HPV16/18在膀胱癌中表达及其与bFGF、cyclinD1和cyclinE的相关关系

目的探讨人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)16/18与膀胱癌发病之间关系及其作用机制.方法应用免疫组化方法检测78例膀胱癌标本和11例正常膀胱组织中HPV16/18、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、细胞周期蛋白(cyclin)D1和cyclinE的表达及相关关系.结果膀胱癌中HPV16/18阳性率为65.4%,显著高于正常的27.3%;而且与肿瘤病理分级、分期相关,但与肿瘤复发无相关.膀胱癌中HPV16/18与bFGF及cyclinD1表达之间有显著相关性,但与cyclinE表达之间无显著相关性.结论HPV16/18感染参与膀胱癌发病过程,而且通过多途径发挥作用.     

Overexpression of cyclin D1 correlates with early recurrence in superficial bladder cancers.

Cyclin D1 is a cell cycle regulator essential for G1 phase progression and is frequently overexpressed in several human tumour types as a consequence of gene amplification or chromosomal rearrangements. We analysed the expression of cyclin D1 in 75 patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) to investigate the possible relationship between its expression and clinical outcome as well as histopathological findings using the immunohistochemical method. We observed strong staining (++, > 50% positive cells) for cyclin D1 in 19 cases (25.3%) and weak staining (+, 5-50% positive cells) in 19 cases (25.3%). Overexpression of cyclin D1 was not associated with tumour invasion. No significant association was found between overexpression of cyclin D1 and tumour grade (P > 0.05). We assessed the differences of disease-free interval in superficial tumours and actuarial survival probability in invasive tumours according to the status of cyclin D1 expression. Tumours with (++) staining for cyclin D1 recurred much more rapidly than (-) and/or (+) staining tumours (P < 0.01 for - vs ++; P < 0.05 for + vs ++). However, overexpression of cyclin D1 was not associated with a shortened overall survival of patients with invasive tumours (P < 0.1). These results suggest that genetic alteration of cyclin D1 appears to be an early event in the tumorigenesis of bladder TCC and is associated with early recurrence in superficial tumours.     

p57KIP2、cyclin D1、cyclin E在男性乳腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

  目的  探讨p57KIP2、cyclin D1、cyclin E在男性乳腺癌（male breast cancer，MBC）组织中的表达及其临床意义。  方法  收集2000年1月至2016年12月60例温州医科大学附属第一医院MBC患者的组织标本，分为乳腺浸润性导管癌组（infiltrating ductal carcinoma，IDC）40例、乳腺导管原位癌组（ductal carcinoma in situ，DCIS）20例，选取20例男性乳腺发育症（gynecomastia，GYM）作为对照组。应用RT-PCR、免疫组织化学法分别检测IDC、DCIS、GYM组织中的p57KIP2、cyclin D1、cyclin E mRNA及蛋白的表达情况。  结果  IDC的p57KIP2 mRNA表达水平为0.18±0.07，低于DCIS的0.42±0.05、GYM的0.75±0.04；IDC的p57KIP2蛋白阳性率为25%（10/40），低于DCIS的60%（12/20）、GYM的90%（18/20）；p57KIP2 mRNA及蛋白表达三组间两两比较，差异均具有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。IDC的cyclin D1、cyclin E mRNA表达水平分别为0.92±0.12、0.96±0.08，高于DCIS的0.72±0.06、0.64±0.01及GYM的0.38± 0.03、0.21±0.02；IDC的cyclin D1、cyclin E蛋白阳性率分别为90%（36/40）、88%（35/40），高于DCIS的80%（16/20）、85%（17/20）及GYM的25%（5/20）、20%（4/20），差异均具有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。在IDC组织中p57KIP2、cyclin D1、cyclin E表达均与临床分期、组织学分级相关（P < 0.05），p57KIP2蛋白的表达与淋巴结转移相关（P < 0.05）；p57KIP2与cyclin D1、p57KIP2与cyclin E呈负相关（P < 0.05），cyclin D1与cyclin E呈正相关（P < 0.05）。  结论  p57KIP2、cyclin D1、cyclin E可能参与了MBC的发生发展过程，联合检测p57KIP2、cyclin D1、cyclin E可为进一步发现MBC的发病机制及治疗提供重要参考。      

