脑机接口联合末端驱动型下肢机器人对脑卒中患者平衡及步行功能的影响

摘要 目的：观察脑机接口（brain computer interfaces, BCI）联合GEO System?下肢机器人（G-EO gait-therapy system, G-EO）对脑卒中患者平衡及步行功能的影响。 方法：在无锡市中心康复医院招募40例脑卒中患者,随机分为对照组和试验组,每组20例。对照组患者在常规康复治疗基础上进行下肢主被动踏车训练和G-EO训练,试验组患者在常规康复治疗基础上进行脑机接口下肢踏车训练和G-EO训练。两组患者均在治疗前、治疗4周后采用Fugl-Meyer下肢运动功能量表（FMA-LE）、Berg平衡量表（Berg balance scale, BBS）、Tecnobody平衡评估系统和GaitWatch三维步态分析仪进行评估。 结果：治疗前,两组患者FMA-LE、BBS、压力中心运动椭圆面积、压力中心运动轨迹长度、稳定极限、步频、步态周期、步幅、步速、步长对称性比、踝最大背屈角度无显著性差异（P>0.05）。治疗4周后,两组患者组内比较FMA-LE、BBS、压力中心运动椭圆面积、压力中心运动轨迹长度、稳定极限、步频、步态周期、步幅、步速、步长对称性比、踝最大背屈角度均比治疗前显著性改善（P<0.05）。组间比较,试验组FMA-LE、BBS、压力中心运动椭圆面积、压力中心运动轨迹长度、稳定极限、步频、步态周期、步幅、步速比对照组显著性改善（P<0.05）。 结论：4周的BCI联合G-EO训练能够有效改善脑卒中患者的下肢运动功能,提高脑卒中患者平衡及步行能力,具有近期效果。     

智能机器人步态模拟训练结合悬吊运动对脑卒中早期下肢运动功能的影响

摘要 目的：探讨智能机器人步态模拟训练结合悬吊运动对脑卒中早期下肢功能恢复的疗效,为脑卒中后患者康复提供更有效的方案。 方法：选取山东省立第三医院康复医学部符合纳入标准的脑卒中患者90例,采取随机数字表法分为对照组（A组）、减重跑台组（B组）和智能机器人组（C组）,每组各30例。三组患者均接受常规康复治疗,对照组进行悬吊运动训练,减重跑台组在对照组的基础上接受减重跑台训练,智能机器人组在对照组的基础上接受智能机器人步态模拟训练。分别于治疗前、治疗4周后采用躯干控制测试（TCT）、Fugl-Meyer下肢运动功能量表（FMA-LE）、Berg平衡量表（BBS）、Holden步行功能分级（FAC）及视频步态分析仪分别评定患者的躯干控制能力、下肢体运动功能、平衡功能、步行能力及步态时空参数（步频、步速、步长和步行周期）。 结果：治疗前三组患者的各项指标比较,差异均无显著性意义（P>0.05）。治疗4周后,三组各项指标均优于治疗前,具有显著性意义（P<0.05）;智能机器人组在TCT、FMA-LE、BBS、FAC及步态时空参数（步频、步速、步长和步行周期）方面显著优于对照组（P<0.05）;除步行周期外,智能机器人组其余指标均显著优于减重跑台组（P<0.05）;减重跑台组在TCT、FMA-LE、BBS、FAC及步态时空参数（步频、步速、步长和步行周期）方面优于对照组（P<0.05）。 结论：智能机器人步态模拟训练结合悬吊运动更能增强脑卒中早期患者的躯干核心的稳定性,纠正异常步态,优化平衡功能,达到改善运动功能和步行能力目的。     

外周前庭训练对脑卒中恢复期患者平衡功能的影响

目的：探讨前庭训练对脑卒中恢复期患者平衡功能的影响。方法：选取34例脑卒中恢复期患者为研究对象,并随机分为对照组与观察组各17例,对照组进行常规康复训练,观察组在进行常规康复训练的同时进行前庭训练。比较2组治疗前后的Berg平衡功能量表评分(BBS)、Fugl-Meyer下肢功能评估量表（FMA-LE）以及Tetrax平衡功能诊断及训练系统测定的中枢前庭与周围前庭跌倒风险指数的数值差异。结果：训练一周后,2组的平衡功能量表BBS与训练前比较均显著提高（P<0.05）,且观察组明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。2组下肢功能量表FMA-LE与训练前比较均显著提高（P<0.05）,但2组间评分无显著差异。2组的周围前庭跌倒风险指数F2-F4均有降低（P<0.05）,且观察组较对照组显著降低（P<0.05）,中枢前庭跌倒风险指数F7-F8得分2组差异无统计学意义。结论：前庭训练能有效改善脑卒中恢复期患者的外周前庭功能,存在提高偏瘫患者平衡功能的可能性。     

