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目的 探讨急性肠系膜血管供血不全的诊断和治疗。方法 对1972年11月至1999年10月经治的20例急性肠系膜血管供血不全的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 该病多为高龄，常伴有心血管疾病和发生绞窄性肠梗阻，病死率很高（本组为45%）。结论 充分认识该病，选用恰当的检查技术，早期诊断，及时手术，是提高急性肠系膜血管供血不全治疗效果的关键。     

急性肠系膜血管缺血性疾病的早期诊断和治疗(附14例报告)

目的　探讨急性肠系膜缺血性疾病的早期诊断和治疗方法。方法　分析 1987年 1月- 2 0 0 1年 12月急性肠系膜缺血性疾病 14例临床资料。结果　急性肠系膜上动脉栓塞 6例 ,急性肠系膜上动脉血栓形成 3例 ,急性肠系膜上静脉血栓形成 4例 ,非血管阻塞性急性肠缺血 1例 ,均经病理证实。 10例有与腹部体征不相符的剧烈腹痛 ,6例存在慢性肠缺血表现。选择性肠系膜动脉造影确诊 1例 ,CT确诊 2例 ,11例为术中发现。 14例均行手术治疗 ,术后均行溶栓、抗凝治疗 ,9例治愈 ,5例死亡。结论　①器质性心脏病、动脉硬化、血栓等病史伴与腹部不相符的剧烈腹痛是急性肠系膜缺血性疾病的重要临床特征 ;②选择性动脉造影和CT是最有价值的诊断方法 ;③血管的再管化、必要的肠切除和术前、后抗凝及溶栓是提高疗效的重要保证 ;④出现慢性肠缺血表现时 ,预防性抗凝可能是降低死亡率的有效方法     

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a diagnostic biomarker for the diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia

Purpose

Due to the diagnostic challenges and dreadful consequences of delayed treatment of acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI), a variety of diagnostic markers have been previously studied. However, the diagnostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), which has been suggested to be a predictor of inflammation, has never been studied for AMI.

Methods

The data of 70 patients who underwent laparotomy (n = 8) and/or bowel resection (n = 62) for AMI (n = 70) between January 2009 and March 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. To investigate the studied parameters’ role in the differential diagnosis of AMI, control groups were selected from most common reasons of inflammation-related emergent surgery, acute appendicitis (AA, n = 62) and normal appendix (NA, n = 61). White blood cell (WBC), red cell distribution width (RDW), NLR and mean platelet volume (MPV) values were recorded. Outcome variables of the study were defined as diagnostic and prognostic role of NLR in AMI.

Results

RDW and NLR values were found to be higher in the AMI group than the AA group (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001). Also, WBC and MPV values were higher in the AMI group than the NA group (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001). Combined sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of RDW and NLR for recommended cut-off values were 69.4, 71.2, 57.8 and 80.4 %, respectively.

Conclusion

High NLR value (>9.9) seems to be a valuable diagnostic marker of acute mesenteric ischemia. Combined use of NLR, RDW and other clinical assessment, could help the diagnosis of AMI, especially in the absence of advanced imaging modalities and expert radiologic interpretation.

     

Early diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia after cardiopulmonary bypass

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to identify significant risk factors and eventual clinical markers associated with acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) after cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS: The study was retrospectively performed on a group of 19 patients (group A) undergoing cardiac surgery between January 1991 and December 1999, who developed AMI within 30 days of their hospitalization. A control group of 48 patients (group B) was compared in order to define preoperative and operative risk factors for AMI. RESULTS: At the abdominal operation, a non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia was found in every case. In-hospital mortality was 84.2% (16/19). Compared to the control, there was a significant difference in aortic cross-clamp time (p<0.001) and use of inotropic drugs (p<0.01). Postoperatively, the studied group (group A) had a significantly higher mean value of the enzymatic serum levels at any time. CONCLUSIONS: A high index of suspicion for mesenteric ischemia after cardiopulmonary bypass should be considered in patients with conditions of hypoperfusion. The early laboratory signs of AMI might be searched during the first postoperative hours.     

The use of intraperitoneal xenon for early diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia

We evaluated the technique of intraperitoneal use of xenon Xe 133, previously described for the diagnosis of early intestinal strangulation obstruction in rats and dogs, for the recognition of acute mesenteric vascular occlusion in these animals. 133Xe was injected intraperitoneally into five groups of six rats: control, sham operation, superior mesenteric artery (SMA) ligation, superior mesenteric vein ligation, and portal vein ligation. Residual gamma-activity was monitored by external counting and camera imaging. At 30 minutes after injection, the activity was significantly higher in the rats from the three groups with vascular ligation than in the control and sham operation animals (P less than 0.001). gamma-Camera images reflected these findings, with positive images only in the rats that underwent vascular ligation. "Blinded" readings of the 30 sets of scans confirmed the diagnostic accuracy of the images. Results were essentially the same in a second series of experiments in eight control dogs and six dogs with balloon occlusion of the SMA. Concentrations of isotope in ischemic intestine ranged from 10(3) to 10(5) times the levels in adjacent normal bowel. These levels and the positive images appeared early, prior to the development of tissue necrosis. The intraperitoneal use of 133Xe therefore continues to show promise for the recognition of patients with early intestinal ischemia.     