Expression of cyclin E and cyclin D1 in non-small cell lung cancers

The relationships between overexpression of cyclin D1 or cyclin E and clinicopathological factors were investigated in 157 patients with non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) using immunohistochemical analysis. Fifty-eight cases of NSCLCs (58/157, 37%) showed the overexpression of cyclin D1, and 64 cases (64/157, 41%) were positive for cyclin E. Cyclin E and cyclin D1 were infrequently concurrently overexpressed (17/157, 10.8%). Overexpression of cyclin E was more frequently observed in squamous cell carcinoma (29/57, 51%) compared with that in adenocarcinoma (28/86, 33%) (P<0.05). In addition, overexpression of cyclin E was more frequently observed in poorly or moderately differentiated NSCLCs (52/103, 50%) than in well-differentiated ones (12/54, 22%) regardless of their histological types (P<0.01). On the contrary, there was no statistically significant relationship between cyclin D1 overexpression and histological types or grade of tumor differentiation. These findings suggest that expression of cyclin E was frequently independent of that of cyclin D1 and played some roles in the grade of tumor differentiation in NSCLCs.     

膀胱移行细胞癌HPV-16/18感染与p53基因改变的关系

目的初步探讨膀胱移行细胞癌(TCC)中HPV-16／18感染与p53基因改变的关系。方法选择已确定为HPV-16／18感染的18例膀胱TCC患者(其中HPV-16／18E7片段阳性者13例，HPV-16／18E7阴性者5例)，采用微卫星方法检测肿瘤组织内与p53基因紧密连锁的TP53位点杂合性缺失(LOH)情况，并采用免疫组织化学方法检测p53蛋白表达情况。结果18例TCC组织中TP53位点杂合率为83．33％(15／18)，其LOH率达46．67％(7／15)；p53蛋白阳性率为50．00％(9／18)。其中，HPV-16／18E7 DNA阳性和p53基因改变[包括TP53位点LOH和(或)p53蛋白阳性]并存者11例，占61.11％(11／18)；仅HPV-16／18E7 DNA阳性或p53基因改变[包括TP53位点LOH和(或)p53蛋白阳性]者5例，占27．78％(5／18)；两者均阴性者2例，占11．11％(2／18)。结论HPV-16／18感染可能通过p53基因改变在TCC的发生发展过程中发挥作用，这种p53基因改变可以是LOH和(或)蛋白异常表达。     

Cyclin D1 expression in endometrioid-type endometrial adenocarcinoma is correlated with histological grade and proliferative activity, but not with prognosis

To elucidate carcinogenesis in the endometrium, we investigated cyclin D1 immunoreactivities in 20 normal endometria, 20 endometrial hyperplasias and 141 endometrioid-type endometrial adenocarcinoma. We also evaluated the correlation of cyclin D1 expression with Ki-67, cyclin E, cyclin A, cdk2, p27 and p53, and clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. Cyclin D1 expression increased significantly with histological grade, and the labeling index (LI) for cyclin D1 was 121 +/- 23.4% in G1, 12.7 +/- 23.7% in G2 and 15.7 +/- 18.5% in G3. The LIs were significantly correlated with those for cyclin E, cyclin A and Ki-67, but not with the LIs of cdk2, p27 or p53. In contrast, high cyclin D1 expression was significantly correlated with low p53 expression. Cyclin D1 expression was not significantly correlated with any of the clinicopathological parameters except histological grade. Cyclin D1 expression was significantly correlated with histological grade and proliferative activity, but not clinicopathological parameters and prognosis in endometrial adenocarcinoma.     