运动想象训练联合任务导向性功能训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能恢复的影响

目的 探讨运动想象训练联合任务导向性功能训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能恢复的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将87例脑卒中偏瘫患者分为观察组（44例）及对照组（43例）。2组患者均给予常规康复干预(包括上、下肢肌力训练、良肢位摆放、平衡训练、转移训练及日常生活活动能力训练等),对照组患者在此基础上辅以任务导向性功能训练,观察组则辅以运动想象训练及任务导向性功能训练,2组患者均连续干预8周。于治疗前、治疗8周后分别采用简化Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表（FMA）下肢部分、Berg平衡量表（BBS）、Tinetti步态评估量表（TGA）及改良Barthel指数量表（MBI）对2组患者下肢功能、平衡能力、步态及日常生活活动（ADL）能力进行评定。 结果 干预后2组患者下肢FMA、BBS、TGA及MBI评分均较干预前显著提高（P<0.05）,并且观察组下肢FMA、BBS、TGA及MBI评分［分别为（23.3±4.1）分、（44.3±6.5）分、（7.9±2.1）分和（63.1±10.3）分）］亦显著优于同期对照组水平（P<0.05）。 结论 运动想象训练联合任务导向性功能训练可进一步改善脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能、平衡能力及步态,有助于提高患者ADL能力。     

凝视稳定训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡功能和下肢运动功能的影响

目的：观察凝视稳定训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡功能和下肢运动功能的疗效。方法：将58例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为观察组和对照组各29例。对照组给予常规康复训练,观察组在此基础上加用凝视稳定训练。治疗前和治疗6周后分别采用Berg平衡量表（BBS）评定静态和动态平衡功能,动态步态指数（DGI）评定动态平衡功能,Balance-B平衡评定与训练系统评定静态平衡功能和跌倒风险,Fugl-Meyer运动评分量表中下肢部分（FMA-LE）评定下肢运动功能,Holden步行功能分级（FAC）评定步行功能,改良Barthel指数（MBI）评定日常生活活动（ADL）能力。结果：治疗6周后,2组患者BBS、DGI、FMA-LE、FAC和MBI均较治疗前显著提高（P<0.01）,且观察组均更高于对照组（P<0.01,0.05）;2组患者X轴和Y轴重心偏移、X轴和Y轴重心移动平均速度、重心移动总轨迹长和跌倒风险系数均较治疗前显著下降（P<0.01）,且观察组均更低于对照组（P<0.01,0.05）。结论：凝视稳定训练能有效改善脑卒中偏瘫患者静态和动态平衡功能,降低跌倒风险,提高下肢运动功能、步行功能和ADL能力。     

足下垂助行仪联合减重步行训练改善脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能的临床研究

目的：观察足下垂助行仪联合减重步行训练对脑卒中后偏瘫患者下肢功能的影响.方法：将36例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为对照组和研究组各18例.2组均接受常规下肢功能康复训练,研究组另外增加足下垂助行仪联合减重跑台训练,每周6d.治疗前后分别采用Fugl Meyer下肢运动功能量表（FMA-L）评定下肢运动功能、Berg平衡量表（BBS）评定平衡功能,足印法测量步速、左、右足步幅差.结果：治疗8周后,2组患者的FMA及BBS评分均较治疗前明显提高（P＜0.05）,且研究组各项评分更高于对照组（P＜0.05）.治疗后,2组患者的步速均较治疗前明显提高,左、右足步幅差明显减小（P＜0.05）,研究组较对照组改善更为明显（P＜0.05）.结论：足下垂助行仪联合减重步行训练可明显改善早期脑卒中偏瘫患者的下肢功能,改善日常生活活动能力.     

