesia effectiveness in cardiac surgery patients under general anesthesia

BACKGROUNDSedation with propofol injections is associated with a risk of addiction, but remimazolam benzenesulfonate is a comparable anesthetic with a short elimination half-life and independence from cell P450 enzyme metabolism. Compared to remimazolam, remimazolam benzenesulfonate has a faster effect, is more quickly metabolized, produces inactive metabolites and has weak drug interactions. Thus, remimazolam benzenesulfonate has good effectiveness and safety for diagnostic and operational sedation. AIMTo investigate the clinical value of remimazolam benzenesulfonate in cardiac surgery patients under general anesthesia.METHODSA total of 80 patients who underwent surgery in the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery from August 2020 to April 2021 were included in the study. Using a random number table, patients were divided into two anesthesia induction groups of 40 patients each: remimazolam (0.3 mg/kg remimazolam benzenesulfonate) and propofol (1.5 mg/kg propofol). Hemodynamic parameters, inflammatory stress response indices, respiratory function indices, perioperative indices and adverse reactions in the two groups were monitored over time for comparison.RESULTSAt pre-anesthesia induction, the remimazolam and propofol groups did not differ regarding heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac index or volume per wave index. After endotracheal intubation and when the sternum was cut off, mean arterial pressure and volume per wave index were significantly higher in the remimazolam group than in the propofol group (P < 0.05). After endotracheal intubation, the oxygenation index and the respiratory index did not differ between the groups. After endotracheal intubation and when the sternum was cut off, the oxygenation index values were significantly higher in the remimazolam group than in the propofol group (P < 0.05). Serum interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels 12 h after surgery were significantly higher than before surgery in both groups (P < 0.05). The observation indices were re-examined 2 h after surgery, and the epinephrine, cortisol and blood glucose levels were significantly higher in the remimazolam group than in the propofol group (P < 0.05). The recovery and extubation times were significantly lower in the remimazolam group than in the propofol group (P < 0.05); there were significantly fewer adverse reactions in the remimazolam group (10.00%) than in the propofol group (30.00%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONCompared with propofol, remimazolam benzenesulfonate benefited cardiac surgery patients under general anesthesia by reducing hemodynamic fluctuations. Remimazolam benzenesulfonate influenced the surgical stress response and respiratory function, thereby reducing anesthesia-related adverse reactions.     

全身麻醉下手术治疗的伴鼾症患者术后麻醉复苏期间的观察及护理

目的探讨全身麻醉下行手术治疗的伴鼾症患者术后麻醉恢复期间的病情观察及护理措施。方法选取78例接受全身麻醉下手术治疗的伴鼾症患者作为研究对象,术后转入麻醉后监测治疗室,在麻醉复苏期间观察其临床症状并采取相应护理措施。结果 78例患者中,29例(37.18%)出现低氧血症、10例(12.82%)发生呼吸抑制、9例(11.54%)发生高血压、6例(7.70%)发生低血压、3例(3.85%)出现心律失常、8例(10.26%)发生低体温。结论在全身麻醉下行手术治疗的伴鼾症患者术后麻醉复苏期间进行病情观察及护理,能够有效预防或及时处理并发症。     

Infection as a cause of early relapse in patients recovering from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare but severe disorder characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, fever, renal failure, and neurologic manifestations. Plasma exchange is the most effective treatment for this condition reducing mortality from 90% in untreated patients to 10%. However, infections acquired during the course of therapy could lead to early relapse of TTP. In this case report, we report three patients with TTP who initially responded well to plasma exchange treatments but suffered early relapses following bacterial infections. All these patients achieved remission once appropriate antibiotic therapy was instituted although one patient eventually received four courses of rituximab. This report emphasizes the need to be vigilant for new infections especially urinary tract infections in TTP patients undergoing plasma exchange. Instituting appropriate antibiotic therapy once an infection is suspected may reduce the need for prolonged plasma exchange procedures and extended hospital stay.     

Common problems in patients recovering from chemical dependency

Chemical dependency is a common, chronic disease that affects up to 25 percent of patients seen in primary care practices. The treatment goal for patients recovering from chemical dependency should be to avoid relapse. This requires physicians to have an open, nonjudgmental attitude and specific expertise about the implications of addiction for other health problems. First-line treatment for chemical dependency should be nonpharmacologic, but when medication is necessary, physicians should avoid drugs that have the potential for abuse or addiction. Medications that sedate or otherwise impair judgment also should be avoided in the recovering patient. Psychiatric illnesses should be aggressively treated, because untreated symptoms increase the risk of relapse into chemical dependency. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may help to lower alcohol consumption in depressed patients, and desipramine may help to facilitate abstinence in persons addicted to cocaine. If insomnia extends beyond the acute or postacute withdrawal period, trazodone may be an effective treatment. If nonpharmacologic management of pain is not possible, nonaddictive medications should be used. However, if non-addictive medications fail, long-acting opiates used under strict supervision may be considered. Uncontrolled pain in itself is a relapse risk.     