宫颈腺癌组织HPVl6／18-E7与CyclinD1／pRb及ER表达临床意义分析

目的：探讨宫颈腺癌组织中HPVl6／18-E7、CyclinD1／pRb及ER的表达及临床意义。方法：收集2004—01—01—2012—01—01胜利油田中心医院病理科宫颈腺癌患者40例。应用免疫组化法检测40例宫颈腺癌组织中HPVl6／18-E7、CyclinD1及ER的表达,蛋白质印迹法检测HPvl6／18-E7和CyclinD1均阳性表达的宫颈腺癌组织中CyclinD1及pRb的表达量。结果：免疫组化结果显示,宫颈腺癌组织中CyclinD1阳性表达率为55．0％,HPVl6／18-E7为85．0％,ER为72．5％。HPVl6／18-E7蛋白及ER的表达与宫颈腺癌患者的年龄、肿瘤大小、临床分期、组织学分级及淋巴结转移等临床病理特征无关,P〉0．05。CyclinD1的高表达与宫颈腺癌的临床分期有关,x2=6．234,P=0．013;与淋巴结是否转移有关,x2=9．038,P=0．003;与患者年龄、肿瘤大小和组织学分级无关,P〉0．05。蛋白质印迹法检测显示,HPVl6／18-E7和CyclinD1均阳性表达的21例宫颈腺癌组织中CyclinD1出现不同程度的高表达,对照组7例组织中CyclinD1蛋白低表达或无表达,差异有统计学意义,Pc=O．037;21例宫颈腺癌组织中pRb蛋白多为低表达或不表达,对照组pRb蛋白的表达无明显变化,PpRb=0．002。宫颈腺癌组织中CyclinD1的表达与HPVl6／18-E7蛋白呈正相关,x2=17．56,r=0．9024,P=0．042;ER与HPVl6／18-E7蛋白表达呈正相关,x2=5．431,r=0．3458,P=0．02;CyclinD1的表达与ER受体呈正相关,x2=4．713,r=0．3171,P=0．03。结论：CyclinD1／pRb信号通路的活化可能是HPVl6／18感染宫颈腺癌的发生机制,HPVl6／18阳性宫颈腺癌组织中ER高表达,提示雌激素在高危型HPVl6／18致癌过程中可能发挥作用。     

DETECTION OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS L1 -16 AND -18 DNA AND EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS DNA IN LARYNGEAL CARCINOMA

Objective: To look for the further evidence for HPV LI HPVI6 E6, HPV 18 E6 and EBV as carcinogenic factors in laryngeal carcinoma. Method: we examined representative numbers of specimens from laryngeal cancer with highly sensitive PCR technique for the presence ofHPV LI and high-risk types HPV16 E6, HPV18 E6 and EBV LMPI. Results: Using PCRdetection, 7.3% samples were HPV LI positive, 52.03% were HPV16 E6 positive, 30.89% were HPV18 E6 positive and 9.13% were EBV LMPI positive. The low incidence of HPV L1 and high incidence of HPV-16 E6 and HPVI8 E6 genes suggest that HPV might be integrated into tumor cells. Our results support a role of HPV-16 and HPV-18 infection in the pathogenesis of laryngeal carcinoma in China. Conclusion: Integration of E6 into host genome and stable expression of these genes may be associated with the carcinogenesis of laryngeal carcinoma. HPV-16 and HPV-18 may synergistically function on the pathogenesis of laryngeal carcinoma. Our results suggest an association of laryngeal carcinogenesis and infection with the high-risk HPV types 16, HPV 18 and EBV.     

高危型人类乳头瘤病毒-16、-18在喉鳞状细胞癌中的检测分析

目的探讨人类乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染与喉鳞状细胞癌（LSCC）的关系。方法采用多对引物进行组织DNA聚合酶链反应（PCR）及原位杂交（ISH）技术对84例LSCC组织进行检测,从多角度、多方面印证HPV的感染。结果PCR检出HPV—L1阳性率为27-4％（23／84）,而针对HPV-16型、HPV。18型特异的E6／E7引物行PCR扩增的结果显示,29例（34．5％）为HPV-16型,6例（7．1％）为HPV-18型,其中4例（4．8％）为HPV-16、HPV-18混合感染。LSCC中HPV-16和HPV-18的总阳性率为36．9％。用地高辛标记的HPV-16E6探针进行的ISH结果显示喉癌组织中HPV-16E6mRNA的检出率为30．9％（26／84）。结论高危型HPV-16的感染可能参与LSCC的致癌过程,但其具体机制尚待进一步研究．     

Decreased expression of human papillomavirus E2 protein and transforming growth factor-beta1 in human cervical neoplasia as an early marker in carcinogenesis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is thought to be one of the possible causative factors in cervical carcinogenesis, and cervical carcinoma cells are refractory to tumor transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possible cause-effect association between HPV and TGF-beta1 during cervical tumorigenesis. METHODS: We assessed the expression of HPV capsid proteins, HPV-16 E7, HPV-16 E2 (C and N terminals), TGF-beta1, and their receptors TGF-beta RI and RII by immunohistochemistry in 48 paraffin-embedded blocks of tumor tissue derived from patients of cervical neoplasia. RESULTS: Expression of TGF-beta1 decreased as tumor cells progressed from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)1, CIN2, CIN3, to microinvasive carcinoma (P < 0.05). Levels of TGF-betaRI and TGFbeta-RII stayed the same in all cases. HPV was found in 89.6% of the studied sections, and cervical lesions without HPV infection expressed significantly less TGF-beta1 (P < 0.05). By comparing the expression pattern of TGF-beta1 and HPV in the neoplastic cells with that of normal cervical epithelium in each section, we found loss of HPV-16 E2 higher in CIN3 (15/24) than in CIN1 or CIN2 (3/7), and there is a significant trend that loss of HPV-16 E2 expression correlated with a >50% loss of TGF-beta1 at the lesion site (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our result showed co-suppression of HPV and TGF-beta1 expression during progression of cervical squamous cell cancer. Using antibody against HPV-16 E2 may be an auxiliary tool for the investigation of cervical tumor progression.     