缺血性肠病的介入治疗

缺血性肠病（mesenteric ischemia）属于急腹症范畴，病死率可高达70％-90％。病人得不到早期诊断和有效的治疗是导致死亡的主要原因。随着人口的老龄化、重症病人的增加，以及对该病的日渐重视，其发病率明显增加。约占住院病人的0．1％。     

Noninvasive diagnosis of mesenteric ischemia using a SQUID magnetometer.

OBJECTIVE: The authors assessed the ability of a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) magnetometer to noninvasively detect mesenteric ischemia in a rabbit model. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Superconducting Quantum Interference Device magnetometers have been used to detect magnetic fields created by the basic electrical rhythm (BER) and to detect changes in BER of exteriorized bowel of anesthetized rabbits during mesenteric ischemia. METHODS: The BER of rabbit ileum was noninvasively measured transabdominally using a SQUID magnetometer and compared with the electrical activity recorded with surgically implanted serosal electrodes before, during, and after snare occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. RESULTS: Transabdominal SQUID recording of BER frequency was highly correlated to the measurements obtained with electrodes (R = 0.91). Basic electrical rhythm frequency decreased from 16.4 +/- 0.8 to 8.3 +/- 0.3 cpm (p < 0.001) after 25 minutes of ischemia. Reperfusion of ischemic bowel resulted in recovery of BER frequency to 14.3 +/- 0.4 cpm 10 minutes after blood flow was restored. CONCLUSIONS: A SQUID magnetometer is capable of noninvasively detecting mesenteric ischemia reliably and at an early stage by detecting a significant drop in BER frequency. These positive findings have encouraged the authors to continue development of clinically useful, noninvasive, detection of intestinal magnetic fields using SQUID magnetometers.     

肠系膜血管缺血性疾病的腹腔镜诊治

目的:探讨腹腔镜对肠系膜血管缺血性疾病的诊治价值。方法:应用腹腔镜为12例患者做出明确诊断并同时治疗,根据术中情况采取全腹腔镜、手助腹腔镜、开腹肠切除吻合术,评估患者术后情况,分析治疗结果。结果:12例患者术后2例因并发症死亡,10例恢复良好,随访至今无复发。结论:腹腔镜具有患者创伤小、直视性强、缺血区域明确等优点,能提高早期诊断率,治疗效果确切,术后康复快。     

Acute mesenteric ischemia

83 patients with acute intestinal ischemia are presented. The aim of the study is to characterize anamnestic and clinical signs of this severe disease. Mainly old people with various cardiac illnesses suffer from acute intestinal ischemia. Precise anamnesis sometimes leads to the etiology of the obstruction. Clinical examination may show the extent of the disease. Angiography is mandatory for correct diagnosis. Early recognition and aggressive therapy significantly improve prognosis.     

Chronic mesenteric ischemia

Although chronic mesenteric ischemia is an infrequent, even rare, condition and a busy vascular surgeon may encounter only one such patient in a year, the associated morbidity and mortality are high, especially if the condition is not recognized. General and vascular surgeons must bear in mind the triad of postprandial pain, weight loss and diarrhea. Patients with mesenteric ischemia are at high risk and generally have diffuse peripheral vascular disease. Although surgery is hazardous, successful repair can result in long-term survival without morbidity. The author favours antegrade supraceliac bypass grafting over infrarenal grafting which is technically more difficult.     

Acute mesenteric ischemia

Acute mesenteric ischemia is not an isolated clinical entity, but a complex of diseases, including acute mesenteric arterial embolus and thrombus, mesenteric venous thrombus, and nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia. These diseases have common clinical features caused by impaired blood perfusion to the intestine, bacterial translocation, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. There is substantial evidence that the mortality associated with acute mesenteric ischemia varies according to its trigger cause. Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia is the most lethal form of the acute mesenteric ischemia, because of the poor understanding of its pathophysiology and its mild and nonspecific symptoms, which often delay its diagnosis. Mesenteric venous thrombosis is much less lethal than acute thromboembolism of the superior mesenteric artery and nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia. In this articles we presents an overview of acute mesenteric ischemia, based on the research. Although the mortality rates, in acute mesenteric ischemia, have remained high over the last few decades, accumulated knowledge on this condition is expected to improve its prognosis.     

Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer for diagnosis of ischemia caused by mesenteric venous thrombosis

p < 0.0001, paired t -test). The correlation coefficient between the SQUID and electrical recordings was 0.954 ( p < 0.0001). These data suggest that the ischemia caused by mesenteric venous thrombosis results in changes in the bioelectrical activity, which can be noninvasively detected using a SQUID.     