盐酸右美托咪定对连续硬膜外联合全麻下妇科腹腔镜手术患者全麻苏醒期的影响

目的观察盐酸右美托咪定对硬膜外联合全麻下妇科手术患者全麻苏醒期的影响。方法 40例妇科手术患者随机分为盐酸右美托咪定组(D组)和丙泊酚组(P组)。记录实施麻醉前(T_1)、进入苏醒室时(T_2)、苏醒时(T_3)、拔除气管导管时(T_4)、离开苏醒室时(T_5)患者的HR、MAP和Sp O2值以及麻醉苏醒时间、拔除气管导管时间、术中知晓例数、恶心呕吐和寒战的发生例数。结果 2组T_1时间点各指标均无显著差异(P0.05)。2组T_2、T_3、T_4和T_5时HR和MAP,苏醒时间、拔管时间、恶心呕吐和寒战的发生例数有显著差异(P0.05)。结论盐酸右美托咪定应用于连续硬膜外联合全麻患者的全麻苏醒期血流动力学更加稳定,可以明显减少恶心呕吐等不适。     

复合心理疏导在全麻苏醒期患者中的应用研究

目的 探讨手术患者的临床心理干预模式,探索音乐疗法在临床应用中的价值,并开创新的应用领域.方法 60例患者分为实验组与对照组,2组患者于手术前1 d均接受术前心理干预,手术后,实验组患者在全麻苏醒期给予复合心理疏导,对照组患者术后只进行单纯音乐唤醒.对2组患者的心率、脉搏血氧饱和度、平均动脉压及汉密顿焦虑量表(HAMA)客观指标进行评价.结果 实验组与对照组的MAP分别为(79.80±7.76).(82.33±6.42)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)、SpO2差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),HR分别为(80.76 ±13.92),(85.82±13.39)次/min,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).实验组焦虑程度(9.78±2.32)分明显低于对照组(11.08±2.97)分,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 复合心理疏导是将术前心理干预、术后音乐唤醒,患者意识逐步恢复过程中音乐辅助下实施心理指导相结合,是对全麻患者进行全程、及时、个体化、针对性的帮助和心理指导,对减轻患者焦虑程度具有积极作用.     

硬膜外麻醉与全身麻醉对老年患者术后认知功能的影响

目的研究探讨硬膜外麻醉与全身麻醉对老年患者术后认知功能影响的临床意义。方法随机选取美国麻醉医师协会Ⅰ～Ⅱ级、无严重心脑血管疾病、无重大呼吸循环系统疾病、未服用影响神经精神系统功能的药物且行择期骨科大手术的老年(≥65岁)患者150例,按所采用的麻醉方法的不同将患者分为硬膜外麻醉组(硬膜外组)和全身麻醉组(全麻组)。记录不同时间点的平均动脉压(BP)和心率(HR),采用简易智力状态检查(MMSE)法测定两组患者不同时间点的认知功能,最大评分为30分,≤23分即可认为发生了认知功能障碍(POCD)。结果两组患者在麻醉前、麻醉后手术前、手术30min时、主要手术步骤操作时、手术结束时的BP与HR比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);在麻醉后的24h,硬膜外组MMSE评分明显高于全麻组(P<0.05),其余时间点差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。POCD发生率在麻醉后6h和12h硬膜外组发生率低于全麻组,分别为13.3%与6.7%、24.0%与20.0%,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论在硬膜外麻醉与全身麻醉中,老年患者术后早期均可发生POCD,而全身麻醉在术后24h内对老年患者认知功能的影响比硬膜外麻醉更为明显。     

CYP2C19 genotype affects diazepam pharmacokinetics and emergence from general anesthesia

OBJECTIVES: Diazepam is widely used to relieve preoperative anxiety in patients. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of polymorphism in CYP2C19 and the effects of CYP3A4 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) content in blood on recovery from general anesthesia and on diazepam pharmacokinetics. METHODS: Sixty-three Japanese patients were classified into the following 3 genotype (phenotype) groups on the basis of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of CYP2C19 polymorphism: no variants, *1/*1 (extensive metabolizer [EM]); 1 variant, *1/*2 or *1/*3 (intermediate metabolizer [IM]); and 2 variants, *2/*2, *2/*3, or *3/*3 (poor metabolizer [PM]). We assessed the effects of these polymorphisms and of CYP3A4 mRNA content in the lymphocytes on the patients' recovery from general anesthesia. RESULTS: CYP2C19 genotyping analysis in the 63 subjects showed that 32%, 46%, and 22% of subjects were classified into the EM, IM, and PM groups, respectively. The PM subjects showed a larger area under the curve representing the concentration of diazepam over a 24-hour period (AUC(0-24)) (2088 +/- 378 ng/mL.h(-1), P = .0259), lower clearance of diazepam (0.049 +/- 0.009 L.h(-1).kg(-1), P = .0287), and longer emergence time (median, 18 minutes; 25th-75th percentile range, 13-21 minutes; P < .001) in comparison with subjects in the EM group (AUC(0-24), 1412 +/- 312 ng/mL; clearance, 0.074 +/- 0.018 L.h(-1).kg(-1); and emergence time, 10 minutes, 8-12 minutes [median and 25th-75th percentile range]). The IM group also showed a longer emergence time (median, 13 minutes; 25th-75th percentile range, 9-20 minutes; P < .001) and a larger variation in this parameter in comparison with the EM group. The distributions of the CYP2C19 genotype were significantly different between the 2 groups (rapid emergence <20 minutes, slow emergence >20 minutes) (P = .0148). The mean value of the CYP3A4 mRNA level in the slow-emergence group (mean +/- SD, 4.80 +/- 3.99 x10(-10)) was significantly lower than that of the rapid-emergence group (mean +/- SD, 12.50 +/- 11.90 x10(-10)) (P = .0315). However, there was no significant correlation between emergence time and CYP3A4 mRNA levels (r = 0.239, P = .0601). CONCLUSION: We found that the CYP2C19 genotype affects diazepam pharmacokinetics and emergence from general anesthesia and that the slow-emergence group possesses lower levels of CYP3A4 mRNA than are found in the rapid-emergence group.