Expression and significance of cyclin D1 in human hepatocellular carcinoma

Cyclin D1 is closely correlated with G1 phase of cell cycle. In normal human tissues, cyclin D1 distributes mainly in proliferating region of epithelial tissues and its expressional level is low[1]. Recently, it has been found that the expression of cyclin D1 is abnormally high in a variety of tumor tissues, and cylin D1 has considered as one of the generally acknowledged oncogenes[2-5]. There have been only few reports about the expression of cyclin D1 and itsrelationship with pathological …     

野生型RASSF1A基因抑制肝癌细胞增殖的分子机制

背景与目的:RASSF1A(ras association domain family 1A)基因抑制肿瘤增殖的分子机制目前尚未完全明确,本文将探讨野生型RASSF1A基因抑制肝癌细胞增殖的分子机制.方法:利用已构建成功的稳定表达野生型和突变型RASSF1A基因的肝癌细胞株QGY-7703,使用流式细胞仪对其进行细胞周期的测定,Western blot分析其cyclin D1、cyclin E及P21蛋白的表达水平,通过检测荧光素酶报告基因活性及RT-PCR检测野生型RASSFIA基因的表达来分析RASSF1A基因对cyclin D1启动子和mRNA表达水平的影响.结果:野生型RASSF1A基因的表达可使QGY-7703细胞的细胞周期发生G1/S期阻滞,使其cyclin D1蛋白的表达水平下调,但不影响cyclin E和P21蛋白的表达水平.外源性cyclin D1的表达可使野生型RASSF1A基因引起的QGY-7703细胞G1/S期阻滞消失.野生型RASSF1A基因表达不影响QGY-7703细胞cyclin D1启动子的活性和cyclin D1 mRNA的表达水平.结论:野生型RASSF1A基因通过转录后机制负性调控cyclin D1蛋白的表达,使肝癌细胞株QGY-7703细胞周期阻滞在G1/S期.     

乳腺癌组织中E-cadherin、β-catenin及cyclin D1表达的相关性研究

背景与目的上皮性钙粘素(E-cadherin)通过连接素(catenins)与细胞骨架相连介导细胞同质粘附反应,β-catenin除与E-cadherin结合介导细胞粘附反应外,还作为Wnt信号转导通路的重要成分与肿瘤发生密切相关。本研究通过检测乳腺癌组织中E-cadherin、β-catenin及cyclinD1的表达,探讨E-cadherin、β-catenin在乳腺癌发生、发展中的意义。方法采用免疫组织化学SP法检测60例乳腺癌组织中E-cadherin、β-catenin、cyclinD1的表达。结果乳腺癌组织中有29例(48.3%)E-cadherin、18例(30.0%)β-catenin正常表达,28例(46.7%)cyclinD1过度表达。E-cadherin正常表达病例中,31.0%(9/29)的病例呈现cyclinD1过度表达,而E-cadherin异常表达病例中,61.3%(19/31)的病例呈现cyclinD1过度表达,E-cadherin异常表达与cyclinD1的过度表达有显著的正相关性(rs=0.303,P<0.05)。有42例癌组织表现出β-catenin的异常表达,其中57.1%(24/42)的病例出现cyclinD1的过度表达,而β-catenin正常膜表达病例中,22.2%(4/18)的病例呈现cyclinD1的过度表达。β-catenin的异常表达与cyclinD1的过度表达有显著的正相关性(rs=0.321,P<0.05)。结论E-cadherin和β-catenin的异常表达可能通过促使或激活cyclinD1的过度表达导致乳腺癌的发生和发展。     

Cyclin D1 expression in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: correlation with p53, waf1, pRb and Ki67