Mesenteric stenting for chronic mesenteric ischemia

BACKGROUND: Mesenteric stenting has not been widely adopted for the treatment of chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI). The recent availability of embolic protection and low-profile devices with the theoretical ability to decrease perioperative bowel necrosis, led us to begin using mesenteric stenting for patients with CMI. We review our initial experience to examine short-term outcomes. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients who were treated by vascular surgeons with mesenteric stenting for CMI. Patients with acute mesenteric ischemia were excluded. We evaluated perioperative morbidity and mortality, restenosis, recurrent symptoms, and reintervention. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to assess events during follow-up. We also compared these outcomes with a historical control group of patients treated with open surgical revascularization. RESULTS: Fourteen patients underwent mesenteric stenting over the past 3 years. Mean age was 73, and 64% were women. There was no perioperative or 30-day mortality or major morbidity. Early restenosis and recurrent symptoms occurred in 10% and 9% of patients at 6 months. At a mean follow-up of 13 months, 53% of patients underwent reintervention. However, 93% were symptom-free at their last follow-up. Compared with open surgery, stent patients had lower perioperative major morbidity (30% vs 0%, P < .01) and shorter hospital and intensive care unit length of stay (median 10 days vs 2 days, and 3 days vs 0 days, respectively, P < .01 for both). However, stent patients were seven times as likely to develop restenosis (P < .01), four times more likely to develop recurrent symptoms (P < .01), and 15 times more likely to undergo reintervention (P < .01). There was one death 13 months after stenting due to mesenteric infarction in a patient lost to follow-up. One patient was successfully converted to open surgery after a second restenosis. He had regained 20 pounds and was determined to be a better operative candidate than at his initial presentation. There was no perioperative or 30-day mortality or major morbidity with reintervention after mesenteric stenting. CONCLUSION: Mesenteric stenting for CMI can be performed with low perioperative risk. However, stenting is associated with early restenosis and recurrent symptoms requiring secondary procedures. Patients with severe nutritional depletion or high surgical risk may benefit from mesenteric stenting for CMI, but close follow-up is required. Later open surgery can be performed for restenosis if nutritional status and surgical risk are improved, or repeat angioplasty and stenting can be effectively performed if operative risk remains high.     

Retrograde mesenteric stenting during laparotomy for acute occlusive mesenteric ischemia

INTRODUCTION: Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) caused by arterial occlusive disease requires prompt diagnosis and revascularization to avoid the high mortality associated with this disease. In an attempt to minimize the magnitude of operation for arterial occlusive AMI, we have developed a new technique of endovascular recanalization and open retrograde stenting of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) during laparotomy so that the bowel can also be assessed and resected if necessary. METHODS: All emergent mesenteric revascularizations for arterial occlusive AMI performed at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center from 2001 to 2005 (n = 13) were retrospectively reviewed. Outcomes were analyzed with respect to the method of revascularization and other perioperative variables. Restenosis was evaluated with duplex ultrasound imaging. RESULTS: Three different revascularization methods were used: surgical bypass (n = 5), antegrade percutaneous stenting (n = 2), and retrograde open mesenteric (SMA) stenting (ROMS, n = 6). Satisfactory revascularization was achieved in all cases and all methods. ROMS was successfully accomplished in three of six patients after antegrade attempts to cross the SMA from the arm were unsuccessful. At 17%, the ROMS group had the lowest hospital mortality compared with bypass at 80% (P = .08) and percutaneous stent at 100% (P = .11). All five of the surviving patients treated with ROMS were discharged to home after a mean hospital stay of 20 days (range, 6 to 38 days). During a mean follow-up of 13 +/- 7 months, three patients died of unrelated causes, of which two were being followed with asymptomatic recurrent SMA stenosis detected by duplex scan. The two surviving patients are alive and well, but one has required percutaneous SMA stenting of a progressive asymptomatic restenosis. CONCLUSION: Retrograde open SMA stenting during laparotomy for AMI has a high technical success rate and provides an attractive alternative to surgical bypass in these often critically ill patients. Because it is combined with open laparotomy, it honors the essential surgical principles of evaluating and resecting nonviable bowel. Restenosis rates appear to be high, so that patients must be followed closely. Further study and development of this new hybrid technique is warranted.     

Results of retrograde open mesenteric stenting for acute thrombotic mesenteric ischemia

Objective

Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is an emergent event with a high mortality rate; survivors have high rates of intestinal failure. Restoration of blood flow using endovascular or surgical revascularization is associated with better outcome in terms of survival rate and intestinal resection. Retrograde open mesenteric stenting (ROMS), which is a hybrid technique, combines two benefits: prompt blood flow restoration with an endovascular approach and inspection and resection of the small bowel. The aim of the study was to assess the results of ROMS in thrombotic AMI in a retrospective multicenter study.