自制踝足矫形带对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的影响

目的：观察自制踝足矫形带对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的影响。方法：60例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为观察组和对照组各30例。2组患者常规治疗相同,对照组在此基础上进行步态训练;观察组在此基础上佩戴自制踝足矫形带同时进行步态训练。治疗后分别采用综合痉挛量表（CSS）评定踝关节痉挛,Berg平衡量表（BBS）评定平衡功能,Fugl-Meyer运动评分量表中下肢部分（FMA）评定下肢运动功能和步速。结果：治疗3周后,2组患者患侧CSS较治疗前显著降低（P<0.01）,且观察组更低于对照组（P<0.01）;2组患者BBS、FMA及步速均显著高于治疗前（P<0.01）,且观察组更高于对照组（P<0.05,0.01）。结论：自制踝足矫形带联合康复训练能有效降低脑卒中偏瘫患者的踝关节痉挛,矫正足下垂内翻,改善平衡功能,增加步速和提高下肢运动功能。     

低频重复经颅磁刺激联合镜像疗法对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能及平衡能力的影响

摘要 目的：探讨重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)联合镜像疗法（MT）对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能及平衡能力的影响。 方法：符合标准的60例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分入对照组（n=20）、磁刺激组（n=20）和联合组（n=20）。对照组仅接受常规康复治疗,磁刺激组在常规康复治疗基础上增加健侧1Hz 重复经颅磁刺激治疗;联合组在常规康复训练基础上增加健侧1Hz重复经颅磁刺激治疗联合镜像疗法。在治疗前、治疗4周后分别以Fugl-Meyer下肢运动功能评定量表（FMA-LE）评估患者下肢运动功能,Berg平衡量表（BBS）评估患者平衡功能。 结果：治疗前,3组患者的下肢FMA-LE评分、BBS评分均无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。治疗4周后,3组患者的下肢FMA-LE评分、BBS评分均较治疗前提高,差异有显著性意义（P＜0.001）;其中磁刺激组和联合组FMA-LE评分、BBS评分改善均较对照组显著（P＜0.05）,且联合组各项指标改善最为显著（P＜0.05）。 结论：低频重复经颅磁刺激联合镜像疗法可有效改善脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能和平衡功能,可以在临床上推广应用。     

改良强制性运动疗法对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能恢复的影响

目的观察改良强制性运动疗法对脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡功能及下肢运动功能的影响。 方法采用随机数字表法将45例脑卒中偏瘫患者分为治疗组及对照组。治疗组患者采用改良强制性运动疗法对其下肢功能进行强化训练,对照组患者则给予常规康复干预,包括牵张训练、躯干肌控制训练、髋关节控制训练、膝关节控制训练、踝背屈诱发训练及日常生活活动能力训练等,2组患者均持续治疗8周。于治疗前、治疗8周后分别采用Berg平衡量表（BBS）及简式Fugl-Meyer下肢功能量表（FMA-LE）对2组患者下肢功能恢复情况进行评定。 结果2组患者分别经8周治疗后,发现其BBS评分及FMA-LE评分均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）,并且治疗组BBS评分［(48.2±5.7)分］亦显著优于对照组（P<0.05）,而FMA-LE评分［(27.9±4.4)分］与对照组间差异仍无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）。 结论改良强制性运动疗法能进一步改善脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢平衡能力,对促进患者下肢运动功能恢复具有重要意义。     

多通道FES踏车训练对脑卒中患者下肢感觉-运动能力的临床影响

目的：观察多通道功能性电刺激踏车训练对脑卒中患者下肢本体感觉、平衡及步态的影响。方法：选取44例脑卒中患者随机分为对照组和观察组，每组22例。对照组给予常规康复训练和普通主被动踏车训练，观察组进行常规康复训练和多通道功能性电刺激踏车训练。治疗前、治疗8周后采用平衡仪评估患者的本体感觉；采用Berg平衡量表(BBS)评估患者的平衡功能；采用三维步态评估患者的步行功能。结果：治疗8周后，2组患者ATE、Time以及步宽的数值均较治疗前降低（P<0.05），且观察组的数值更低于对照组（P<0.05)；2组患者BBS评分、步长、步速、健侧时间摆动占比以及下肢各关节最大活动角度的数值均较治疗前提高（P<0.05），且观察组的数值更高于对照组（P<0.05)；患者患侧下肢ATE差值与步宽差值呈正相关（P＜0.05），与步长差值、步速差值、健侧摆动时间占比差值、患侧髋关节/膝关节/踝关节屈伸角度差值均呈负相关（P＜0.05）；患者Time差值与步宽差值呈正相关（P＜0.05），与步长差值、步速差值、健侧摆动时间占比差值、患侧髋关节/踝关节屈伸角度差值均呈低度负相关（P＜0.05）。结论：在常规康复治疗基础上联合使用多通道功能性电刺激踏车训练可以有效提高脑卒中患者的本体感觉，进一步改善平衡功能以及步态。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。