Normal cell proliferation is closely regulated by proteins called cyclins. One of these, cyclin D1, in combination with its corresponding cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk), is essential for G(1)/S phase transition. Cyclin/cdk complexes are generally inhibited by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors(ckis), some of which are induced by wild-type p53. The aims of this study were: to investigate levels of cyclin D1 expression in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder; to correlate these results with data concerning the expression of p53, waf1, pRb and Ki67; and to determine whether cyclin D1 expression could predict clinical outcome. Paraffin-sections from 150 newly diagnosed bladder tumours (Ta/T1 = 97; T2-T4 = 53) were stained for cyclin D1 using immunohistochemistry and a cyclin D1 index assigned. These results were correlated with data relating to the expression of p53 and waf1 by the same tumours. A representative subset of 54 tumours (Ta/T1 = 28; T2-T4 = 26) was also stained for Ki67 and 55 were stained for pRb. The clinical course of each patient was recorded and multivariate analyses of risk factors for tumour recurrence, stage progression and overall survival were performed. Positive staining for cyclin D1 was found in 83% of tumours. The staining pattern varied between tumours with nuclear, cytoplasmic or a combination of the two evident in different tumours. 89% of Ta/T1 and 74% of T2-T4 tumours showed nuclear staining with or without cytoplasmic staining. The median value for cyclin D1 staining was significantly higher in Ta/T1 tumours (41%) compared with T2-T4 tumours (8%, P< 0.005) with 26% of muscle-invasive tumours demonstrating absent staining. In addition, the median value for cyclin D1 staining was significantly higher in G1/G2 tumours (43%) compared with G3 tumours (14%, P< 0.005). There was a significant positive correlation between expression of cyclin D1 and waf1 expression (P< 0.0001) as well as pRb expression but not between cyclin D1 expression and expression of p53. Ki67 expression was significantly associated with increasing tumour stage (P< 0.005) and histological grade (P< 0.05) but did not correlate with cyclin D1 expression. A cyclin D1 index > or = 8% was associated with significantly better survival in those patients with muscle-invasive disease (T2-T4). In addition, there was a significantly higher progression rate for those patients with Ta/T1 disease whose tumours demonstrated cytoplasmic cyclin D1 staining. These results indicate that cyclin D1 expression is significantly higher in low-stage, well differentiated bladder tumours and strongly correlates with waf1 expression. In a multivariate analysis, cyclin D1 expression is an independent prognostic indicator of survival in those patients with muscle-invasive disease.     

Prognostic implication of cyclin E expression and its relationship with cyclin D1 and p27Kip1 expression on tissue microarrays of node negative breast cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Altered expression of cell-cycle regulators is prevalent in clinical breast cancer. This study was performed to analyze the impact of cyclin E expression to the outcome of breast cancer together with cyclin D1 and p27Kip1. METHODS: The correlation between cyclin D1/E and p27Kip1 expression was analyzed in tissue arrays of 175 node-negative breast cancers treated by the same chemotherapy composed of fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate. Data from the immunohistochemical assays of three molecules were correlated and were analyzed with clinical outcome of the patients. RESULTS: Cyclin E expression was observed in 48 (27.4%) of 175 breast carcinomas. Cyclin E expression was significantly increased in young age patients and poorly differentiate tumors. Expression of cyclin E was significantly increased in cyclin D1 expressing tumors (P = 0.034). p27Kip1 expression was preserved above the 50% level in 87 tumors (49.7%) and was inversely correlated with cyclin E expression (P = 0.042). Ki67 labeling index was significantly increased in cyclin E-expressing tumors (P = 0.033) and was inversely related with p27Kip1 expression. In multivariate survival analysis, cyclin E expression was significant for the prediction of poor survival of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Cyclin E expression was associated with poor prognosis and intimately correlated with the expression of cyclin D1 and p27Kip1. Integration of TMA technology allowed a high-throughput analysis for correlating molecular in situ findings with clinico-pathologic information.     

Overexpression of cyclins D1 and E is frequent in bronchial preneoplasia and precedes squamous cell carcinoma development.

Increased protein expression of the G1 cyclins D1 and E is reported in invasive non-small cell lung carcinoma. However, during transformation of the bronchial epithelium, overexpression of these species occurs, and their relationship to aberrant expression of p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb) has not been described previously. To determine the expression of these cell cycle regulators during the development of invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung, the immunohistochemical expression patterns in normal bronchial epithelium (n = 36), squamous metaplasia (SM; n = 28), and epithelial atypia (n = 34) were compared with that in low-grade dysplasia (LGD; n = 17), high-grade bronchial dysplasia (HGD; n = 30), and SCC (n = 36). Monoclonal anti-p53 Pab1801, polyclonal anti-cyclin D1 DCS6, monoclonal anti-cyclin E HE12, and monoclonal anti-Rb OP-66 antibodies were used. Cyclin D1 was not expressed in normal bronchial epithelium but was detected in 7% of SMs, 15% of atypias; 18% of LGDs, 47% of HGDs, and 42% of SCCs. Cyclin E was not detected in normal epithelium (n = 24), SM (n = 16), or LGD (n = 12), but it was found in 9% of atypias (2 of 22), 33% of HGDs (7 of 21), and 54% of SCCs (13 of 24). p53 was not expressed in normal epithelium, SM, and LGD, but it was overexpressed in 6% of atypias, 53% of HGDs, and 61% of SCCs. Abnormal Rb expression was found only in 2 of 36 cases of SCC. A total of 91% of HGDs and 92% of SCCs exhibited overexpression of at least one of the p53, cyclin D1, or cyclin E species. However, no link was observed between overexpression of p53 and the overexpressed G1 cyclins in preneoplastic lesions. Overexpression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, and p53 occurs frequently and independently in pulmonary SCC and is detected in lesions before the development of invasive carcinoma. In contrast, altered Rb expression is a late and infrequent event in squamous cell carcinogenesis.     

Familial breast cancers without mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 have low cyclin E and high cyclin D1 in contrast to cancers in BRCA mutation carriers.

PURPOSE: We analyzed the expression of critical cell cycle regulators cyclin E and cyclin D1 in familial breast cancer, focusing on BRCA mutation-negative tumors. Cyclin E expression in tumors of BRCA1 or BRCA2 carriers is higher, and cyclin D1 expression lower, than in sporadic tumors. In familial non-BRCA1/2 tumors, cyclin E and cyclin D1 expression has not been studied. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Cyclin E and cyclin D1 immunohistochemical expression was studied in tissue microarrays consisting of 53 BRCA1, 58 BRCA2, 798 familial non-BRCA1/2, and 439 sporadic breast tumors. RESULTS: In univariate analysis, BRCA1 tumors had significantly more frequently high cyclin E (88%) and low cyclin D1 (84%) expression than sporadic (54% and 49%, respectively) or familial non-BRCA1/2 (38% and 45%, respectively) tumors. BRCA2 tumors had significantly more frequently low cyclin D1 expression (68%) than sporadic or familial non-BRCA1/2 tumors and significantly more frequently high cyclin E expression than familial non-BRCA1/2 tumors. In a logistic regression model, cyclin expression, early age of onset, and estrogen receptor (ER) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) status were the independent factors most clearly distinguishing tumors of BRCA1 mutation carriers from other familial breast cancers. High cyclin E and low cyclin D1 expression were also independent predictors of BRCA2 mutation when compared with familial non-BRCA1/2 tumors. Most interestingly, lower frequency of high cyclin E expression independently distinguished familial non-BRCA1/2 tumors also from sporadic ones. CONCLUSIONS: Cyclin E and cyclin D1 expression distinguishes non-BRCA1/2 tumors from both sporadic and BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated tumors and may reflect different predisposition and pathogenesis in these groups.     

High-risk human papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein detection in cervical squamous cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Persistent infections by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types are the main etiologic factor for cervical cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether high-risk E7 oncoprotein is adequate as a marker for the detection of cervical cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: HPV typing was done in biopsies from 58 cervical carcinoma and 22 normal cervical squamous epithelia. The HPV-16 E7, HPV-18 E7, and HPV-45 E7 oncoprotein levels were monitored by immunohistochemistry and compared with those of p16(INK4a) and Ki67. RESULTS: Fifty-five (94.8%) tumors were high-risk HPV-DNA-positive (46 HPV-16, 2 HPV-16 and HPV-18, 4 HPV-18, 1 HPV-33, and 2 HPV-45). HPV-DNA could not be detected in three tumors (5.2%). High HPV E7 oncoprotein levels were shown in 57 cervical cancers (98.3%), without correlation between expression levels and tumor stages. CONCLUSION: This is the first study which systematically analyzes the levels of the major HPV oncoproteins in cervical carcinomas demonstrating that the high-risk HPV E7 proteins are regularly expressed in these cancers. This suggests that high-risk E7 oncoproteins are necessary for cervical cancers and apparently essential as tumor marker.